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Definition
| proximate: mechanism, ontogeny... ultimate: selective advantage, phylogeny |
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requires variation, inheritance, differential survival
-variation of which it acts originated from mutation
-creates adaptations to environment at certain time |
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| types of natural selection |
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Definition
| stabilizing, directional, disruptive |
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Definition
| natural selection, drift, immigration, emigration, founder effect |
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| constraints on adaptive perfection |
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Definition
| failure of mutations to occur, pleitropy, linkage, coevolution |
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Term
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Definition
-between species analysis
-look for changes related to behavior of interest
-evolutionary transitions
-identify selective pressures |
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Definition
-evolution of mobbing correlated with evolution of increased predation pressure
-mobbing behavior is adaptation for high predation pressure |
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Definition
-question
-working hypothesis
-testable prediction
-collect data
-results
-hypothesis: explanation why something occurs |
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Definition
-far removed from heredity
-fitness link weaker
-selection at low levels swamps higher levels |
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Definition
| used to understand costs and benefits of different behaviors when they depend on the actions of others |
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Definition
-both stay quiet is best for group but not individual
-confess better for individual, favors cheaters |
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Definition
-same as reciprocity (delay between benefits of actor and recipient) except there is a cost to actor
-requires multiple interactions |
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Definition
-fitness=genes, not individuals
-best explanation for altruism
-inclusive fitness
-selection acts on shared genes |
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Term
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Definition
-net offspring production plus sum of relatives offspring correlated for r (coefficient of relatedness,)
-Benefit recipient > Cost actor
-r= E(.5)^s (s=generational steps)
-not addressed by natural selection |
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Term
| coefficient of relatedness |
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Definition
-probability of two individuals sharing copies of allele
-allele identical by direct descent |
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Term
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Definition
-rB>C
-B and C difficult to measure |
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Term
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Definition
-imprinting, habituation, classical/operant conditioning
-natural selection shapes ability to learn (bias)
-permanent change of behavior as a result of experience |
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Term
| genetic basis of behavioral differences |
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Definition
-instinct (no prior experience, can be shaped through learning)
-fixed action patterns (programmed response to stimulus) |
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Term
| methods to study genetic contribution to behavior |
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Definition
-wild pop in lab
-artificial selection
-create hybrids
-knock outs
-knock ins
-twin studies
-assay genetic activity |
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Term
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Definition
-transmit info via electrical/chemical signals, excitatory or inhibitory
-only need 2 sensory neurons to localize sound
-sensory->inter->motor
-can have diff sensitivities |
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Term
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Definition
-24hr
-internal mechanism: alter behaviors w/out having to constantly monitor environment
-external mechanism: can adjust to local variation (seasonal changes in day length) |
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Term
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Definition
-internal factors: internal clock
-external cues: social cues, day length |
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Term
| organizational vs/ activational |
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Definition
-activational: short-term effect
-organizational: critical period, long effect (reproduction, growth, development) |
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Term
| behavior and hormone feedback |
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Definition
-behavior can cause changes in hormones
-hormones don't cause behavior but play a regulatory or permissive role in emission of it |
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Term
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Definition
| -trait that maximizes B-C is favored |
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Term
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Definition
-batesian: nonpoisonous resembles poisonous (must be rarer than poisonous)
-mullerian: poisonous animals resemble each other, benefit from shared warning
-automimicry: attack the wrong end |
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Term
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Definition
-more eyes to see predators
-dilution effect: predator feeds at limited rates so reduced chance of predation
-confusion effect: harder than catching individual prey
(odd prey-easier to single out, not benefit) |
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Term
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Definition
-maximize rate of energy gain
-useful for identifying important factors in foraging decisions |
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Term
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Definition
-increased levels during chronic stress (negative feedback on cortisol)
-short term elevations adaptive
-rise in response to predation and infanticide
-leads to impaired immunity, reproduction, growth |
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Term
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Definition
| -should stay until rate of intake in that patch equals rate of intake across all patches |
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Term
| frequency dependent selection |
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Definition
-fitness of a phenotype is a function of that phenotypes frequency in the population (over time pop reaches equilibrium)
-fitness of genotype depends on frequency |
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Term
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Definition
-fixed: left/right jawed sharks
-conditional: individual can flexibly adopt different strategies during lifespan (forager scrounger) |
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Term
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Definition
-costs: increased competition, risk of being pilfered
-benefits: lower predation risk, help locate food, hunting, opportunity to pilfer |
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Definition
| -animals go where resources are |
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Definition
-key resources: mating sites, breeding sites, shelter, food
-resource holding potential: males with better territories "better" |
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Definition
-short distance movements of animals
-inbreeding avoidance, males usually disperse
-female reproduction dep. on food availability, males on finding mates
-costs energy, lose relationships, uncertainty
-benefits new food mates, avoid depleted resources |
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Definition
-long distance movements
-annual (unlike dispersal)
-can be costly |
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Definition
| photoaxis, local landmarks, sun position |
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Definition
| if allele is beneficial to group it is favored |
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Definition
-Lyell's theory stating that earth’s features are result of long-term processes that continue to operate in the present as they did in the past
-Darwin used it in formulating his theory. |
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Term
| genotype doesn't become fixed |
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Definition
-frequency dependent survival
-frequency dependent reproduction
-negative assortative mating
-environmental change |
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Term
| evolutionary stable strategy |
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Definition
| strategy that if adopted by all members of a population cannot be invaded by alternative |
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