Term
The oral lipase activity in the calf has major nutritional significance to the animal?
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the name of the cells within the body that store lipids?
a. hepatocytes
b. neurons
c. adipocytes
d. acinar cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Adipocytes produce regulatory hormones and prostaglandins:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
. Which of the following organs is encased within a lipid depot pad for protection against shock and injury?
a. brain
b. kidney
c. ovary
d. liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
. Which end of a phospholipid is oriented in such a way as to protrude into an aqueous matrix?
a. the hydrophobic end
b. the hydrophilic end
c. that portion of the complex lipid containing the saturated long chain fatty acids
d. the hydrophobic end and that portion of the complex lipid containing the saturated long chain fatty acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the three portions of a bilayered membrane?
a. two hydrophilic ends plus an inner hydrophobic area
b. two hydrophobic ends plus an inner hydrophilic area
c. one hydrophobic layer
d. two hydrophobic ends plus an inner hydrophilic area plus one hydrophobic layer |
|
Definition
| Two hydrophilic ends plus an inner hydrophobic area |
|
|
Term
In adipocytes, newly imported triglycerides form small lipid droplets in which portion of the cell?
a. interior cytoplasm
b. peripheral cytoplasm
c. nucleus
d. on the exterior cell membrane surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
8. Which of the following tissues contain little if any adipocytes?
a. subcutaneous portion of skin
b. area surrounding the kidney
c. muscle
d. bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
. Which of the following represents a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?
a. subcutaneous fat
b. intra-abdominal fat
c. intramuscular fat
d. kidney depot fat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Compared to other fat depots, intra-abdominal fat is:
a. greasy
b. elastic
c. brittle
d. greasy and elastic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following fat depots is mobilized by the body, first, during fasting?
a. subcutaneous fat
b. kidney depot fat
c. intra-abdominal fat
d. intramuscular fat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In non ruminants, the main source of carbon for de novo fatty acid synthesis is:
a. galactose
b. palmitic acid
c. glucose
d. acetate and butyrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In ruminants, the main source(s) of carbon for de novo fatty acid synthesis is/are:
a. glucose
b. acetate
c. butyrate
d. acetate and butyrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fatty synthetase enzyme complex is actually a complex of enzymes:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How many component enzymes are in fatty acid synthetase complex?
a. 9
b. 2
c. 5
d. 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which vitamin forms an integral part of the inner protein carrier complex in fatty acid synthetase?
a. folate
b. vitamin B12
c. pantothenic acid
d. B6 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fatty acids are elongated in ______ carbon increments:
a. 3
b. 2
c. 4
d. 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the immediate precursor compound (a metabolite synthesized from glucose or acetate) normally used by the fatty acid synthetase complex?
a. citrate
b. methylmalonyl CoA
c. malonyl CoA
d. pyruvate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the immediate precursor compound (a metabolite synthesized from glucose or acetate) normally used by the fatty acid synthetase complex?
a. citrate
b. methylmalonyl CoA
c. malonyl CoA
d. pyruvate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The fatty acid synthetase complex is down-regulated via a detergent - like effect exerted by an accumulation of which metabolites in the cytoplasm?
a. glucose polymers
b. acetate and butyrate
c. free fatty acids
d. small peptides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
. What is the specific biochemical reason(s) that ruminants cannot use significant amounts of carbon from glucose to synthesize fatty acids?
a. low levels of enzyme activity in portions of the malate transhydrogenation cycle within the adipocyte
b. low to non-existent levels of ATP - citrate lyase within the adipocyte
c. low levels of pyruvate dehydrogenase
d. low levels of enzyme activity in portions of the malate transhydrogenation cycle within the adipocyte and low to non-existent levels of ATP - citrate lyase within the adipocyte |
|
Definition
| low levels of enzyme activity in portions of the malate transhydrogenation cycle within the adipocyte and low to non-existent levels of ATP - citrate lyase within the adipocyte |
|
|
Term
. In the chicken, the major site of fatty acid synthesis is within:
a. heart
b. muscle
c. liver
d. adipose tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
. In the lactating cow, what is/are the major sites of fatty acid synthesis?
a. liver
b. mammary gland
c. adipose tissue
d. mammary gland and adipose tissue |
|
Definition
| mammary gland and adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
Which is the major enzyme within the adipocyte that is responsible for the mobilization of fatty acids during times of energy shortage within the body?
a. hormone sensitive lipase
b. fatty acid synthetase
c. ATP citrate lyase
d. pyruvate dehydrogenase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the end products of triglyceride digestion?
a. monoglyceride
b. fatty acids
c. glycerol
d. monoglyceride and fatty acids |
|
Definition
| monoglyceride and fatty acids |
|
|
Term
What are the end products of phospholipid digestion in the small intestinal tract?
a. fatty acids plus glycerol
b. glycerol plus lysophospholipid
c. fatty acid plus lysophospholipid
d. fatty acids plus cholesterol |
|
Definition
| fatty plus lysophosphoplid |
|
|
Term
26. What are the end products of cholesterol ester digestion in the small intestinal tract?
a. fatty acid plus lysophospholipid
b. fatty acid plus cholesterol
c. glycerol plus fatty acids
d. lysophospholipid plus glycerol |
|
Definition
| fatty acid plus cholesterol |
|
|
Term
27. What happens to most lipids at the site of the enterocyte membrane, once they have been digested and absorbed by the enterocyte?
a. they pass into the blood stream unmodified
b. they are completely oxidized within the enterocyte
c. they are reesterified into the original complex lipids (triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol esters).
d. the pass into the blood stream unmodified then are reesterified into the original complex lipids |
|
Definition
| they are reesterified into the original complex lipids (triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol esters). |
|
|
Term
28. A beef calf secrets lipase into its saliva:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Humans secrete physiologically significant amounts of lipase into the saliva:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Humans secret lipase from which portion of the stomach?
a. cardiac
b. fundic
c. pyloric
d. all of the answers are correct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
. Which gastrointestinal hormone is responsible for gall bladder contraction when fat enters the duodenum?
a. secretin
b. gastrin
c. cholecystokinin
d. somatotrophin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the major role of bile within the intestinal tract?
a. lubrication
b. protein digestion
c. lipid digestion
d. fat emulsification into micelles |
|
Definition
| fat emulsification into micelles |
|
|
Term
. A micelle is composed of:
a. a phospholipid/bile salt outer layer and a protein core
b. a carbohydrate outer layer and a lipid core
c. a protein outer layer and a lipid core
d. a phospholipid/bile salt outer layer and a lipid/cholesterol core |
|
Definition
| a phospholipd/bile salt outer layer and a lipid/cholesterol core |
|
|
Term
How are phospholipids and bile salts oriented within a micelle?
a. hydrophobic end outward toward aqueous matrix and the hydrophilic end inward toward the lipid core
b. hydrophilic end outward toward the aqueous matrix and the hydrophobic end inward toward the lipid core
c. hydrophobic end outward toward aqueous matrix and the hydrophilic end inward toward the protein core
d. hydrophilic end outward toward the aqueous matrix and the hydrophobic end inward toward the carbohydrate core |
|
Definition
| hydrophilic end outward toward the aqueous matrix and the hydrophobic end inward toward the lipid core |
|
|
Term
What is/are the major component(s) of the lipid inner core of a micelle?
a. fatty acids
b. monoglycerides
c. cholesterol
d. all of the answers are correct |
|
Definition
| all of the answers are correct |
|
|
Term
What are the end products of digestion of a triglyceride by pancreatic lipase?
a. one fatty acid plus two cholesterol molecules
b. one fatty acid plus a diglyceride
c. two fatty acids plus a monoglyceride
d. one fatty acid, one cholesterol and a monoglyceride |
|
Definition
| two fatty acids plus a monoglyceride |
|
|
Term
What does colipase do?
a. hydrolyses triglycerides
b. stabilizes lipase on the micelle membrane
c. is a component of the inner core of a micelle
d. stabilizes amylase on the micelle membrane |
|
Definition
| stabilizes lipase on the micelle membrane |
|
|
Term
Which of these phospholipases cleave at the # 3 carbon atom on the glycerol backbone of a phospholipid?
a. A1 and A2
b. C and A1
c. A2 and D
d. C and D |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where does the first hydrolysis take place on a phospholipid by phospholipase A2?
a. glycerol carbon 1
b. glycerol carbon 2
c. glycerol carbon 3
d. between the phosphate group and choline |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What remains after phospholipase A2 cleaves a phospholipid?
a. a fatty acid
b. a monoglyceride
c. a lysophospholipid
d. a fatty acid and a lysophospholipid |
|
Definition
| a fatty acid and a lysophospholipid |
|
|
Term
In chickens, chylomicrons are called:
a. micelles
b. lacteals
c. high density lipoproteins
d. portomicrons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Micelles enter the enterocyte via:
a. active transport
b. facultative transport
c. active and facultative transport
d. passive diffusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Complex lipids are re-synthesized in the within the enterocyte after digestion in the intestinal lumen and absorption into the enterocyte:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Some fatty acids pass directly through the enterocyte via a carrier protein:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
46. How are monoglycerides and fatty acids packaged within the cell for transport into the lymph and blood (mammals)?
a. they are incorporated into micelles
b. they are incorporated into chylomicrons
c. they are packaged into very low density lipoproteins
d. they are packaged into high density lipoproteins |
|
Definition
| they are incorporated into chylomicrons |
|
|
Term
In mammals, chylomicrons enter the body circulation via what structure within the intestinal villus:
a. venules
b. arterioles
c. lacteals
d. none of the answers are correct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In chickens, portomicrons enter the body circulation via:
a. blood
b. lymph
c. lacteals
d. all of the answers are correct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What digestive reaction must take place before sterols can be absorbed?
a. condensation and formation of a peptide bond
b. cleavage of a glycolytic bond and release of a sugar
c. condensation and formation of a peptide bond and cleavage of a glycolytic bond and release of a sugar
d. hydrolysis of a fatty acid off the sterol-fatty acid ester |
|
Definition
| hydrolysis of a fatty acid off the sterol-fatty acid ester |
|
|
Term
Those free fatty acids that are transported, per se, through the enterocyte are bound to a fatty acid binding protein for the following reason(s):
a. prevents formation of triglycerides within the enterocyte
b. prevents the formation of a glycoprotein within the enterocyte
c. prevents formation of a glycoprotein and prevents formation triglycerides within the enterocyte
d. prevents the free fatty acid from exerting a detergent effect within the enterocyte |
|
Definition
| prevents the free fatty acid from exerting a detergent effect within the enterocyte |
|
|
Term
Chylomicrons are formed within what organelle(s) within the enterocyte?
a. nucleus
b. mitochondria
c. golgi apparatus
d. none of the answers are correct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The process by which an intracellular product is released to the outside of a cell is called:
a. endocytosis
b. lysis
c. diffusion
d. exocytosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the major chemical difference between the shell structure of a micelle and that of a lipoprotein?
a. the lipoprotein has a bile salt component in the shell
b. the micelle has no bile salt component in the shell
c. the lipoprotein has an apoprotein component in the shell but no bile salt component
d. lipoproteins have a higher triglyceride component in the outer shell |
|
Definition
| the lipoprotein has an apoprotein component in the shell but no bile salt component |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is the largest of the lipoproteins?
a. high density lipoproteins (HDLs)
b. low density lipoproteins (LDLs)
c. chylomicrons
d. micelles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A high density lipoprotein contains a larger percentage of cholesterol than a low density lipoprotein?
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of these lipoproteins contain the largest percentage of triglyceride?
a. high density lipoprotein
b. low density lipoprotein
c. very low density lipoprotein
d. chylomicron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the lipoproteins contain the largest percentage of protein?
a. high density lipoprotein
b. low density lipoprotein
c. very low density lipoprotein
d. chylomicron |
|
Definition
| a high density lipoprotein |
|
|
Term
Chylomicrons can first be transported to the muscle and adipose tissues before being transported and metabolized by the liver:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Low density lipoprotein metabolism results in the formation of high density lipoproteins:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
As lipoproteins are metabolized they decrease in size and:
a. the percentage cholesterol and triglycerides increase and the percentage protein increases
b. the percentage protein decreases and the percentage cholesterol and triglyceride increases
c. the percentage protein and cholesterol increases and the percentage triglyceride decreases
d. the percentage protein increases and the percentage cholesterol and triglyceride decreases |
|
Definition
| the percentage protein increases and the percentage cholesterol and triglyceride decreases |
|
|
Term
Fat malabsorption is called:
a. gall bladder disease
b. steatorrhea
c. greasy stool syndrome
d. diarrhea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Steatorrhea is characterized by:
a. high lipid content in the stools and droppings
b. greasy and odiferous stools
c. stools that float
d. all of the answers are correct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The major gastrointestinal peptide mediator of the Ileal Brake is:
a. neuropeptide Y
b. pancreatic polypeptide
c. vasoactive intestinal peptide
d. peptide YY |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Upon secretion, PYY acts in both a paracrine and endocrine fashion:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
PYY is secreted by which cell type in the gastrointestinal tract?
a. G cell
b. L cell
c. beta cell
d. parietal cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following actions is not a part of the Ileal Brake?
a. increase pancreatic secretion
b. decreased intestinal motility
c. decreased gastric motility
d. increased enterocyte absorption of nutrients |
|
Definition
| an increase in pancreatic secretion |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not a complex or derived lipid?
a. sterol
b. fatty acid
c. phospholipid
d. triglyceride |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What two terminal ends are common to all fatty acids?
a. carboxy and methyl
b. carboxy and amino
c. methyl and methylene
d. sulfate and phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
hich of the following is a saturated fatty acid?
a. linoleic
b. linolenic
c. stearic
d. EPA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A saturated fatty acid has how many double bonds between carbons in its aliphatic chain?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. none of the answers are correct |
|
Definition
| none of the answers are correct |
|
|
Term
. A monounsaturated fatty acid can have how many double bonds between carbons in its aliphatic chain?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. none of the answers are correct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A polyunsaturated fatty acid can have how many double bonds between carbons in its aliphatic chain?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 2 and 3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hydrogenation of an unsaturated fatty acid is the result of:
a. oxidation of the double bond(s)
b. hydrolysis of the double bond(s)
c. condensation of the double bond(s)
d. reduction of the double bond(s) |
|
Definition
| reduction of the double bonds |
|
|
Term
Complete hydrogenation of all double bonds between carbon atoms within the aliphatic chain of a fatty acid results in:
a. formation of a polyunsaturated fatty acid
b. formation of a monounsaturated fatty acid
c. formation of a saturated fatty acid
d. none of the answers are correct |
|
Definition
| formation of a saturated fatty acid |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is synthesized by the hydrogenation of vegetable oils?
a. butter
b. tofu
c. margarine
d. cheese |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A double bond in a boat configuration has a:
a. cis configuration
b. trans configuration
c. saturated configuration
d. hydrogenation configuration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the case of a trans double bond configuration:
a. the constituent groups are in the same plane in regards to the double bond
b. the constituent groups are saturated in regards to the double bond
c. the constituent groups are in opposite planes in regards to the double bond
d. none of the answers are correct |
|
Definition
| the constitute groups are opposite planes in regards to the double bonds. |
|
|
Term
Unsaturated fatty acids of the same chain length with double bonds that differ in regards to cis or trans configurations can differ in physical properties:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following fatty acids is a precursor to arachidonic acid?
a. linolenic acid
b. stearic acid
c. linoleic acid
d. palmitic acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The more unsaturated a fatty acid, the:
a. lower its melting point
b. higher its melting point
c. harder it is
d. the more stable it is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Odd numbered fatty acids have:
a. lower melting points
b. higher melting points
c. a rancid taste
d. higher melting points and a rancid taste |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Branched chain fatty acids have:
a. lower melting points
b. higher melting points
c. a rancid taste
d. higher melting points and a rancid taste |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Short chain volatile fatty acids have a:
a. high boiling point
b. high melting point
c. low boiling point
d. high boiling point and high melting point |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In most mammals, which of the following are essential fatty acids?
a. myristic and palmitic
b. acetate and propionate
c. stearic and oleic
d. linoleic and linolenic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an omega 3 fatty acid?
a. linoleic
b. palmitic
c. stearic
d. linolenic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
. Omega 3 fatty acids have:
a. the first double bond 6 carbons from the methyl terminal end
b. completely saturated bonds
c. the first double bond 3 carbons from the methyl terminal end
d. the first double bond 3 carbons from the carboxy terminal end |
|
Definition
| the first double bond 3 carbons from the methyl terminal end |
|
|
Term
Alpha linolenic acid is elongated and desaturated to:
a. arachidonic acid
b. EPA
c. DHA
d. EPA and DHA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Linoleic and linolenic acid compete for binding sites on which enzyme(s)?
a. pyruvate dehydrogenase
b. delta 5-desaturase
c. delta 6-desaturase
d. delta 5-desaturase and delta 6-desaturase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
EPA and DHA are precursors of:
a.
b. arachidonic acid and stearic acid
c. inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes
d. arachidonic acid, c |
|
Definition
| non inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an omega 6 fatty acid?
a. linoleic
b. palmitic
c. stearic stearic acid, inflammatory prostaglandins, and leukotrienes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Arachidonic acid is a precursor of:
a. non inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes
b. arachidonic acid and stearic acid
c. inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes
d. non inflammatory prostaglandins, leukotrienes, arachidonic acid, and stearic acid |
|
Definition
| inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes |
|
|
Term
Human milk contains DHA:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Salt water fish ultimately derive their EPA and DHA from:
a. small single cell marine life
b. sharks
c. linolenic acid
d. none of the answers are correct |
|
Definition
| small single cell marine life |
|
|
Term
What is the conversion rate of linolenic acid to EPA in humans?
a. 1-3 percent
b. 5-9 percent
c. 10-29 percent
d. 29 percent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In modern American diets, the omega 6 to omega 3 fatty acid ratio is typically:
a. 20
b. 4
c. 1
d. 0.5 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following oils has the highest known plant product content of linolenic acid?
a. olive oil
b. corn oil
c. flax seed oil
d. peanut oil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Epidemiological studies have shown that women consuming conjugated linoleic acid have a lower incidence of what type of cancer?
a. brain
b. muscle
c. adipose
d. mammary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What fatty acid is an immediate precursor of conjugated linoleic acid?
a. linolenic
b. EPA
c. DHA
d. vaccenic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Conjugated linoleic acid is found in higher concentrations in:
a. the adipose tissue of grazing ruminants
b. the adipose tissue of ruminants fed high grain diets
c. tofu
d. the adipose tissue of ruminants fed high grain diets and tofu |
|
Definition
| the adipose tissue of grazing ruminants |
|
|
Term
Which of the following microorganisms synthesize conjugated linoleic acid in the rumen of grazing ruminants?
a. Lactobacillus acidophilus
b. E. coli
c. Butyrvibrio fibrisolvens
d. L. acidophilus and E. coli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
. In order for retinyl palmitate to be absorbed from the intestinal tract it must be:
a. esterified
b. de-esterified to retinol and palmitic acid
c. saturated
d. deaminated |
|
Definition
| de-esterified to retinal and palmitic acid |
|
|
Term
In poultry an obvious symptom of vitamin A deficiency is:
a. hyperkeratinization and infection
b. increased incidence of infections
c. ataxia
d. all of the answers are correct |
|
Definition
| all of the answers are correct |
|
|
Term
In the case of a trans double bond configuration:
a. the constituent groups are in the same plane in regards to the double bond
b. the constituent groups are saturated in regards to the double bond
c. the constituent groups are in opposite planes in regards to the double bond
d. none of the answers are correct |
|
Definition
| the constituent groups are in opposite planes in regards to the double bond. |
|
|
Term
In domestic livestock, most observed vitamin deficiencies are due to errors in diet formulation:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
"Crazy chick" disease is associated with:
a. increased urination
b. increased feed intake
c. hemorrhaging from the cerebellum
d. flushing |
|
Definition
| hemorrhaging from the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
"Crazy chick" disease is associated with:
a. increased urination
b. increased feed intake
c. hemorrhaging from the cerebellum
d. flushing |
|
Definition
| hemorrhaging from the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
Unsaturated fatty acids of the same chain length with double bonds that differ in regards to cis or trans configurations can differ in physical properties:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is the major enzyme within the adipocyte that is responsible for the mobilization of fatty acids during times of energy shortage within the body?
a. hormone sensitive lipase
b. fatty acid synthetase
c. ATP citrate lyase
d. pyruvate dehydrogenase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gamma tocopherol has _______ of the antioxidant activity of alpha tocopherol:
a. 10%
b. 20%
c. 30%
d. 40% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A monounsaturated fatty acid can have how many double bonds between carbons in its aliphatic chain?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. none of the answers are correct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the conversion rate of linolenic acid to EPA in humans?
a. 1-3 percent
b. 5-9 percent
c. 10-29 percent
d. 29 percent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pansteatitis, in the cat, is characterized by:
a. cerebral hemorrhage
b. yellow fat
c. exudative diathesis
d. cerebral hemorrhage and exudative diathesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The conversion of retinal to retinoic acid is irreversible:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Compared to cow's milk, the milk of the seal contains:
a. less milk fat
b. more milk fat
c. more total solids
d. more milk fat and more total solids |
|
Definition
| more milk fat and more total solids |
|
|
Term
To which protein does retinol bind within the eye during the vision process?
a. SGLT 1
b. retinol binding protein
c. opsin
d. GLUT 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What general condition in the body can result in a vitamin E deficiency?
a. protein malabsorption
b. mineral malabsorption
c. fat malabsorption
d. none of the answers are correct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Vitamin E's antioxidant activity is localized within the ___________ of the cell:
a. extracellular fluid
b. intracellular fluid
c. cytoplasm
d. membranes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Out of _______ identified carotenoids, only _________ can be used as precursors to vitamin A:
a. 500/50
b. 300/21
c. 25/3
d. 1000/89 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
7-dehydrocholesterol is converted to pro-vitamin D3 in the _________:
a. heart
b. kidney
c. skin
d. liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In ruminants, the main source(s) of carbon for de novo fatty acid synthesis is/are:
a. glucose
b. acetate
c. butyrate
d. acetate and butyrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following fatty acids is a precursor to arachidonic acid?
a. linolenic acid
b. stearic acid
c. linoleic acid
d. palmitic acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Recommended Daily Allowance can be affected by:
a. age of the individual
b. general health of the individual
c. stress levels of the individual
d. all of the answers are correct |
|
Definition
| all of the answers are correct |
|
|
Term
Dark skinned peoples needed longer exposure to the sun to synthesize essential quantities of vitamin D, in vivo, than peoples with lighter colored skin?
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dark skinned peoples needed longer exposure to the sun to synthesize essential quantities of vitamin D, in vivo, than peoples with lighter colored skin?
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is a saturated fatty acid?
a. linoleic
b. linolenic
c. stearic
d. EPA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The retinyl ester of vitamin A is a direct precursor of which other form of vitamin A?
a. retinal
b. retinol
c. retinoic acid
d. carotene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
. In which of the following organs does vitamin D increase Ca+ uptake?
a. skin
b. brain
c. intestines
d. pituitary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Physiological symptoms of vitamin D toxicity include:
a. excess calcium in the blood
b. increased brain size
c. calcification of blood vessels and other tissues
d. excess calcium in the blood and calcification of blood vessels and other tissues |
|
Definition
| excess calcium in the blood and calcification of blood vessles an other tissues |
|
|
Term
What happens to most lipids at the site of the enterocyte membrane, once they have been digested and absorbed by the enterocyte?
a. they pass into the blood stream unmodified
b. they are completely oxidized within the enterocyte
c. they are reesterified into the original complex lipids (triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol esters).
d. the pass into the blood stream unmodified then are reesterified into the original complex lipids |
|
Definition
| they are reesterified into the orginal complex lipids |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is the aldehyde form of vitamin A?
a. retinal
b. retinol
c. retinoic acid
d. carotene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
. Xerophthalmia develops in two stages. The first, characterized by a hard cornea, is called:
a. xerosis
b. keratinization
c. keratomalacia
d. keratinization and keratomalacia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where does the first hydrolysis take place on a phospholipid by phospholipase A2?
a. glycerol carbon 1
b. glycerol carbon 2
c. glycerol carbon 3
d. between the phosphate group and choline |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A double bond in a boat configuration has a:
a. cis configuration
b. trans configuration
c. saturated configuration
d. hydrogenation configuration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Inborn errors of metabolism caused by such diseases as Down Syndrome and Autism can increase the need for certain vitamins in humans.
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Vitamin E deficiency is a problem:
a. in cystic fibrosis patients
b. in scurvy patients
c. in premature infants
d. in cystic fibrosis patients and in premature infants |
|
Definition
| in cystic fibrosis patients and in premature infants |
|
|
Term
Vitamin D has hormone-like properties:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Some fatty acids pass directly through the enterocyte via a carrier protein:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which gastrointestinal hormone is responsible for gall bladder contraction when fat enters the duodenum?
a. secretin
b. gastrin
c. cholecystokinin
d. somatotrophin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is a unique symptom of obvious vitamin A deficiency in ruminants?
a. head pressing
b. increased salivation
c. copious lacrimation
d. increased feed consumption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
38. A common term(s) used to describe vitamins in biochemistry would be:
a. cofactor
b. inhibitor
c. coenzyme
d. cofactor and coenzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Conjugated linoleic acid is found in higher concentrations in:
a. the adipose tissue of grazing ruminants
b. the adipose tissue of ruminants fed high grain diets
c. tofu
d. the adipose tissue of ruminants fed high grain diets and tofu |
|
Definition
| the adipose tissue of grazing ruminants |
|
|
Term
| Havard and the American Medical Associations have determined that individuals most likely do not consume enough vitamins in their daily diet. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process by which an intracellular product is released to the outside of the cell is called. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following could be considered nutraceutical. |
|
Definition
| vitamins and minerals, cartenoid isoflavone |
|
|
Term
| Encephalomalacia due to vitamin E deficiency in poultry normally occurs within the first 3 days post-hatch. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which form of vitamin A is associated with immune function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In humans which of the following forms of vitamin K are non toxic even when administred at high levels |
|
Definition
| phylloquionone and menaquinon |
|
|
Term
| Which end of a phospholipid is oriented in such a way as to protrude into aqueous matrix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which gastrointestinal hormone is responsiable for gall bladder contraction when fat enters the duodenum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin E deficiency in cats results in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The major gastrointestional peptide mediator of the Ileal Brake is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are phospholipds and bile salts oriented within the micelle? |
|
Definition
| hypdophillic end outwards toward the aq matriz and hte hydrophpoib twoard lipid. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following represents a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin K is involved in the synthesis of bone, T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Branched chain fatty acids have. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A symptom of vitamin E deficiency in the human is: |
|
Definition
| hemolysis of red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| In non ruminants the main source of carbon for de novo fatty acid synthesis is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epidemiological studies have showin that women consuuming conjuate linoleic acid have a lower incidence of what type of cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three portions of a bilayered membrane? |
|
Definition
| two hydrophillic ends plus an inner hydrophobic area. |
|
|
Term
| The best word or term used to describe the action of vitamins in nutrition would be. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin E deficiency is a problem in.. |
|
Definition
| in cystic fibroisis patients and premature infants |
|
|
Term
| In modern American diets the omega 6 to omega 3fatty acid ratio is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High intakes of vitamin E may enhance the actions of anti clotting drugs in humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stabilizes lipase on the micelle membrane |
|
|
Term
| Compared to other fat depots intra abdominal fat is. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In ruminants vitamin D deficiency can be associated with. |
|
Definition
| tetany and convulsions and rickets in the young |
|
|
Term
| In the chicken the major site of fatty acid synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In mammals chylomicroms enter the body circulation whtin the intestinal villus, what part |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A common term used to describe vitamins in biochemistry would be.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two terminal ends are common to all fatty acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skeletal muscle tissue in lambs with White Muscle disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Omega 3 fatty acids have the |
|
Definition
| the first double bond 3 carbons from the methly terminal end |
|
|
Term
| In poulty an obvious symptom of vitamin A deficincy |
|
Definition
| and infection hyperkeriization ataxia |
|
|
Term
| Vitamins are typically found in the body in amounts that can be measured in |
|
Definition
| milligrams and micrograms |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the largest of the lipoproteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A monostaurted fatty acid can have how many double bonds between carbons and the aliphatic chain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of hte following is the alcholo form of vitamin A |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The recommended daily allowance was first used in world war 2 for... |
|
Definition
| daily nutirents for soliders |
|
|
Term
| To which protein does retinol bind within the eye during the visual process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A double bond in a boat configuration has a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low calcium intake multiple pregnancy in developing countries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During keratomalacia the central cornea can undergo necrosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of vitamin E deficiency in humans can include |
|
Definition
| red blood cell hemolsis and thrombophebitis |
|
|
Term
| One molecule of carotene can yield ___ molecule of vitamin A |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which form is vitamin A most commonly found in food or feedstuffs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compared to other nutrients vitamins are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Encephalomalacia is also known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Micelles enter the enterocye via |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pansteatisis in the cat is characterized by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is retinal distributed through the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unsaturated fatty acids of the same chain length with double bonds that differ in regards to cis or trans configurations can differ in physical properties. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In domestic livestock most observed vitamin defincies are due to errors in diet formation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chylomicrons can first be transported to the muscle and adipose tissue before being transported and metabolized by the liver. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The oral lipase activity in the calf is a has a major nutrital significance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Xerophthalmia developes in two stages the second is shown by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the adaptation in the liquid contents of the moose leg that keeps the leg tissues function at extremly cold temp. |
|
Definition
| increased concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| In chicken chylomicronss are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PYY is secreted by which cell type in the gastrointestinal tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the aldehyde form of vitamin A |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Liver failure is normally not involved in fatal vitamin A toxicity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Humans secret lipase from which portion of the stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two factors necessary for the in vivo synythesis of vitamin D in most mammals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which forms of vitamin A directly or indirectly support vision? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In humans a vitamin K deficiency can result in subQ bleeding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 hydroxy 3 methlglutaryl COA reductase inhibibros redcuse the synthesis of which of the following |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following tissues contain little if an adipocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mechanism of vitamin A toxcity is |
|
Definition
| vitamin A binding proteins are saturated and ree vitamin A begins to damage body cells |
|
|
Term
| Gamma tocopherol has ___ of the antioxidant activity in alpha tocopherol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of these phosphilipases cleave at the #3 carbon atom on the glycerol backbone of a phospholipid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complete hydrogenation of all double bonds between carbon atoms within the aliphatic chain of a fatty acid results in. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sulfa drugs can result in vitamin K deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D binds to receptors in the nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Poor bone calcification growth retartadion result of low Ca+ causes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fatty acids are elongated in ___carbon increments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| over consumption of beta carotene can cause vitamin A toxicity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The generally accepted upper level of safe vitamin E inatke by humans is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Warfarin does not block the synthesis of prothrombin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a unique symptoms of vit A def. in ruminants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Linoleci and linolenic acid compete for binding sites where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the major chemical difference between the shell structure of a micelle and that of a lipoprotein?
a. the lipoprotein has a bile salt component in the shell
b. the micelle has no bile salt component in the shell
c. the lipoprotein has an apoprotein component in the shell but no bile salt component
d. lipoproteins have a higher triglyceride component in the outer shell |
|
Definition
| the lipoprotein has an apoproteins component in the shell but no bile salt component. |
|
|
Term
Upon dissection, a chicken with vitamin D deficiency exhibits the following anatomical anomaly:
a. enlarged colon
b. enlarged spleen
c. beading of ribs at spinal column
d. enlarged colon and spleen |
|
Definition
| beading of ribs at spinal column |
|
|
Term
. In pet turtles, vitamin A deficiency can cause:
a. soft shells
b. damaged eye epithelial cells and eye infections
c. soft beaks
d. soft shells and beaks |
|
Definition
| damaged eye epithelial cells and eye infections. |
|
|
Term
Which form(s) of vitamin A directly or indirectly support(s) growth?
a. retinal
b. retinol
c. retinoic acid
d. retinal and retinol and retinoic acid |
|
Definition
| retinal and retinol and retinoic acid |
|
|
Term
Vitamin D is the fat soluble vitamin most likely to cause toxic effects when consumed in large quantities:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
. In which of the following organs does vitamin D increase Ca+ re-absorption?
a. liver
b. skin
c. kidney
d. stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A dramatic symptom of vitamin D deficiency in poultry is ________:
a. tetany
b. bloat
c. soft claws and beak
d. beri-beri |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is the precursor to steroids within the body?
a. long chain fatty acids
b. unsaturated fatty acids
c. lipoproteins
d. cholesterol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In 1929, Moore determined:
a. that vitamin A was an essential nutrient
b. the structure of vitamin B12
c. the plant pigment, carotene, can be converted to vitamin A within the body
d. vitamin C prevents scurvy |
|
Definition
| the plant pigment,carotene, can be converted to vitamin A within the body |
|
|
Term
Compared to other nutrients, vitamins are:
a. found in very large amounts within the body
b. found in very small amounts within the body
c. can always be synthesized within the body
d. none of the answers are correct |
|
Definition
| found in very small amounts within the body |
|
|
Term
What is/are the major component(s) of the lipid inner core of a micelle?
a. fatty acids
b. monoglycerides
c. cholesterol
d. all of the answers are correct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Vitamin D binds to receptors in the nucleus:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The bones of children with rickets will often "bow"?
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Beta tocopherol has _______ of the antioxidant activity of alpha tocopherol:
a. 10%
b. 20%
c. 30%
d. 40% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The oral lipase activity in the calf has major nutritional significance to the animal?
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In chickens, portomicrons enter the body circulation via:
a. blood
b. lymph
c. lacteals
d. all of the answers are correct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Omega 3 fatty acids have:
a. the first double bond 6 carbons from the methyl terminal end
b. completely saturated bonds
c. the first double bond 3 carbons from the methyl terminal end
d. the first double bond 3 carbons from the carboxy terminal end |
|
Definition
| the first double bond 3 carbons from the methyl terminal end |
|
|
Term
A micelle is composed of:
a. a phospholipid/bile salt outer layer and a protein core
b. a carbohydrate outer layer and a lipid core
c. a protein outer layer and a lipid core
d. a phospholipid/bile salt outer layer and a lipid/cholesterol core |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is considered the active form of vitamin D in the body?
a. cholecalciferol
b. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
c. 7-dehydrocholesterol
d. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Adipocytes produce regulatory hormones and prostaglandins:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pansteatitis in cats when they are fed diets:
a. high in protein
b. low in protein
c. low in vitamin E
d. low in vitamin E and high in polyunsaturated fatty acids |
|
Definition
| low in vitamin E and high in polyunsaturated fatty acids |
|
|
Term
Salt water fish ultimately derive their EPA and DHA from:
a. small single cell marine life
b. sharks
c. linolenic acid
d. none of the answers are correct |
|
Definition
| small single cell marine life |
|
|
Term
Humans secrete physiologically significant amounts of lipase into the saliva:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Arachidonic acid is a precursor of:
a. non inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes
b. arachidonic acid and stearic acid
c. inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes
d. non inflammatory prostaglandins, leukotrienes, arachidonic acid, and stearic acid |
|
Definition
| inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes |
|
|
Term
EPA and DHA are precursors of:
a. non inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes
b. arachidonic acid and stearic acid
c. inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes
d. arachidonic acid, stearic acid, inflammatory prostaglandins, and leukotrienes |
|
Definition
| non inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotriens |
|
|
Term
What are the end products of digestion of a triglyceride by pancreatic lipase?
a. one fatty acid plus two cholesterol molecules
b. one fatty acid plus a diglyceride
c. two fatty acids plus a monoglyceride
d. one fatty acid, one cholesterol and a monoglyceride |
|
Definition
| two fatty acids plus a monoglyceride |
|
|
Term
What is the name of the cells within the body that store lipids?
a. hepatocytes
b. neurons
c. adipocytes
d. acinar cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Warfarin is a rat and rodent poison |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
One of the external symptoms of a vitamin K deficiency in poultry is:
a. soft claws
b. breast edema
c. pale waddle or comb
d. soft claws and breast edema |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Vitamins are typically found in the body in amounts that can be measured in:
a. grams
b. pounds
c. micrograms
*d. milligrams and micrograms |
|
Definition
| milligrams and micrograms |
|
|
Term
Over-consumption of beta carotene can cause vitamin A toxicity:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How are phospholipids and bile salts oriented within a micelle?
a. hydrophobic end outward toward aqueous matrix and the hydrophilic end inward toward the lipid core
b. hydrophilic end outward toward the aqueous matrix and the hydrophobic end inward toward the lipid core
c. hydrophobic end outward toward aqueous matrix and the hydrophilic end inward toward the protein core
d. hydrophilic end outward toward the aqueous matrix and the hydrophobic end inward toward the carbohydrate core |
|
Definition
| hydrophilic end outward toward the aqueous matrix and the hydrophobic end inward toward the lipid core |
|
|
Term
Which form of vitamin A is associated with immune function?
a. retinal
b. retinol
c. retinoic acid
d. carotene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During keratomalacia, the central cornea can undergo colliquative necrosis?
A.. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
. Alpha tocopherol has the least antioxidant activity of any known form of vitamin E:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What remains after phospholipase A2 cleaves a phospholipid?
a. a fatty acid
b. a monoglyceride
c. a lysophospholipid
d. a fatty acid and a lysophospholipid |
|
Definition
| a fatty acid and a lysophospholid |
|
|
Term
In the eye, as a part of the vision process, the following transformation of retinol occurs:
a. retinol is transformed to retinoic acid
b. retinol is transformed to retinal
c. retinol is transformed to carotene
d. retinol is transformed to retinoic acid and carotene |
|
Definition
| retinol is transformed to retinal |
|
|
Term
Which vitamin forms an integral part of the inner protein carrier complex in fatty acid synthetase?
a. folate
b. vitamin B12
c. pantothenic acid
d. B6 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The retinal form of vitamin A is derived from which of the following form(s) or precursors of vitamin A?
a. retinal
b. retinol
c. retinal and retinol
d. carotene and retinol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A high density lipoprotein contains a larger percentage of cholesterol than a low density lipoprotein?
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following organ(s) uses lipids as its major energy source?
a. brain
b. muscle
c. heart
d. muscle and heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is the largest of the lipoproteins?
a. high density lipoproteins (HDLs)
b. low density lipoproteins (LDLs)
c. chylomicrons
d. micelles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What digestive reaction must take place before sterols can be absorbed?
a. condensation and formation of a peptide bond
b. cleavage of a glycolytic bond and release of a sugar
c. condensation and formation of a peptide bond and cleavage of a glycolytic bond and release of a sugar
d. hydrolysis of a fatty acid off the sterol-fatty acid ester |
|
Definition
| hydrolysis of a fatty acid off the sterol-fatty acid ester |
|
|
Term
In humans, which of the following forms of vitamin K are non-toxic, even when administered at high levels:
a. phylloquinone
b. menaquinone
c. menadione
d. phylloquinone and menaquinone |
|
Definition
| phylloquinone and menaquinone |
|
|
Term
Fatty synthetase enzyme complex is actually a complex of enzymes:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Poultry can derive their entire vitamin A requirement from carotene?
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fatty acids are elongated in ______ carbon increments:
a. 3
b. 2
c. 4
d. 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the end products of cholesterol ester digestion in the small intestinal tract?
a. fatty acid plus lysophospholipid
*b. fatty acid plus cholesterol
c. glycerol plus fatty acids
d. lysophospholipid plus glycerol |
|
Definition
| fatty acid plus cholesterol |
|
|
Term
Exposing the skin to direct sunlight for ________ minutes, ________ times a week can provide for the minimal, essential synthesis of vitamin D within the bodies of light skinned peoples:
a. 50-60 minutes, 2 times a week
b. 1-2 minutes, once a week
c. 10-15 minutes, 3-4 times a week
d. 3 hours, 5 times a week |
|
Definition
| 10-15 min, 3-4 times a week |
|
|
Term
In modern American diets, the omega 6 to omega 3 fatty acid ratio is typically:
a. 20
b. 4
c. 1
d. 0.5 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In most mammals, which of the following are essential fatty acids?
a. myristic and palmitic
b. acetate and propionate
c. stearic and oleic
d. linoleic and linolenic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does colipase do?
a. hydrolyses triglycerides
b. stabilizes lipase on the micelle membrane
c. is a component of the inner core of a micelle
d. stabilizes amylase on the micelle membrane |
|
Definition
| stabilizes lipase on the micelle membrane |
|
|
Term
Poultry cannot derive their entire vitamin A requirement from carotene?
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Vitamin A deficiency is the most common cause of blindness amongst young children, worldwide?
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the end products of triglyceride digestion?
a. monoglyceride
b. fatty acids
c. glycerol
d. monoglyceride and fatty acids |
|
Definition
| monoglyceride and fatty acids |
|
|
Term
What is the specific biochemical reason(s) that ruminants cannot use significant amounts of carbon from glucose to synthesize fatty acids?
a. low levels of enzyme activity in portions of the malate transhydrogenation cycle within the adipocyte
b. low to non-existent levels of ATP - citrate lyase within the adipocyte
c. low levels of pyruvate dehydrogenase
d. low levels of enzyme activity in portions of the malate transhydrogenation cycle within the adipocyte and low to non-existent levels of ATP - citrate lyase within the adipocyte |
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Definition
| ow levels of enzyme activity in portions of the malate transhydrogenation cycle within the adipocyte and low to non-existent levels of ATP - citrate lyase within the adipocyte |
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Term
Linoleic and linolenic acid compete for binding sites on which enzyme(s)?
a. pyruvate dehydrogenase
b. delta 5-desaturase
c. delta 6-desaturase
d. delta 5-desaturase and delta 6-desaturase |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following could be considered a nutraceutical?
a. vitamins and minerals consumed above the RDA
b. carotenoid supplements
c. isoflavone supplements
d. all the answers are correct |
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Definition
| all the answers are correct |
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Term
Pro-vitamin D3 is converted to 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 in the ________:
a. heart
b. kidney
c. pancreas
d. liver |
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Definition
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Term
One molecule of carotene can yield ______ molecule(s) of vitamin A:
a. 1
b. 5
c. 3
d. 2 |
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Definition
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Term
| Warfarin does not block the synthesis of prothrombin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following vitamins is necessary for the regeneration (reduction) of the antioxidant activity of vitamin E in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| In poultry, the conversion rate of carotene to vitamin A is |
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Definition
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Term
| The major co-factor role of vitamin K within the body is associated with: |
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Definition
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