Term
| enzyme which breaks down noepinephrine (Catacolamine nuerotrans) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| classic antipsychotic - enhanced norepinephrine |
|
Definition
| monoamine oxidase inhibitor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic system uses ____ receptors |
|
Definition
| muscarinic, and acetyl choline at the target |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a drug that stimulates the postsynaptic receptor |
|
|
Term
| competitive binding agents are _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the major mechanism of action potential termination is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how would you make a drug a more optimized for reuptake inhibiting? |
|
Definition
| make sure it has a higher affinity than the receptor's natural substrate |
|
|
Term
| what kind of agonist is a reuptake inhibitor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the drug, cholinergic Muscarine? |
|
Definition
| an agonist at the muscarinic Ach receptor, mimics effect of acetyl choline and all the parasympathetic targets (ANS) |
|
|
Term
| what happens when the parasympathetic sympathetic tone increases? |
|
Definition
| increase salivation, nausea, blurred vision, labored breathing |
|
|
Term
| what effects would a muscarine antagonistic drug have? |
|
Definition
| increase of sympathetic nervous system (relational to parasympathetic) dilates pupils, speeds breathing, speeds heartrate, increased blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| is nicotine an example of an agonist or antagonist at the Ach receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what would an antagonist (Curare) at the nicotinic Ach receptor do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| keeping a receptor constantly open is called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Botox - botulinium toxin, works by what method? |
|
Definition
| prevents Ach release in the ANS |
|
|
Term
| Sarin - nerve gas works by what mechanism? |
|
Definition
| inhibition of Ach metabolism via an enzyme (indirect mechanism) |
|
|
Term
| effects of increasing acetylcholine |
|
Definition
| muscle spasms, depolarization blockage (results in death) |
|
|
Term
| (Catecholamine drugs) Phenylephrine (anti-allergy) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Catecholamine drugs) Propanolol (social anxiety, blood pressure) |
|
Definition
| "beta blockers" beta-receptor blockers |
|
|
Term
| Catecholamine antagonistic drugs lower... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (cata drugs) Ephedrine and amphetamines |
|
Definition
| cause release of catecholamines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cate reuptake inhibitor (increases sympathetic tone) |
|
|
Term
| what makes a chemical a hormone? |
|
Definition
| passage through the blood to far-away cells from a endocrine gland, endocrine cell, neurons, or cytokine immunity cell |
|
|
Term
| how much hormone is needed to exert effect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peptides/proteins, steroids, amino acid derivatives |
|
|
Term
| what is the hormone called when it first inactively comes off of the ribosome? where does it go? |
|
Definition
| preprohormone goes to the ER |
|
|
Term
| what is a hormone called once its signal is cleaved in the ER? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many hormones does one preprohormone contain? |
|
Definition
| many! And they can be different |
|
|
Term
| can peptides cross the bilipid layer? |
|
Definition
| no, they use G-protein coupling and tyrosine kinase coupling (2nd messenger system) |
|
|
Term
| why / how do 2nd messenger systems work? |
|
Definition
| when an item cannot cross the membrane, it will bind to a membrane receptor, and the receptor responds by causing some change inside the cell, without the substrate ever entering. |
|
|
Term
| what are genomic effects? how fast are they? |
|
Definition
| hormone-caused changes in protein synthesis or MRNA, slow. |
|
|
Term
| why can steroid hormones cross the membrane? How do they travel in blood? |
|
Definition
| they are lipophilic, they travel by carrier protein |
|
|
Term
| where are adrenal glands and what do they do? |
|
Definition
| adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine (adrenalin) - hormonal component of fight/flight, gland is above kidneys |
|
|
Term
| speed-determiner for steroid hormones |
|
Definition
| they have to unbind from protein to diffuse in, they have receptors though a(2nd messenger). The cell-surface creates faster effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mRNA and eventually protein synthesis, slow |
|
|
Term
| what are the two areas of the pituitary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the posterior pituitary is an extension of... |
|
Definition
| neural tissue, the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| posterior pituitary releases: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the anterior pituitary different from the posterior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the median eminence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the advantage of pituitary's portal system? (adeno hypothesis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do trophic or RH hormones do? |
|
Definition
| control release of another hormone |
|
|
Term
| what are the steps a hormone goes to before getting to its target? |
|
Definition
| come from hypothalamus, released into portals at median eminence, released into anterior pituitary, then to bloodstream, then to target. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in releasing hormone from hypothalamus, causes increase in the hormone, causing an increase in steroid release at the target. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the three steps of the HPA |
|
Definition
1. hypothalamus releases hypophysiotropic hormone
2. anterior pituitary releases tropic hormone
3. target gland releases 3rd hormone |
|
|
Term
| where is cortisol released? what does it do? |
|
Definition
| from the adrenal cortex, it turns off the HPA axis (negative feedback) at TWO places. |
|
|
Term
| does the actual action of the ANS provide negative feedback to the pituitary, or a signal cascade? |
|
Definition
| actual effect mediates the sequence |
|
|
Term
| What stimuluates CRH release? (cortical tropin releasing hormone) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hormones are cleaved from _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the release of _________ |
|
Definition
| glucocorticoid (released in humans and fish) or corticosterome (other) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feedback - inhibits the stress response (CRH) |
|
|
Term
| what does limbic system activation do? |
|
Definition
| cause stress response (CRH) |
|
|
Term
| steroidogenic cells take up _____ |
|
Definition
| low density lipoproteins (which generate CRH) |
|
|
Term
| ACTH stimulates the ______ and _____ of cortisol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), androgens |
|
|
Term
| adrenal medulla releases: |
|
Definition
| EPI (epinephrine) and cortisol |
|
|
Term
| HPA response vs ANS - which is faster? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does cortisol do in the body? |
|
Definition
| rising glucose levels, cardiac output, lower immune function, (stress response) |
|
|
Term
| what does cortisol do in the brain? |
|
Definition
| cause vigilance, arousal, decreases CRH release, reduces ATCH levels |
|
|
Term
| chronic increase in glucose causes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chronic increased cardiac output? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stress response causes (constant vigilance) |
|
Definition
| effects brain, anxiety/depression, cognitive deficits |
|
|
Term
| chronic lowered digesterion causes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| negative feedback problems - example from the hypothalamus - CRH up causes... |
|
Definition
| elevated ACTH and Cortisol, negative cort feedback doesn't work. |
|
|
Term
| negative feedback issues -2ndary due to ________ ex CRH but ACTH and Cort up |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathology at adrenal gland causes.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a rise in cortisol is indicative of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depression manifests with cort as |
|
Definition
| high basal levels, remains elevated long after stressor |
|
|
Term
| combined hormones are ______ |
|
Definition
| greater than the sum of their parts |
|
|
Term
| a permissive hormone needs .... |
|
Definition
| a second hormone in order to exert full effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| counters effect, not necessarily at the same receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trigycerides made from fatty acids and glycerol. |
|
|
Term
| lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus cause... |
|
Definition
lateral- hunger
ventromedial - saity |
|
|
Term
| leptin secretion (Fatostat) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| leptin inhibits ______ which is makes it like a ____ signal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of food into blood during 1st 4 hours, energy from glucose used as fuel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can the brain make glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
22-2 - metabolism and "fasted" state.
what do muscles use for energy?
what is the function of the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two sources of fuel for the brain? |
|
Definition
| glucose and ketone bodies |
|
|
Term
| how are blood glucose levels raised? |
|
Definition
hormones:
glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol |
|
|
Term
| how are blood glucose levels lowered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| insulin increases during ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| catabolic processes increase |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates insulin release? |
|
Definition
| amino acid increase, high blood glucose, active parasympathetic neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| insulin does not alter glucose uptake in the _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does glucose react to other parts of the body (eg liver) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cells in the pancreas release _____ in response to an ____ in ____ levels |
|
Definition
| insulin, increase, glucose |
|
|
Term
| GLUT-4 ______ increase causes an increase in _______ of ______ due to ______ |
|
Definition
| transporters, uptake, glucose, insulin |
|
|
Term
insulin causes production of more ....
2nd messenger is.... |
|
Definition
transmembrane proteins to take up glucose
tyrosine kinase |
|
|
Term
| insulin increase causes uptake of amino acids by ____ which rises ____ |
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle, protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| insulin also increases production of triglycerides aka ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| major target organ of glucagon is the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rising glucagon causes rising ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pancreatic beta cells release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what burns first - fat or muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ketones are used during _____ produced by ______ by breakdown of ______ |
|
Definition
| fasting, liver, fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| hyperglycemia is caused by .... |
|
Definition
| raise in glucose, non-functional insulin |
|
|
Term
| diabetes mellitus occurs because of ... |
|
Definition
| inadequate insulin action |
|
|
Term
| diabetes insipidus does not cause.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hallmark of type 1 diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hallmark of type 2 diabetes? |
|
Definition
| insulin resistance - insulin is present |
|
|
Term
| type 1 diabetes is an _______ disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in type 1 diabetes ______ is produced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does lack of insulin cause breakdown in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the state of high glucose output and low uptake |
|
|
Term
| breakdown of fats causes ______ with glucose in diabetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of fatty acids of fuels |
|
|
Term
| exercise increases WHAT not due to insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 3 diseases go together? |
|
Definition
| diabetes, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis |
|
|
Term
| what do thyroid hormones do? |
|
Definition
| increase oxygen consumption in tissues |
|
|
Term
| are thyroid hormones essential for life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thyroid release hormone, thyroid stim hormone, thyroid hormone is then secreted, provides negative feedback |
|
|
Term
| (permissive) to get full effect of reproductive hormones you need... |
|
Definition
| TH (thyroid) and reproductive hormones |
|
|
Term
| research synthesis and release of T3 and T4, thyroglobulin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thyroid hormones travel through blood by... |
|
Definition
| connection to plasma proteins |
|
|
Term
| what are thyroid hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thyroid stimulating hormone comes from.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a person with hyperthyroidism feels (warm/cold) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compare hyper to hypo thyroidism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the parathyroid gland do? |
|
Definition
| regulate Ca levels (gives off hormone to stimulate higher levels) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle contractions, signaling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opposes parathyroid hormone - decreases Ca |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GI track, bones, cellular stores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reabsorbed by kidneys or eliminated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does cervix do for pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| corticotropin releasing hormone (releases stress response hormones) |
|
|
Term
| what does oxytocin do during labor? |
|
Definition
| strengthens the contractions |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates oxytocin at childbirth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a vasoconstrictor and example? |
|
Definition
| controls bleeding, oxytocin |
|
|
Term
| which is more effective at retaining water? Oxytocin /Vasopressin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ibuprofin stops synthesis of.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is oxytocin's positive loop? |
|
Definition
| uterine wall stretched >>> causes contractions >>> causes stretching >>> oxytocin is released >>>> causes contractions |
|
|
Term
| who produces oxytocin and AVP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| breastfeeding stimulates..... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| exocrine glands excrete in to ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prolactin is an _____ pituitary peptide hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sequence of suckling reflex |
|
Definition
| mechanoreceptors in nipple, afferent neurons in spinal cord, hypothalamus, (split- prolactin releasing hormone, anterior pit, prolactin, milk produced) neurohypophysis, oxytocin, milk ejection |
|
|
Term
| increasing oxytocin shows a decrease of aciton in the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of speaking is Wernick's area involved in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the limbic system do? |
|
Definition
| makes meaning of sensory input from emotional perspective |
|
|
Term
| what does the parasympathetic branch mainly excrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which system uses muscarinic and nicotinic receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| muscarinic and nicotinic receptors use what kind of neurotransmittor? |
|
Definition
|
|
