Term
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Definition
| It is the period of time in-between the ecdysis of an insect |
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Term
| How does a protostome blastula develop? |
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Definition
| It develops with spiral cleavage and the blastopore becomes the mouth and the and then anus develops later. It is also determinate, every cells fate is restricted. |
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Term
| How does a deuterostome blastula develop? |
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Definition
| It develops with radial cleavage and the blastopore becomes the anus and the mouth develops later. It is also indeterminate, every cells fate is not yet to be determined. |
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Term
| What kind of animals are in the protostome group? |
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Definition
| The Ecdysozoa (insects, chelicerates, crustaceans, and nematode worms), the Platyzoa (rotifers (simple organisms with the species with only females) and Lophotrochozoa (molluscs and annelids) |
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Term
| What kind of animals are in the deuterostomes? |
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Definition
| The Chordates (The vertebrates), Echinoderms (starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers) and the Hemichordates (acorn worms) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is meant by homoplasy? |
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Definition
| It is the name given to a specific similar characteristic derived independently through evolution in two separate organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A feature that a group of organisms all share and that was also shared by a common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| A feature that a group of organisms all share but was not shared by a common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to develop a homologous feature due to similar environments. (e.g. Dolphin and Sharks) |
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Term
| What are Choanoflagellates? |
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Definition
| The group of organisms that are believed to be most related to the animal kingdom. |
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Term
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Definition
| Membranes of adjacent cells that fuse and communicate through this fusion |
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Term
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Definition
| A cross junction type of communication involving strong protein filaments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Communication ports between cells which use chemical messages to communicate. |
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Term
| What is Receptor Tyrosine Kinase? |
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Definition
| An enzyme unique to animals and choanoflagellates which is a cell communication enzyme. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Simplest non-parasitic multicellular organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Jellyfish with their polyp branching stage and then the fertile medusa stage (jellyfish looking stage) |
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Term
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Definition
| The simple comb jellies, cilia swimming mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple microscopic pseudocoelomated animals. (No circulatory or Respiratory system) |
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Term
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Definition
| The ringed/segmented worms (earthworms and leeches) |
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Term
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Definition
| Animals such as bivalves, snails (gastropods) and squid & octopi (cephalopods) |
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Term
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Definition
| Have dorsal and ventral shells unlike bivalves but similar looking to bivalves |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Insects, chelicerates, crustaceans and myriapods (centipedes and millipedes) |
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Term
| Characteristics of sponges? |
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Definition
Diploblastic (have two layers of cells) which include and outer pinacocytes and choanocytes)
Choanocytes are the filter feeding cells
Take in water through the ostia and then pump water out through oscula
Sexual reproduction through sperm intake and then release of fertilised choanocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The order of cnidarids that group synchronously together from the same polyp to form a 'super organism' that will act as one organism to get food? E.g Portuguese man o' war |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition of having a solid body with all the tissues between endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm all being solid/ |
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Term
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Definition
| 'Fake' body cavity with a fluid filled gap in between the end term and mesoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| There is a cellular lining and the fluid filled gap within the mesoderm. In more advanced animals located between the intestinal canal and the body wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| Earthworms. Have skin surface gaseous exchange. |
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Term
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Definition
| Leeches. Can consume 10x their weight and mostly carnivorous. E.g. Bobbit worm |
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Term
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Definition
| Small order of annelid worms that have complex eyes with lenses and retinas |
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Term
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Definition
| Snails and slugs. Most types will undergo a torsion which twists their body to balance their organs above their body. Have their gills, anus and kidneys above their head. |
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Term
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Definition
- Radula
- Coeloms
- Cephalopods will also have a beak made from ambergris and melanophores which contain hundreds of melanin-filled pigment granules, termed melanosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The mouth parts of animals like bivalves which are horseshoe shaped and are bear small ciliated tentacles for filter feeding |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Merostomata exciting features? |
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Definition
A pair of compound eyes with 4 other pairs of simple eyes.
Haemocyanin blood which is copper based, not iron.
Limulus amoebocyte lysate is an antibiotic that can break down bacterial LPS and is harvested for the merostomata |
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Term
| Arachnids special features? |
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Definition
Spider silk production.
Waxy cuticle
Internal gaseous and circulatory systems. |
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Term
| Crustaceans are biramous. Fuck does that mean?! |
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Definition
| Crustacea have branched appendages which means they have a pair of antennae which branches to form two pairs |
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Term
| What other groups of animals have haemocyanin blood other than merostomata? |
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Definition
| Crabs, lobsters, krill and woodlice. Malacostraca group |
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Term
| Most crustaceans are borns as Nauplius larvae? Care to explain? |
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Definition
| These larvae are non segmented and have one eye. They then become more complex, lose that eye and develop more complex eyes. |
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Term
| What makes Barnacles so special? |
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Definition
| Giant penis and hermaphrodite... Pretty special ey... |
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Term
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Definition
| Unable to fold their wings up, like dragonflies, mayflies and damselflies |
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Term
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Definition
| Can fold their wings into basal sclerites. Crickets (long antennae) and Grasshoppers (Short fat antennae) |
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Term
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Definition
| a insect body plate which is used by wings to attach and hinge off of. |
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Term
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Definition
| Have sucking mouth parts, these are known as the true bugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Beetles. Mainly plant eaters. |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar to the beetle but have net like wing venation and mainly predatory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ants, wasps and bees. Majority of the species are parasitic wasps. |
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Term
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Definition
| Butterflies, moths and skipper butterflies. Wigs covered in scales and long proboscis and have an obvious pupal and larval stage with strong metamorphosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flies. Those nasty little cunts... Hindwings are reduced to halteres which is a balancing organ. Mosquitoes and true flies. Major pollinators, parasites and vectors of disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| How organisms have an evolutionary relationship with each other and they evolve to escape or out do another insects evolution. |
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Term
| What principles do insects use in flight? |
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Definition
| Delayed stall and wake capture. This uses a slight rotation of the wing at the of the wing stroke too. |
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Term
| What is the theory of how insect wings came about? |
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Definition
| They were thought to be thermoregulators due to fast twitching muscles that grew into useful aero tools. |
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Term
| What is the joint that a wing will pivot on? (PWP) |
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Definition
| Pleural Wing Process (PWP) |
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Term
| Three types of muscles that help move the wing of an insect...? |
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Definition
| Power (indirect, asynchronous) Control (direct, synchronous with the tension) Tension (synchronous moves with the control) that set the rigidity of the thoracic box |
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Term
| What are the three types of eye that an insect can have? |
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Definition
Apposition - Majority of insects
Superposition - Most nocturnal insects
Neural superposition- Flies
(ALL DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF COMPOUND EYES) |
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Term
| Why is there no Oxygen debt in insect flight muscles? |
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Definition
| Lack enzymes to make lactic acid, efficient ventilation throughout body and wing and fats can often be broken down as a substrate. |
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Term
| What is a regular height of some bees flight altitude? |
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Definition
| 4000m. They can cope with lower air densities by just increasing the wing stroke amplitude (stoke length). |
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Term
| What is a fovea in insects? |
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Definition
| The fovea is an area of the compound eye that provides greater visual acuity than the rest of the insect's eye. Not all insects have one but mainly predatory insects do. |
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Term
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Definition
| True mosaic image formed in the brain, each image formed by a singular ommatidium. Each impulse from ommatidium is separate. |
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Term
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Definition
| High sensitivity of the eye but the image is poor quality. Rhabdomeres are fused and become almost singular for a group of lenses. Used by the nocturnal insects such as moths and fireflies. |
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Term
| Neural superposition eye image? |
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Definition
| Rhabdomeres not fused and each singular ommatidium forms a singular detailed part of the image but adds to a full image. Has cones for Green, Blue and UV. Not red. |
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Term
| How do insects control their speed and position in the air? |
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Definition
| They look at the position of they surroundings and then they control their speed to do with the speed that everything around them is moving. (Fly through striped cone experiment) |
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Term
| What sacrifices do insects make by having compound eyes? |
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Definition
| They have high sensitivity instead higher acuity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Insects that gradually grow larger without any strong moulting. Still have around 9-14 instars. |
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Term
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Definition
| Egg and pronymph transition happens in the egg and then a nymph is hatched and then partial metamorphosis occurs between nymph and adult. Can have from 3 to 40 instars. |
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Term
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Definition
The complete metamorphosis such as moths and butterflies.
Egg - Larva - Pupa - Adult |
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Term
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Definition
| Imaginal discs are the adult discs. They are discs of embryonic tissue and in metamorphosis these discs group and form the major adult features (limbs, wings, gonads). |
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Term
| What is Ecdysis controlled by? |
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Definition
| Hormones called 'Ecdysteroids' which will induce imaginal disc activity and control the moulting of the exoskeleton. Then the tanning hormone Bursicon |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Juvenile hormones in insects? |
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Definition
| Occur at critical periods but stop being produced when specimen reaches a certain size/wt. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bursicon. It strengthens the new exoskeleton after the moulting process. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a body part of an organism develops into a different body part, these are controlled by homeotic gene mutations |
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Term
| The Phyla for the Deuterostomes..? C'MON, GET 'EM SON! |
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Definition
Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Xenoturbelia, Chordata.
All bilateral. |
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Term
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Definition
Chordate like: Gill slits, post-anal tail, CNS.
Unlike: Body in three parts with a single or paired coelomic cavity. Protosome, Mesosome and Metasome. (Head to tail respectively) |
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Term
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Definition
Spiny skin (echin - spiny), only marine, majority have pentamerous radial symmetry but larva have a bilateral symmetry.
Calcium ions and carbonate used to strengthen the internal and external skeleton of starfish.
Larva similar to hemichordate larva.
Strong water vascular features. |
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Term
| Roles of echinoderm tube feet? |
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Definition
| Locomotion, adhesion, prey manipulation and gaseous exchange |
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Term
| Echinoderm respiratory system? |
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Definition
Tube feet are locate orally and have ability of gaseous exchange.
Papula, Aboral body invagination where air is taken in and gaseous exchange can occur |
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Term
6 Key characteristics of chordates?
Many species only have these in embryonic development |
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Definition
Notochord
Longitudinal muscle segments
Muscular post anal tail
Medial fins
Dorsal hollow nerve chord
Pharyngeal slits |
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Term
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Definition
| large fluid filled cells, packed tightly and wrapped in complex fibrous sheath. In many adult chordates, it is replaced by the functioning skeleton. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is Dentin (main tooth material) made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Cartilage made of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is Cementum (also in teeth) made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Special features of gnathostomes? |
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Definition
Jawed vertebrates
Bilateral paired appendages
Enlarged forebrain
Improved sensory organs
Lateral line organ |
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Term
| What are the three types of drag when swimming? |
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Definition
Viscous/frictional drag - Friction between body and water
Pressure/inertial drag - Created by pressure differences due to displacement of water when swimming
Wave drag - Occurs when waves of water create turbulence, only close to the surface |
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Term
| Which tissue were first to be mineralised? |
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Definition
The armoured skin and cone teeth of jawless vertebrates.
Made up of calcium and phosphorous
Created due to evolutionary selective pressures |
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Term
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Definition
These are the jawless fish such as lampreys and hagfish.
They have a round mouth with rows of keratin spines, these are blood sucking parasites. Possess gills to respire while feeding |
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Term
| What is the lateral line organ? |
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Definition
| First developed in gnathostomes, this organ sensory hair cells connected to neuroblasts and it detects water movement and predatory movement in water. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cartilaginous fish, the ratfishes, rays and sharks. |
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Term
| Chondrichthyes' main features? |
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Definition
Possess cartilage for structural integrity made from chondrocytes.
Placoid sharp scales.
Teeth derived from their sales and grow from the skin. |
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Term
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Definition
Bony Fish. Like tuna and pike.
Flattened bony scales
Glands secrete mucus that covers skin
Most possess a swim bladder |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How to fish maintain water depth? |
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Definition
Most Chondrichthyes use active lift to keep going up or down but have to keep swimming.
Bony fish (actinopterygii) use the swim bladder (physoclistous (having swim bladder)) which is able to absorb and exude gas from the blood to keep its depth. |
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Term
| What are the three types of motion in water? |
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Definition
Paddling/rowing/sculling
Undulation
Oscillation |
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Term
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Definition
Drag based propulsion (pushing water aside and back to push fish forward)
Lift based propulsion (use of hydrofoils at high speeds) |
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Term
| Swimming muscles in fish? |
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Definition
Red fibres - Contract slowly, many mitochondria and low glycogen - For cruising - Lateral muscles
White fibres - Contract faster, low mitochondria, high glycogen - For quick burst of speed - Core muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| When a fish moves fast enough tat just opening their mouths is enough to get sufficient oxygen because they are water enters their mouths and leave through their gills |
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Term
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Definition
| Placental mammals. (All mammals apart from the monotremes and the marsupials) |
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Term
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Definition
| Complete aquatic mammals such as (dolphins, whales, dugongs) |
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Term
| What is dorsoventral flexion? |
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Definition
| It it is the bending of the spine back on itself allow mammals to bound when they run. This has created faster ways to travel. |
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Term
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Definition
| Feet like a human and a primate. |
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Term
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Definition
| feet like a horse or gazelle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What makes amphibians so fucking special? |
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Definition
They have a three chambered heart.
They 'metamorphose' from the larval stage into their adult stage.
Lack a complete rib cage. |
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Term
| What is an amniote? (Clue: Amniotic egg/fluid/gunkous shite) |
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Definition
| Amniotes are the animals that have an amniotic fertilized egg at some point in the embryonic development. Whether it be hard shelled or live birth. |
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Term
| What are the lepidosaurs? |
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Definition
| The ssssssnakes and lizards |
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Term
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Definition
| The crocodilians and birds |
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Term
| What has gradually developed in mammals over the last 300 million years? |
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Definition
| The a done at the back of the jaw that contains the temporal fenestra (the temple) |
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Term
| Who has a more complicated gut, herbivores or carnivores? |
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Definition
| The herbivores, many more enzymes are needed to breakdown plant matter and in fact in humans, symbiotic bacteria is used to breakdown the cellulose. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is trees, arboreal creatures are the monkeys and apes. |
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Term
| What is the difference between parachuting and gliding? |
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Definition
| Form horizontal, the first 45 degrees down is gliding and then from that point to straight down is parachuting/falling. If you fall off summet, you fell, you didn't parachute... |
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