Term
| Cellular communication by means of cellular secretion can be categorized by |
|
Definition
| the distance between origin and action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cell responds to its own signal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormones are transported over distances via the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| Do the same categories of cellular signaling apply to neuroendocrine signaling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example of exocrine action |
|
Definition
| release of secretions into the environment by one animal to communicate with other animals |
|
|
Term
| Secretory proteins are synthesized in the _____ ___, transferred in vesicles to the _______ ______, and from there move to the ______ surface. After the proteins are concentrated in ______ vesicles, the vesicles move to and fuse with the _____ plasma membrane, discharging their contents into the _____ of the gland by ________. |
|
Definition
rough ER
Golgi complex
apical
secretory
apical
lumen
exocytosis |
|
|
Term
1. Mucus Release By Exocytosis
Following fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane, the shielding _____ are released from the mucus inside the vesicle, or extracellular _____ flow inward. The net result is that the ______ charges in the condensed ________ mucin become unshielded, driving a fast volumetric expansion and release of the vesicles contents into the ________ space. ______ enters and enlarges the vesicle as the mucus swells. |
|
Definition
cations
anions
negative
polyionic
extracellular
water |
|
|
Term
| The trans golgi network sorts newly synthesized proteins into vesicles destined for the _____ or _______ membrane. After their synthesis in the ______ ___, both kinds of membrane proteins move in common transfer vehicles to the ______ _____ where they occupy the same compartments. |
|
Definition
apical
basolateral
rough ER
golgi complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some apically destined proteins are initially delivered to the basolateral membrane but then are retrieved and transferred to the apical surface |
|
|
Term
1.
The elevation of Ca in the output region of a secretory cell triggers ______. In ordinary neurons, depolarization is initiated in the ____ region and spreads to the ____ region (_____ _______) by means of ______ _____. |
|
Definition
exocytosis
input
output
axon terminals
action potentials |
|
|
Term
2.
This process also occurs in ________ cells. However, some have a prolonged _____ _____. In both cases depolarization results in an influx of ___ which stimulates ______. |
|
Definition
neurosecretory
action potentials
Ca
exocytosis |
|
|
Term
3.
Although some simple endocrine cells produce action potentials, many are activated to secretion without ________ ________. In these cells , the stimulus causes the release of ____ stored in the ____, and the increased cystolic ____ causes ______. |
|
Definition
membrane depolarization
Ca
ER
Ca
exocytosis |
|
|
Term
| Exocrine glands release secretions via a duct onto the _________ surface. The primary fluid is formed by ____ transport with water flowing ______. A variety of compounds may be added to the primary fluid by _______. The resulting primary secretion may be modified by reabsorption of material as the fluid passes down the _____. |
|
Definition
epithelial
ion
osmotically
exocytosis
duct |
|
|
Term
| Endocrine glands are ductless are release secretions to the _______. ______-soluble secretions are released by exocytosis at secretory vesicles, whereas _______-soluble secretions may leave secretory cells by diffusion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amine hormones (with the exception of thyroid hormones) and peptide hormones are lipid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| steroid, eicosanoids, and prostaglandins are lipid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most endocrine tissues are subject to _______-feedback control. In short-loop feedback, the response of the primary target tissue feeds back onto the _______ gland. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In long-loop feedback, signals from _______ targets control secretory activity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In an open loop for endocrine tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormonal secretion from the primate pituitary gland (_______) is controlled by the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)consists of ____ _____ tissue.
It comprises (3): |
|
Definition
nonneuronal glandular
pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis |
|
|
Term
| Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is called |
|
Definition
| neurohypophysis or pars nervosa |
|
|
Term
| The posterior pituitary gland consists of ______ tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1.
Hypothalmic releasing hormones (RH) or release-inhibiting hormones (RIH)secreted by _______ _______ terminals in the _______ eminance are carried by the portal vessels (___________-________ portal system) to the anterior pituitary gland where they stimulate or inhibit the secretion of several glandular hormones |
|
Definition
hypothalmic neurosecretory
median
hypothalamo-hypophyseal |
|
|
Term
| Two neurohormones produced by the _____ cells whose somata are located in the _______ are released from terminals in the _________ pituitary gland. |
|
Definition
neurosecretory
hypothalamus
posterior |
|
|
Term
| Neurohormones are released from the terminals of ______ cells into a bed of capillaries forming a ________ organ. After entering the bloodstream, some neurohormones (like oxytocin) act directly on _______ target tissue, but most activate an intermediate ________ gland, stimulating secretion of another hormone that acts on the ______ tissue. |
|
Definition
neurosecretory
neurohemal
somatic
endocrine
target |
|
|
Term
| Secretion of adenohypophyseal hormones is regulated by ________ releasing and release inhibiting is further modulated by ______ loops. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Growth hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and prolactin act |
|
Definition
| directly on nonendocrine somatic (nonneuronal) tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-adrenocorticotropic hormone
-thyroid-stimulating hormone
-follicle-stimulating hormone
-luteinizing hormone |
|
|
Term
1.
The tropic hormones all stimulate |
|
Definition
| the secretory activity of somatic endocrine tissues |
|
|
Term
2.
Once released, the corresponding somatic hormones themselves exert ________ feedback on the _________ neurosecretory cells and sometimes on the corresponding __________ cells. The circulating products of some somatic _______ responses (blood glucose) also act on the hypothalamic centers, providing additional ________ feedback. |
|
Definition
negative
hypothalamic
adenohypophyseal
metabolic
negative |
|
|
Term
| The two neurohormones released from the mammalian posterior gland function primarily in _________(______)and in the regulation of _____ balance (_____). |
|
Definition
reproduction
oxytocin
water
ADH |
|
|
Term
| Three things that influence the neurosecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
|
Definition
1. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
2. Pressure receptors in the aorta
3. Other sources of sensory input |
|
|
Term
| Two things that result in the increased ADH output |
|
Definition
| High plasma solute concentration and low blood pressure resulting from low plasma volume |
|
|
Term
| Oxytocin is released during |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do lipid soluble and lipid insoluble hormones differ in their primary intracellular mode of action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1.
Most lipid-soluble hormones move through the _____ _______ and combine with ________ receptor proteins that generally located in the ______ but sometimes in the _________, forming active complexes that act on the genetic machinery to modulate ______ _____. Generally their effects are ______ lasting. |
|
Definition
plasma membrane
intracellular
nucleus
cytoplasm
gene expression
long |
|
|
Term
2.
An exception to this pattern is the _______ which, although they are lipid soluble, bind to _____ ______ receptors and have _______ effects. |
|
Definition
prostaglandins
cell surface
transient |
|
|
Term
| Lipid-insoluble hormones bind to ___-____ receptors, triggering an intracellular signaling pathway that may involve a _______ messenger, which in turn combines with another molecule to produce a ______ ____ complex. Responses initiated through cell-surface receptors are usually _______. |
|
Definition
cell-suface
second
metabolically active
transient |
|
|
Term
| The binding of an extracellular signal to a ___ ______ coupled receptor stimulates or decreases production of the ______ _____ _____, which transduces the signal into cellular response. |
|
Definition
G protien
second messenger cAMP |
|
|
Term
| Protein kinase A activates 7+ things |
|
Definition
1. Membrane channels
2. Microtubule protein
3. Adipocyte lipase
4. Membrane pumps
5. Histone
6. Glycogen synthetase
7. Phosphorylase kinase
8. Others |
|
|
Term
| Epinephrine and gluucagon stimulate the breakdown of ________ to glucose (_______) in muscle and liver respectively. When epinephrine binds to __________ it triggers a sequence of reactions in which several enzymes are converted from an ______ to an _____ form. As a result of this enzyme cascade, the original signal is greatly ______. |
|
Definition
glycogen
glycogenolysis
B-adrenoreceptors
inactive
active
amplified |
|
|
Term
| The intracellular concentration of free Ca is elevated manyfold by the influx of even small amounts of ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calmodium, a cystolic protein with four Ca binding sites, forms the basis of the ____/________ complex, an important intracellular regulator. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each calmodulin binding site contains ______, _______, and _______ whose side chains form _____ binds with a Ca ion, forming a loop in the backbone. Other binding sites contain _____ and ______ which also bind to ca |
|
Definition
aspartate
glutamate
asparagine
ionic
threonine
serine |
|
|
Term
| Ca/calmodulin regulates many processes and enzymes in cells. Among these are _____ cyclase and _____ cyclase, which catalyze the formation of the cyclic nucleotide _________ messengers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1.
Stimulation of receptors that function as _______-selective ion channels causes an influx of Ca, which acts as a _________ messenger. Either membrane depolarization or binding of a chemical messenger can open ion channels, permitting ____ to move through the channel down the _________ gradient into the ________. |
|
Definition
calcium
second
ca
electrochemical
cytosol |
|
|
Term
2.
The resulting local increase in cytosolic free calcium can activate |
|
Definition
| several different intracellular signaling pathways, leading to various cellular responses. |
|
|
Term
1.
Some hormone receptors have intrinsic catalytic activity, which is stimulated by _____ binding. Binding of a ligand (ex. _______) to a receptor tyrosine kinase activates catalytic activity in the _______ domain of the receptor. In some cases, the activated receptor may directly __________ certain substrate proteins. In other cases it binds to a ______ protein that initiates a complicated signaling pathway. |
|
Definition
hormone
insulin
cystolic
phosphorylate
transducer |
|
|
Term
2.
The receptor for atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) has ______ cyclase activity. Hormone binding leads to production of the second messenger ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A single hormone may bind to different receptors, initiating |
|
Definition
| convergent and/or divergent signaling pathways |
|
|
Term
1.
Binding of epinephrine to a and b adrenoreceptors leads to increases in intracellular ____ and ______, respectively. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
2.
In the mammalian salivary gland, these two second messengers mediate _____ pathways, leading to different, independent end effects- ________ secretion and ________ secretion by secondary cells in the gland. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3.
In the mammalian liver, these two second messengers both |
|
Definition
| induce the activation of phosphorylase kinase, which catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis) |
|
|
Term
4.
Thus, binding of the same hormone to different receptors triggers ______ pathways leading to the same end response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serotonin binds to multiple receptors, which linked to ______ and _______ second-messenger pathways. Binding of serotonin to some receptors leads to the production of _____, ____, or _____ all of which can mediate the same cellular responses in cells of different tissues, or even in the same cells. |
|
Definition
convergent
divergent
cAMP
DAG
IP3 |
|
|
Term
| What two things can induce the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from neurosecretory cells? |
|
Definition
-electrical stimulation (action potentials)
-increased extracellular K+ |
|
|
Term
| The adrenal glands in mammals are attached to the to the rostal ends of the _______. Arteries enter the adrenal cortex through the outer ______ and branch into smaller vessels, which pass into the centrally located _____. Thus hormones produced in the ______ and released into the blood are carried into the _______, which is drained by the _______ gland. |
|
Definition
kidneys
capsule
medulla
cortex
medulla
adrenal |
|
|
Term
| Binding of catecholamines to ___, ___, ___, or _____-adrenoreceptors either activates or inhibits a second-messenger pathway. Adrenoreceptor signal transduction occurs via the _______ cyclase or the ______ _______ pathway. |
|
Definition
a1, a2, b1, b2
adenylate
inositol phospholipid |
|
|
Term
1.
The secretion of glucocorticoids, and hence their effect on target tissues, is regulated by |
|
Definition
neuronal stimuli
negative feedback |
|
|
Term
2.
Neuronal stimuli induce the release of ____ from ________ ___________ cells. The resulting increase of _____ from the anterior pituitary gland stimulates the secretion of ___________ by the ______ cortex. |
|
Definition
CRH
hypothalamic neurosecretory
ACTH
glucocorticoids
adrenal |
|
|
Term
3.
These steriods increase in blood glucose and liver glycogen by stimulating conversion of ______ ____ and _____ to glucose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
4.
What limits the ACTH release? |
|
Definition
| Negative feedback by the glucocorticoids to both the pituitary and hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
1.
Thyroid hormones, which regulate ______ in various tissues, are themselves regulated by _______ stimuli and _______ feedback. |
|
Definition
metabolism
neuronal
negative |
|
|
Term
2.
____ skin temperatures and ____ stimulate the release of TRH from __________ neurosecretory cells. TRH then stimulates secretion of _____ from the ______ pituitary gland. |
|
Definition
Low
stress
hypothalamic
TSH
anterior |
|
|
Term
3.
The thyroid responds by secreting the ______ hormones, which cause increased metabolism in ____ and _____ muscle, liver, and kidney, leading to metabolic generation of _____. |
|
Definition
thyroid
skeletal
cardiac
heat |
|
|
Term
4.
Feedback inhibition by thyroid hormones apparently occurs at the levels of the ______ pituitary and __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyroid hormones are produced from iodinated derivatives of the amino acid ________. Condensation of the ________ derivatives yields ___ and ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1.
The pancreatic hormones ____ and ______ play a major role in regulating blood glucose levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
2.
High levels of blood glucose and glucagon and/or gastrointestinal hormones signaling food ingestion, stimulate the _______ __ cells to secrete _______, which stimulates glucose uptake in all tissues. Glucagon, secreted by _______ __ cells exerts an action that is antagonistic to that of ______ in the liver, where it stimulates ______ and ____ release. |
|
Definition
pancreatic b
insulin
pancreatic a
insulin
glycogenolysis
glucose |
|
|
Term
| Many of the actions of growth hormone are antagonistic to those of ______ and similar to those of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1.
Output of insulin from _______ __ cells occurs in response to response to _____ blood glucose, as after a meal. Growth hormone was released in response to _____-induced ________. |
|
Definition
pancreatic b
high
insulin
hypoglycemia |
|
|
Term
2.
Growth hormone causes ______ and the uptake of ______ _____ by muscle tissue for ______ and by liver for _______ body synthesis. |
|
Definition
lipolysis
fatty acid
energy
ketone |
|
|
Term
3.
The GH-induced general depression of glucose uptake leads to a rise in _______ ______, which then stimulates _______ secretion. The insulin stimulates glucose uptake into cells and thus counteracts _____-induced _______ |
|
Definition
plasma glucose
insulin
GH
hyperglycemia |
|
|
Term
1.
The elevation of ca in the output region of a secretory cell triggers ______. It causes _________.
In ordinary neurons, depolarization is initiated in the ______ region and spreads to the _____ region by means of _______ _________. |
|
Definition
exocytosis
depolarization
input
output
action potentials |
|
|
Term
2.
This process also occurs in ____________ cells, but with ______ action potentials.
Although some simple endocrine cells produce action potentials, many are activated to secrete without ______ _______. |
|
Definition
neurosecretory
longer
membrane depolarization |
|
|
Term
1.
_______ and _______ hormone have opposite effects on plasma Ca levels in mammals. _____ levels of plasma Ca stimulate the cells of the parathyroid gland to release _____, which increases plasma _____. |
|
Definition
Calcitonin
parathyroid
low
PTH
Ca |
|
|
Term
2.
_____ concentrations of Ca in the blood stimulate _________ cells in the thyroid gland to release ________, which acts to _______ plasma Ca. _______, the active hormonal form of vitamin D, also increases intestinal absorption of ____. |
|
Definition
High
parafollicular
calcitonin
increase
Calcitriol |
|
|
Term
_______, the primary sex hormone in males, is regulated by _____ stimuli and _______ control.
A decrease in blood levels of testosterone stimulates the secretion of ________, which promotes the release of _____ and _____. |
|
Definition
testosterone
neuronal
feedback
GnRH
FSH
LH |
|
|
Term
| High testosterone levels and _______ inhibit _____ secretion both directly and indirectly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1.
______ and ________, the primary steroid sex hormones in females, mediate __________ cycles and other effects under complex regulation.
In mammals, a decrease in these hormones, as well as _______ inputs stimulate the release of ___ from the hypothalamus. This hormone acts on the _______ pituitary gland, stimulating the release of ____, which promotes the maturation of the ________ follicles in the ovary. |
|
Definition
estrogens
progesterone
reproductive
neuronal
GnRH
anterior
FSH
primordial |
|
|
Term
2.
Estrogens secreted by _____ and by the ____ cells of the ovary reach levels that stimulate the release of ___, which triggers ovulation and the development of the ______ ______. |
|
Definition
follicles
interstitial
LH
corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
3.
The corpus luteum secretes primarily ____ and _____ which are needed to maintain _________. The ______ levels of the hormones inhibit the activity of the ________ ________ cells, leading to a ________ in a gonadotropin secretion and preventing ________ during pregnancy. |
|
Definition
progesterone
estrogens
pregnancy
hypothalamic neurosecretory
ovulation |
|
|
Term
| The primate menstrual cycle is regulated by periodic changes in the levels of the |
|
Definition
| gonadotropins, estrogens, and progesterone |
|
|
Term
1.
Before ovulation ____ promotes maturation of ovarian follicles, which secrete _______. High ______ levels cause a surge of _____, which triggers ovulation from one follicle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
2.
LH promotes the development of the ______ ______ and induces it to secrete progesterone and estrogen. In the absence of implantation, the two hormone levels peak and fall, initiating _______. The subsequent decrease in ______, _______, and _______ levels allows pituitary secretion of FSH and LH to _____ again, initiating a new cycle. |
|
Definition
corpus luteum
menstruation
estrogen
progesterone
inhibin
increase |
|
|
Term
3.
If implantation and pregnancy occur, secretion of ____ by the placenta "rescues" the ______ ______, which maintains the secretion of estrogen and progesterone for the first 2-3 months of pregnancy in humans. Thereafter, the _______ itself secretes estrogens and progesterone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1.
Production and release of primary fluid by the salivary gland _____ cells is under _______ control. Ligand binding to __________, ______ receptors, or _______ ___ receptors activates _____ __. |
|
Definition
acinar
neuronal
a-adrenoreceptors
acetylcholine
substance P
phospholipase C |
|
|
Term
2.
Phospholipase C splits ____ into ____ and ____, leading to the release of stored ___ and the opening of ____ channels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3.
As a result of various ion movements, ____ and ____ enter the _____ lumen. Exocytosis of _____ and ______ stored in secretory granules is promoted by activation of the ______ signaling pathway following ligand binding to receptors for _____ and _____. |
|
Definition
NaCl
water
acinar
amylase
glycoproteins
cAMP
VIP
B-adrenoreceptors |
|
|
Term
4.
____ and increased cystolic ____ also promote exocytosis.
The primary fluid released into the acinar lumen is modified as it passes through the duct of the _____ _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
