Term
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Definition
Gram (+) bacteria -stains purple because of the absence of an outer lipid membrane |
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Term
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Definition
Gram (-) bacteria -stains pink because of its outer lipid membrane |
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Term
Eukaryotic cells (description, reproduction process) |
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Definition
-large in size -animal cells, plant cells -contains a membrane-bound nucleus -reproduces through mitosis |
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Term
Prokaryotic cells (description, reproductive process) |
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Definition
-small in size -bacteria -does not contain nuclear membrane -reproduces through binary fission |
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Term
The 3 main shapes of bacteria: |
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Definition
1) cocci: circular 2) bacilli: rod shaped 3) spirilla: spiral shaped |
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Term
Average generation time for: Binary Fission |
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Definition
every 20 minutes if conditions are ideal (different generation time for different species) |
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Term
The process of: Binary Fission |
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Definition
1) the cell elongates and the DNA is replicated 2) the cell wall and plasma membrane begin to divide 3) cross-wall forms completely around divided DNA 4) Cells seperate |
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Term
Endospores (description of occurance) |
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Definition
-produced by some cells, but not all - occurs when nutrients are scarce (environment not conducive to binary fission) -tough, dormant, non-reproductive stage -formed at the a terminal of the cell (one end) -highly resistant, can only be killed with steam sterilization |
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Term
Anthrax ( description of bacteria ) -5 main points |
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Definition
1) large 2) non motile 3) Gram (+) 4) endospore forming 5) Bacilli shape |
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Term
Anthrax (3 ways of transmission) |
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Definition
1) inhalation 2) skin exposure 3) GI/orally ingested |
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Term
Anthrax (how animals get infected) |
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Definition
spores in the soil can be swallowed, or kicked into the air and inhaled |
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Term
Anthrax (how humans get infected) |
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Definition
1) contact with the spores by handling infected animal hides, hair, bone products, or wool <fomites> 2) by direct contact with infected animals 3) Bioterrorist attack |
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Term
Anthrax (clinical signs in animals) <8> |
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Definition
1) sudden death - very rapid illness 2) ataxia 3) dyspnea (difficulty breathing) 4) fever 5) seizures 6) hemorrahages (mounth, nose, anus) 7) swelling (neck, throat, shoulders) 8) bloat |
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Term
Anthrax (clinical signs in humans) <4> |
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Definition
1) cutaneous (most common) -skin lesions -low mortality if treated 2 ) Pulmonary (rare in the united states) -cold like symptoms that rapidly progress -high mortality 3) GI (rare) -abdominal pain, hemorrhage -high mortality 4) Systemic (rare) -neurologic signs -fatal
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Term
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Definition
1) laboratory confirmation 2) culture 3) serologic tests |
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Term
Anthrax (treatment in both humans and animals) |
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Definition
Antibiotics humans: oxytetracycline, erythromycin, sulfonamides animals: ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, rifampin, vancomycin |
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Term
Bite Wounds (occurance and statistics) |
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Definition
1) most animal bite wounds come from dogs 2) 50% of the population (US) will incur a bite wound 3) typically dog bites occur the most in children, and cat bites occur the most in women 4) the cause of 20 deaths annually in the US 5) 1-3 million anually occur in US 6) most bites are from a family or neighbor's pet |
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Term
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Definition
-mostly puncture wounds -almost 50% of cat bites become infected |
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Term
Canine&Feline oral bacteria |
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Definition
1) half or more bite wounds have both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria 2) bacteria commonly found in the mouth: pasteurella, staphylococcus, moraxella, corynebacterium |
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Term
Brucellosis (general distribution information) |
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Definition
1)worldwide distribution 2)disease of mainly: -cattle -swine -goats -sheep -bison -dogs
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Term
Brucellosis (bacteria description) <5 main characteristics> |
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Definition
1) small 2) Gram (-) negative 3) non-motile 4) non-spore forming 5) coccobacilli shape (oval bacterial cell, intermediate between coccus and bacillus) |
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Term
Brucellosis (genus,species for which species) <5> |
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Definition
1) Brucella abortus--->bison and cattle 2) Brucella suis--->swine 3) Brucella canis--->dogs 4) Brucella melitensis--->goats 5) Brucella ovis--->sheep
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Term
Genus, species of Brucellosis that causes mild disease in humans <2 types> |
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Definition
*Brucella abortus (bison and cattle) *Brucella canis (dogs) |
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Term
Genus, species of Brucellosis that causes fatality to humans <2 types> |
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Definition
*Brucella suis (pigs)
*Brucella melitensis (sheep and goats) |
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Term
Brucellosis (how animals typically get infected) |
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Definition
1) Vehicles (fomites) -contaminated food -contaminated water 2) Direct contact -ingestion from aborted fetus, uterine discharges -licking contaminated genitals -copulation -artificial insemination (AI) |
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Term
Brucellosis (how humans get infected) |
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Definition
1) accidental vaccination -injecting selves while vaccinating an animal 2) Direct contact (with open skin) -handling infected tissues -infected secretions -consuming infected products (infected/ milk or cheese)
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Term
Brucellosis (clinical signs in animals) <4> |
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Definition
1) infertility in both sexes 2) abortion 3) infected placenta, uterus, fetus 4) infected testes, or accessory sex glands |
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Term
Brucellosis (clinical signs in humans) |
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Definition
Flu-like symptoms - undulating fever that fluctuates during the day |
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Term
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Definition
In animals: -laboratory confirmation -culture -serologic tests In humans: -difficult because the symptoms are flu-like |
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Term
Brucellosis (Treatment in animals) |
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Definition
*Eradication -some may recover, but only to become carriers of the disease |
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Term
Brucellosis (Treatment in humans) |
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Definition
*Antibiotics -Doxycycline and Rifampin |
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Term
Brucellosis (prevention and control) |
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Definition
1) cattle -testing of milk tanks -vaccination 2) swine -testing -slaughter house inspections -NO VACCINATION 3) Pasturization of milk and milk products |
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Term
Cat Scratch Fever (reservoir and transmission) |
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Definition
1) Reservoir= domestic cat 2) Vector= Fleas 3) Transmission: -cat-->cat= fleas -cat-->humans= dry infected flea feces via cat's claw (scratch) |
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Term
Cat Scratch Fever (bacteria description) <3, inclucing genus/species> |
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Definition
1) genus/species= Bartonella henselae 2) Gram (-) negative 3) Bacilli (rod) shaped |
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Term
Cat Scratch Fever (clinical signs) <4> |
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Definition
1) in animals: -none, cats are the reservior and do not become infected 2) in humans: -red papule at the site -lymph node enlargement -low grade fever -lethargy
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Term
Cat Scratch Fever (diagnosis) |
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Definition
1) in animals -none, does not infect the cat 2) in humans: -serology, PCR
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Term
Cat Scratch Fever (Treatement in humans) <4> |
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Definition
1) spontaneous resolution 2) antipyretics (for the fever) 3) analgesics 4) antibiotics |
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Term
Cat Scratch Fever (prevention and control) |
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Definition
1) flea control 2) avoid scratches (handle cats gently) |
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Term
Clostridium (the four main species) |
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Definition
1) Clostridium botulinum 2) Clostridium tetani 3) Clostridium perfingens 4) Clostridium difficile |
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Term
Clostridium (bacteria description) <4> |
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Definition
1) Obligate anaerobe (needs to be free from air to live) 2) Gram (+) positive 3) Endospore forming 4) Toxin producing |
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Term
Clostridium (environments found in) |
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Definition
found in all anaerobic habitats (soil, aquaitc sediment, GI tracts, manure, decaying vegetation, poorly canned food) |
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Term
Clostridium botulinum (disease of..) |
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Definition
1) disease of -water fowl -humans 2) low incidence in -cattle, horses, sheep, and minks 3) Fairly resistant -dogs, cats, swine
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Term
Clostridium botulinum (how animals&humans get infected) |
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Definition
Ingestion of endospores, or infected food |
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Term
Clostridium botulinum (clinical signs in animals) <1> |
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Definition
Paralysis ("limberneck" in water fowl) |
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Term
Clostridium botulinum (clinical signs in humans) <5> |
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Definition
1) weakness 2) dizziness 3) abdominal pain 4) progressive paralysis 5) death resulting from paralysis of the diaphragm |
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Term
Clostridium botulinum (diagnosis) |
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Definition
1) clinical signs 2) culture |
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Term
Clostridium botulinum (treatment in both animals&humans) |
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Definition
1) antibiotics 2) anti-toxins |
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Term
Clostridium botulinum (prevention and control) |
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Definition
*proper disposal of carcasses *removing contaminated feed *regrigeration of cooked food *proper canning (do not eat food from "bulging" cans) |
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Term
Clostridium botulinum (botox) |
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Definition
1) its neurotoxin action causes wrinkles to relax and can last 4-6 months per injection |
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Term
Clostridium tetani (disease of..) |
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Definition
1) disease of: -horses (the most sensitive to tetanus) -sheep -goats -swine -humans 2) dogs, cats, and birds are fairly resistant |
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Term
Clostridium tetani (how animals and humans get infected) |
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Definition
*animals -puncture wounds -castration/tail docking *humans -puncture wounds |
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Term
Clostridium tetani (clinical signs) |
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Definition
1) Muscle rigidity -saw horse stance in animals -lock jaw in humans
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Term
Clostridium tetani (diagnosis) |
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Definition
1) clinical signs 2) culture and staining |
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Term
Clostridium tetani (treatment in animals&humans) |
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Definition
1) antibiotics 2) anti-toxins 3) sedatives, tranquilizers, dark quiet room |
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Term
Clostridium tetani (prevention and control) |
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Definition
vaccination (tetanus toxoid) |
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Term
Clostridium perfringens (disease of..) |
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Definition
-poultry
-dogs
-horses
-swine
-sheep
-cattle
-goats |
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Term
Clostridium perfringens (how animals get infected) <2> |
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Definition
1) soil ingestion 2) over eating- excess starch creates environment for growth and toxin produciton |
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Term
Clostridium perfringens (how humans get infected) |
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Definition
1) food borne (food poisoning) |
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Term
Clostridium perfringens (clinical signs in animals) <4> |
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Definition
1) enteritis (intestine inflammation) 2) colitis (colon inflammation) 3) diarrhea 4) sudden death |
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Term
Clostridium perfringens (clinical signs in humans) |
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Definition
1) diarrhea 6-24 hours after eating 2) typically self limiting and rarely fatal |
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Term
Clostridium perfringens (diagnosis) |
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Definition
1) clinical signs 2) culture and staining |
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Term
Clostridium perfringens (treatment) |
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Definition
1) animals -antibiotics, supportive care -ineffective due to severity 2) humans -none, usually self limiting |
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Term
Clostridium perfringens (prevention and control) |
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Definition
Vaccination - tetanus toxoid |
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