Term
| Development of a shelled egg |
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Definition
| allows reptiles to live on land |
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Term
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Definition
a single monophyletic lineage of tetrapods with shelled eggs
- distinguishes reptiles, birds and mammals from other vertebrates |
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Term
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Definition
First truly terrestrial veretbrates
mostly lizards and snakes |
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Term
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Definition
the earliest amniotes
skull has no temporal opening behind orbits |
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Term
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Definition
living reptilian groups and birds
skull has 2 pairs of temporal openings above and below cheek plus the orbit |
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Term
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Definition
Lepidosaurs (modern reptiles and crocodilians)
Archosaurs (dinosaurs, crocodilians and birds)
Sauropterygians (extinct aquatic groups)
Ichthyosaurs (extinct aquatic dolphin-like forms) |
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Term
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Definition
extinct now but they are the ancestors of mammals
their skull has a single pair of openings low on the cheek |
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Term
| Characteristics that distinguish reptiles from amphibians |
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Definition
1. Reptiles have tough, dry, scaly skin offering protection against dessication and physical injury
2. the amniotic egg of reptiles permits rapid development of large young in dry environments
3. Reptile's jaws are efficiently designed for applying crushing or gripping force to prey
4. Reptiles have some form of copulatory organ, permitting internal fertilization
5. Reptiles have an efficient and flexible circulatory system and higher blood pressure than amphibians
6. Reptiles lungs are better developed than amphibains'
7. Reptiles have evolved efficient strategies for water conservation.
8. All reptiles with limbs have better body support than amphibians and more efficiently designed limbs for travel
9. Reptiles' nervous systems are considerably more complex than amphibian systems |
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Term
| Characteristics that distinguish reptiles from amphibians SUMMARIZED |
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Definition
1. Skin--> dry environment
2. Shelled/amniotic egg --> dry environment, large young
3. Efficient crushing jaws
4. Copulatory organ for internal fertilization
5. Higher BP and flexible circulatory system
6. Better lungs
7. Water conservation
8. Better body support/travel ability
9. Complex NS |
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Term
| Describe the Shelled, Amniotic Egg (cleidoic egg) |
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Definition
- allows full terrestrial existence
- amnion and shell support the embryo and minimize water loss
- can lay relatively large young in dry environments
- Chorion and allantois help exchange gasses across the egg to facilitate rapid growth of large young
- large yolk sac supplies nutrients |
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Term
| What minimizes water loss in eggs? |
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Definition
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Term
| what helps with gas exchange across the egg? |
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Definition
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Term
| What provides nutrients to the egg? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is internal fertilization necessary? |
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Definition
| because the sperm must reach the egg before it is enclosed in the shell |
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Term
| too lazy to write it out.... learn how reproduction occurs |
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Definition
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Term
| What keeps the skin from drying out? |
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Definition
| hydrophobic lipids in the epidermis |
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Term
| what are scales primarily made of ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the skin secrete? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the advantage of having a secondary palate? |
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Definition
| It completely separates he nasal passage from the mouth in some animals and so they can breathe and eat at the same time (like we do!) |
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Term
| How many chambers do their hearts have? |
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Definition
| 3 (crocs have separated ventricles as well) |
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Term
| What is the function of an atroventricular valve? |
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Definition
allows for 2 functionally separate circulations
separates oxygenated blood from deoxygenated blood
See slide 6 in the powerpoint for diagram |
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Term
| Do reptiles use + or - pressure breathing? |
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Definition
negative
they pull air into the lung by either expanding the rib cage (snakes or lizards) or moving internal organs (turtles and crocodilians)
LACK A DIAPHRAGM |
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Term
| How get rid of salt? Why do they have to do it this way? |
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Definition
Use salt glands near the nose or eyes
because their nephrons cant concentrate solutes |
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Term
| How do they conserve water? |
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Definition
excrete nitrogenous wastes as uric acid rather than urea or ammonia
(at a low ph it precipitates out so it is a semi-solid… the white area in bird feces is the uric acid. ) |
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Term
| What is a reptiles dominant sense? |
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Definition
vision! they have an enlarged optic lobe in the cerebellum
and more cones than amphibians so probably have good color vision |
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Term
| What is the function of the Jacobson's organ? |
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Definition
| it detect odors (by perceiving odor molecules transmitted by the tongue) carried by the tongue in lizards and snakes |
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Term
| What is the name of Turtles' order? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the turtle's dorsal carapace |
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Definition
it is formed from an outer horny layer of keratin and an inner layer of bone
- it is a fusion of vertebrae, expanded ribs and the derms |
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Term
| How does the plastron form? |
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Definition
| from bones of the pectoral girdle and the dermal bone |
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Term
| What is a special characteristics of the turtle's vertebrae? |
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Definition
| there are 8 of them and they can be articulated into and S shape to allow them to pull their head into their shell |
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Term
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Definition
| contract their limb flank muscles which increases the abdominal cavity volume |
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Term
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Definition
| draw back their shoulder girdle to compress the viscera |
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Term
| Describe reproduction and development in turtles |
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Definition
oviparous and internal fertilization.
They bury 5 to 100 eggs in the ground and then the female leaves the nest... they are independent at hatch
Development takes 4 weeks to a year |
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Term
| In turtles, all crocdilians and a few lizards what does nest temperature determine? |
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Definition
the sex of the hatchlings...
low = males
high = females |
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Term
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Definition
| lizards, snakes and worm lizards |
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Term
| What is different between snakes and lizards? |
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Definition
- lizards have 2 pairs of legs mostly (some reduced limbs)
- lizards have moveable eyelids while snakes have a transparent covering
- lizards have external ears, snakes don't |
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Term
| How do lizards keep their body relatively constant? |
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Definition
| through behavioural thermoregulation (don't go to really cold areas) they are ectotherms |
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Term
| why can snakes eat prey that is several times their diameter? |
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Definition
| they have exceptional skull mobility |
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Term
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Definition
Predators
most grasp and swallow prey alive
constrictors can eat huge prey --> ambush hunters
injecting venom into prey |
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Term
| Order Crocodilia: 3 modern families |
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Definition
Alligators and caimans (broader snout)
Crocodiles (narrow snout) --> largest most aggressive
Gavial (very narrow snout) |
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Term
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Definition
| seen in crocodiles --> teeth are set in sockets (was seen in early birds) |
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Term
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Definition
| allows crocs to breathe and eat at the same time |
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Term
| nest incubation temperature in crocodiles |
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Definition
low temp = females
high temp = males |
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