Term
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Definition
| crossing breeds that complement each other |
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Term
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Definition
| breed that excels in maternal traits |
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Term
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Definition
| traits especially important in breeding females |
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Term
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Definition
| breed that excels in paternal traits |
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Term
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Definition
| traits especially important in market (terminal offspring) |
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Term
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Definition
sire used in terminal breeding programs
-all offspring are harvested (male and female) |
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Term
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Definition
opposite of hybrid vigor or heterosis
- decrease in performance of inbreds in traits like fertility and survivability |
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Term
| What is the difference between a designed test and field data? |
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Definition
Designed Test: carefully monitored progeny test designed to eliminate sources of bias
Field Data: data reported by individual breeders to breed associations |
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Term
| Why are sire summaries important (2 reasons)? |
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Definition
1) Expanding pool of available sires thus increasing the selection intensity
2) Using large amounts of data for genetic prediction thus increasing accuracy |
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Term
| What are the three types of EPD discussed in notes? Be able to explain these as well. |
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Definition
1) Parent EPD: EPD for any animal with progeny data; includes accuracy values
2) Non-parent EPD: EPD for animal with no progeny data; does not include accuracy values
3) Interim EPD: updated EPD calculated between BLUP analysis |
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Term
| What is BLUP and why is it important in animal breeding? |
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Definition
most common method used by animal breeders for genetic prediction when performance data comes from genetically diverse contemporary groups.
-Preferred method for large scale genetic evaluation |
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Term
| List and explain the 4 types of BLUP models. |
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Definition
1) Animal model: model used to evaluate all animals, not just sires. Most common model.
2) Sire model: model used to evaluate only sires
3) Single trait model: not as complex, ran on only 1 trait (i.e. weaning weight)
4) Multiple trait model: use genetic correlations between traits to determine BV for certain traits that are correlated. |
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Term
| List and explain the 3 genetic components of BLUP |
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Definition
1) Direct: the effect of an individual's genes on performance
2) Maternal: the effect of genes in the dam of an individual that influences the performance of individual by environment provided by the dam ("mothering ability")
3) Paternal: Same as maternal but for male parents
- very rare in production species
- males have little to do with upbringing of progeny |
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Term
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Definition
| series of technologies which involve the manipulation of living organisms to make traditional things we already have better |
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Term
| What is the estimated cost of sequencing the bovine genome? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name three benefits of the bovine genome sequencing project to human health. |
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Definition
1) Beneficial to obesity studies, women health, and osteoporosis
2) Invaluable to study host-pathogen interaction (i.e. E. coli 0157-H7 and salmonella) and agents that affect food security (foot and mouth or mad cow disease).
3) bovine insulin to treat diabetes |
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Term
| Name three benefits of the bovine genome sequencing project to animal agriculture. |
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Definition
1) Reduce time to develop genetic tests
2) Improve production efficiency
3) Allow us to understand how networks of genes interact with each other and the environment to affect animal physiology |
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Term
| List 4 reasons why genomics will be important in animal breeding and selection. |
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Definition
1) Not affected by environmental effects
2) Availability at early age
3) Available on all selection candidates
- sex-limited traits
- traits expensive/difficult to measure
- traits that require slaughter |
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Term
| What is a molecular marker? |
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Definition
| an identifiable physical location on a chromosome |
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Term
| List 3 downfalls of using genetic markers. |
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Definition
1) lack of observations
2) low amount of variation accounted for
3) costs |
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Term
| Speculate as to why or why not you think transgenics will play an important role in animal agriculture. |
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Definition
| Transgenics will play an important role in animal agriculture as soon as it becomes more accepted by the public. The reasons why transgenics will play an important role is because they can potentially identify genes underlying economically important traits. |
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Term
| What breed of cattle was double muscling observed in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the molecular basis of double muscling? |
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Definition
| 11 bp deletion that results in complete truncation of the active region of the protein that makes myostatin |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of rules for making mating decisions |
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Term
| List and describe the two types of Assortative mating. |
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Definition
1) Positive Assortative Mating
-Talles male with tallest female
-Fastest male with fastest female
-Creates genetics and phenotypic variation in offspring population
2) Negative Assortative Mating
-Shortest male to shortest female
-Slowest male to slowest female
-Decreases genetic and phenotypic variation
-Corrective mating
-Produces intermediates
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Term
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Definition
| The mating of individuals more closely related than the average population |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability of an individual to produce progeny whose performance is especially like its own and is especially uniform |
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Term
| How can you avoid inbreeding? |
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Definition
- avoid mating close relatives, nothing closer than cousins
- keep ration of males/females high
- keep replacements from several families
- avoid bottlenecks (period of reduced census number) |
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Term
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Definition
mating individuals within a particular line
-mild form of inbreeding
-maintain a relationship to a highly regarded common ancestor |
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