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Animal Behavior
Chapter 2: Research Methods
64
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
09/02/2012

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Term
Define: Serendipity
Definition
discovery of some phenomenon while scientists are looking for something else
Term
What is the most notable instance of serendipity in psychology?
Definition
Pavlov's discovery of classical conditioning while studying digestion processes in dogs
Term
What does the observational method include?
Definition
-systematic recording (videotaping, filming, photographing, drawing, and making a written account)

-observing different individuals at different times (day, night, seasons, etc).

-observations of different observers must be compared to avoid observer bias
Term
Why do scientists track animals with a radio transmitter?
Definition
-determine sizes of territories that species range over
Term
Define: Ethogram
Definition
-a list of typical behaviors performed by a species under investigation
Term
Method of isolation/deprivation
Definition
-one group is deprived of some experience while another receives it
Term
Field Experiment
Definition
-LESS CONTROL than in the lab, but the loss of control is balanced by keeping the environment/situation as natural as possible
Term
Tinbergen: Wasp Field Research
Definition
-Wasp finds nest using memory of local landmarks

-placed pinecones around nest while wasp went to forage for food

-wasp could not find nest until pine cones were removed
Term
Comparative Method
Definition
-comparisons of behavior within a species

-comparisons between similar species

-comparisons between ancient and modern species
Term
Define: Ungulates
Definition
4-legged, hoofed animals
Term
Jarman (1974) - ungulates
Definition
COMPARISON STUDY

-compared lifestyles + environments of 74 ungulate species

-LARGE predators lived on open plains, smaller ungulates lived in forest to hide

--Lifestyles related to body size, diet, predation pressures
Term
The ______ and ____ methods yield tentative conclusions that must be tested further to establish certainty
Definition
COMPARATIVE METHOD

CORRELATION METHOD
Term
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Definition
-behavior of the animal is examined in terms of what a given behavior costs the animal versus what it gains
Term
Tinbergen: Black Headed Gulls, Cost-Benefit Analysis
Definition
-after chicks hatch, mommy removes shells from the nest (inside of shells is white, outside is brown)

-TINBERGEN hypothesized that the white shells attracted predators; therefore, gulls removed them to protect babies
Term
"Story telling"
Definition
-When a researcher does not back up their hypothesis with new information or new setting

Science needs to involves a constant interchange between theory and actual data
Term
TINBERGEN: Crows + egg shells
Definition
-placed unhatched eggs in one section + unhatched eggs surrounded by egg shells in another

-crows ate more of the eggs that had eggshells around them

-supported his hypothesis that gulls removed broken eggshells from nest to protect babies from predators
Term
Tinbergen: Why do the gulls wait an hour before disposing of the empty eggshells in the nests?
Definition
-they wait for the baby birds' plumage to dry, because wet birds are easy to swallow whole by predators

COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Term
Songbirds: What is the difference between a CALL and a SONG?
Definition
CALL: simple vocalization; announce presence of predator or summon young to the nest

SONG: Complex series of sounds that is unique to the species and only occurs under certain circumstances
Term
What did observing (in natural habitat) sparrows reveal about their songs?
Definition
-only male sparrow sings and only in the spring or breeding season

-one purpose of birdsong is to attract the female as a potential mate

-In some territories, males also use songs to claim a territory
Term
What are the main FUNCTIONS of birdsong in sparrows?
Definition
REPRODUCTION

IDENTIFICATION

TERRITORIAL DEFENSE
Term
MECHANICAL/proximate causes of birdsong
Definition
-testosterone levels are higher in spring (males are trying to compete for a mate, aggression is high, male is competing for territory

--when females are given testosterone injects, they sing!
Term
Method of Isolation: Songbirds
Definition
-removed eggs from nest + Raised birds in lab

-birds were not able to hear other birds sing

-found that there was a CRITICAL PERIOD where birds learned songs from other birds. they mimiced sounds of humans in their songs
Term
What is the difference between ANIMAL WELFARE and ANIMAL RIGHTS?
Definition
Animal Welfare: minimizing pain and suffering of animals

Animal Rights: animals have similar rights to humans + should have protection under law
Term
Three R's in animal research:
Definition
REPLACEMENT: replacing animals with other methods

REDUCTION: using as few animals as possible

REFINEMENT: Using methods that lessen stress and discomfort
Term
Animal Welfare Act of 1966
Definition
Set guidelines for how animals are used

-alternative to the use of animals if painful procedures are proposed

-proper anesthetics if pain is involved

-attending vet: specific routines of exercise
Term
ROLLIN: 3 R's of animal research
Definition
1. Replacement

2. Reduction

3. Refinement (decrease stress and discomfort)
Term
Observational data
Definition
-inobtrusive

-natural environment

first step on which to develop hypothesis

cannot make statement about causation
Term
ethogram
Definition
describes and defines all behaviors of an animal

(observational data)
Term
Descriptive studies
Definition
-describe a group of organisms or individual by collecting data

-collect data from many sources

-data collected via questionnaire or interview
Term
Drawbacks of descriptive studies
Definition
-suggest hypothesis, but do not test the hypothesis

cannot determine cause/effect relations
Term
Quasi-experimental studies
Definition
manipulation of a variable factor between two or more groups, and random assignment of participants to those groups
Term
mirror recognition in dolphins
Definition
-if have a concept of self, then should be able to recognize self in mirror

-marked dolphin with ink and the dolphin spent more time looking at self

DV: length of mirror gazing

IV: presence of dot
Term
experimental studies
Definition
-more controlled, but introduce artificiality so could be hard to generalize to environment

ex: isolation (deprivation) studies
-attempt to determine the role of environmental experience on behavior by depriving an preventing an animal from having certain experience
Term
Isolation (deprivation) studies
Definition
attempt to determine the role of environmental experience on behavior by depriving an preventing an animal from having certain experience
Term
Isolation/deprivation studies are used to......
Definition
determine if behavior is innate/learned
Term
Criteria to be considered innate
Definition
-part of species' characteristics

-Constant in form

-appears in animals that have been isolated from others

-develops fully-formed in animals that have been prevented from practicing it
Term
Define: primiparous
Definition
never given birth before
Term
If rats are prevented from licking their own genitalia...
Definition
eat large % of young, don't retreat young to nest
Term
Stickleback raised in isolation
Definition
when shown a male, still attacked

-proved attack male behavior is innate

problems: isolation may cause fear, control for reflection
Term
Field experimentation
Definition
Animal studied in field (to take advantage of behavior in its natural environment), but manipulations are made to test hypothesis
Term
Field experimentation: advantage
Definition
natural environment
Term
Field Experiment: disadvantage
Definition
lack of control
Term
Ideal free distribution (IFD)
Definition
predict how animals distribute themselves amongst resources

ex: mallards - food distributors stand 20m apart onto lake; each person can vary the number of pieces thrown or the weight of pieces.

----distributed selves equally
Term
IFD in sticklebacks
Definition
6 sticklebacks, 2 feeders on opposite ends

-sticklebacks do not move from sides because moving means less food for them

-equillibrium is reached when the intake rate of individual both patches is the same
Term
Van Osten
Definition
clever hans' owner
Term
clever hans
Definition
-horse that shook head up and down or sideways to respond to a question

-could also spell out words using his hoof

-could do this whether his owner was present or not
Term
Pfungst
Definition
-challenged clever hans' intelligence

theory: horses do not think like humans and can't understand human language

hypothesis: if hans is blindfolded or if someone present does not know the correct answer, he cannot answer correctly
Term
Under what circumstances would a researcher use a blind to study animal behavior?
Definition
for observing animals closely without effecting results by being seen
Term
What methods have been devised to observe animals that are difficult to find a follow? (3)
Definition
1. attach radio transmitter to animal

2. follow animal via boat, truck, etc

3. follow animal by signs it leaves (Feces, eggshells, remains, food, etc)
Term
Observational methods do not end simply with observing. What other activities are involved?
Definition
generate hypothesis

test hypothesis to determine functions an mechanisms of behav

create theory
Term
Describe the elements that comprise the experimental method and the advantages such an approach provide.
Definition
IV (manipulated variable)
DV (dependent variable)

advantages: can control for outside variables, keep things constant, manipulate
Term
What factors determine the different life style of ungulate species inhabiting the African plains?
Definition
-size
-diet
-habitat
-lifestyles
Term
What is the main function of using the comparative method when studying different species of animal?
Definition
-see how animals are different than their ancestors

-see how animals adapted to environmental changes
Term
How did Tinbergen avoid storytelling in his research on black-headed gulls?
Definition
used multiple studies to assure that his hypothesis was correct and that he was not storytelling

compared to other species
Term
Explain the differences between a bird’s song, a subsong and a call
Definition
Song: complex series of sounds whose pattern is unique to species

call: simple vocalizations

subsong: highly variable set of sounds (learned)
Term
Describe how Marler used the method of isolation to study the origns of birdsong in male sparrows.
Definition
if young bird is deprived of opportunity to hear any song, it will develop its own

it will later on only copy songs that differ slightly from its normal song
Term
How does research on birdsong in white-crowned sparrow illustrate the difference between a crucial and a sensitive period?
Definition
critical: period of greatest sensitivity

crucial:
Term
comparative method
Definition
-compares behavior within or among different but related species

-explores how natural selection has changed animals
Term
JARMAN: ungulates
Definition
small ungulates live in fores areas to hide

large lives in open lands

---comparative method
Term
Define: paleontology
Definition
comparisons across time
Term
pinocchio hypothesis
Definition
-primitive man tames wolf pup and raises as a domestic animal

origin of dog
Term
how was domestic dog created?
Definition
natural selection

humans create habitats that favor "Tamer" wolves; tamer wolves gain a selective advantage over wilder ones
Term
linear programming
Definition
-taking ata an creating mathematical model for cost-benefit analysis
Term
difference between between subject and within subject design
Definition
Between-groups: different groups are assigned to the different conditions in the experiment. examine any observed differences between the groups

Within-Subject: same individuals participate in all of the experimental conditions – that is, repeated measures are taken from the same people, hence differences are examined within the subjects.
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