Term
| What is an organ made of? |
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Definition
| Several tissues that collectively perform specific functions. |
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Term
| What are the four types of tissues? |
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Definition
| Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous |
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Term
| What are the four types of macromolecules and what do they get broken down into? |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates>monosaccharides, Protein>amino acids, Fats (lipids)>glycerol and fatty acids, Nucleic acids>nucleotides |
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Term
| What are the two requirements for gas exchange in the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| high surface area and a moist area for diffusion |
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Term
| What does the hormone glucagon do and where is its source? |
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Definition
| From the alpha cells of the pancreas and its function is to increase blood glucose by breaking down glycogen into glucose molecules. |
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Term
| What does PTH or parathyroid hormone do? |
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Definition
| increase blood calcium levels from the bones and reabsorbing more ions from the intestines and kidneys |
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Term
| What is the functional unit of the muscular system? |
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Definition
| the sarcomere and its myofibrils |
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Term
| Why are the Helper T cells so important? |
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Definition
| Helper Ts both simulate B and cytotoxic T cells in an immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| An internal steady state, different from that of an animals's external environment and is maintained by feedback loops. |
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Term
| What is a positive-feedback loop? |
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Definition
| A mechanism that intensifies a condition so that it is driven further beyond normal limits. |
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Term
| What are the three types of respiratory systems? |
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Definition
| gills, lungs, and the tracheal system of insects |
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Term
| What is an open circulatory system? |
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Definition
| there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid; hemolymph is pumped into an internal cavity |
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Term
| What are emergent properties? |
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Definition
| New properties that emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. |
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Term
| What is countercurrent exchange? |
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Definition
| The transfer of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions. |
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Term
| What is the overal function of the excretory (urinary) system? |
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Definition
| To maintain homeostasis by excreting nitrogen-containing wastes and regulating water balance. |
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Term
| What is an action potential? |
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Definition
| A self-propagating exchange in the voltage across the plasma membrane of a neuron. |
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Term
| What are examples of nonspecific first line of defense mechanisms of the immune system? |
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Definition
| skin, cilia, mucus, gastric juice, and antimicrobial proteins in saliva and tears |
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Term
| What are examples of second line of defense mechanisms of the immune system? |
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Definition
| phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells), complement proteins, interferons |
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Term
| What are some examples of regulating body temperature (thermoregulation)? |
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Definition
| evaporative cooling, sweating, shivering, goosebumps, and wearing clothing |
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Term
| What is the difference between endo- and ectoderms? |
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Definition
| endoderms-generate their own heat, whereas ectoderms obtain body heat from their environment. |
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