Term
| what are the 2 types of muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what innervates twitch muscles? |
|
Definition
| large nerve cells for all-or-none reaction |
|
|
Term
| what do twitch muscles have a low count of and why? |
|
Definition
| low myoglobin count - they often function anaerobically |
|
|
Term
| what is myoglobin and how does it compare to other "glob ins"? |
|
Definition
its an O2 carrier specific to muscles
carries even more O2 molecules than hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| what do low myoglobin muscles look like? |
|
Definition
white in color
like chicken breasts |
|
|
Term
| what muscles have a very high myoglobin content? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what innervates tonic muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| whats a great example of a tonic fiber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are most muscles made of? what is not possible 99% of the time? |
|
Definition
most muscles made of both twitch and tonic
99% of the time muscle fibers cannot be converted from tonic to twitch and vice versa |
|
|
Term
| what is the only way to change muscle type? why? |
|
Definition
used repeatedly for high endurance activities
genetics |
|
|
Term
| why is it that ethnicity can dictate some athletic ability? |
|
Definition
| certain races have more of one type of muscle fiber than others |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 kinds of muscles used for insect flight? |
|
Definition
| longitudinal and vertical |
|
|
Term
| how many times do insects beat their wings per second? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how often do nerve impulses arrive for an insects wings to flap? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 reasons the nerve impulse is needed in insect flight? |
|
Definition
if a change in direction is needed
to keep the Ca++ from AT out |
|
|
Term
| how do the vertical muscles in insect wings work? |
|
Definition
| they contract and pull the thorax and wings causing them to snap up, also putting pressure on the vertical muscles |
|
|
Term
| how do the longitudinal muscles in insect wings work? |
|
Definition
| respond to the pressure of the vertical wings by distorting the top of the thorax causing the wings to snap back down |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 control systems of the nervous system and what are their relative speeds? |
|
Definition
nervous - rapid response, impulse travels 100 m/s
endocrine - slow response in the form of hormones |
|
|
Term
| what is the most complicated organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many neurons does the human brain contain? |
|
Definition
| 100 billion neurons, more than there are stars in the milky way |
|
|
Term
| what is a nerve and what is a neuron? |
|
Definition
nerve = bundle of neurons + BV, wrapped around in connective tissue
neuron = individual neuron (like a sarcomere in a myofibril) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| internal or external environmental change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| every motor neuron terminates into either a gland or a muscle |
|
|
Term
| what composes the Central Nervous System (CNS)? the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)? |
|
Definition
CNS - brain and spinal chord
PNS - all other nerves |
|
|
Term
| what kind of nervous system do cnidarians have? |
|
Definition
| nerve net - conducts impulses in all directions from a stimulus |
|
|
Term
| what is a "proto" brain? what kinds of animals have this? |
|
Definition
ganglianization - concentration of neurons
occurs in animals with bilateral symmetry |
|
|
Term
| what does the anterior region of bilateral animals with ganglianization usually develop? why? |
|
Definition
a cephalization (head)
does this because its close to sensory organs (eyes, ears, etc) |
|
|
Term
| what is the nerve chord in an earth worm? what color is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what's on the length of the body of an earthworm? why? |
|
Definition
| ganglia due to segmentation |
|
|
Term
| what is the major ganglion of the earthworm and where is it located? |
|
Definition
| surrounds esophagus, called circumesophageal |
|
|
Term
| what is the major ganglion of the grasshopper? why is it located there? |
|
Definition
| thoracic ganglion - by legs and wings |
|
|
