Term
| Our modern understanding of animal behavior began in the __th century with the work of ________ |
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Definition
| Modern understanding of animal behavior started with Darwin in the 19th century |
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Term
| In regards to animal behavior, what's the difference between a psychological approach and a biological approach? |
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Definition
-Psychological: more concerned about learning, modified behavior by experiences. Highly controlled lab experiments
Biologists: Physiology, evolution, genes, hormones, etc. Field research, natural habitats |
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Term
| What is the area of psychology that has traditionally been concerned with animal behavior? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Comparative Psychology? |
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Definition
| -Psychology concerned with animal behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| -branch of biology that focuses on classification and physical aspects of animals |
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Term
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Definition
| -branch of biology concerned with animal behavior and its causes |
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Term
| What is behavioral ecology? |
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Definition
-Interactions of animals wit one another and with their physical surroundings
-interdependent systems
-Emphasize group behaviors, cost and benefits for survival, and evolution/adaptation of behaviors |
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Term
| How were animals studied prior to the 19th century? |
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Definition
-biological terms; anatomy + physiology
-studied only for practical purposes - breeding dogs for hunting, carrier pigeons, etc |
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Term
| The first systematic study of animals is attributed to which ancient Greek philosopher? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is the father of biology and psychology? Why is he called this? |
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Definition
Aristotle
-performed first empirical studies in these areas and first individual whose writings on these topics have survived to the present |
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Term
| Difference between a PROXIMAL and ULTIMATE explanation |
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Definition
Proximate: HOW and WHAT?
Ultimate: WHY? fitness, survival, evolution |
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Term
| List: 4 explanations of behavior |
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Definition
1. Proximal and ultimate
2. mechanisms
3. otogeny (learning development)
4. motivation, fitness/survival, evolution |
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Term
| Difference between a biological and psychological explanation of behavior |
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Definition
Biological: internal processes, physiological, evolution, genetics, hormones
FIELD EXPERIMENTS; not controlled, natural observation
PSYCHOLOGICAL: modified by learning, HIGHLY CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT |
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Term
| Define: Applied Animal Behavior |
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Definition
| -specialization in animal behavioral problems, training, management, study of wild animals + impact of humans |
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Term
| What were ARISTOTLE's contributions to animal behavior? |
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Definition
-first systematic studies
-created HIERARCHY of complexity (humans on top)
-BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (genus species) |
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Term
| History of Animal Behavior: 500-1500 A.D. |
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Definition
-Not much new knowledge
-Mythology, rumors, ancient wisdom, few facts
-DUALISM (body and soul/mind = separate)
----STUDYING ANIMALS CANNOT TELL US ANYTHING ABOUT HUMANS BECAUSE THEY DO NOT HAVE A SOUL |
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Term
| Who was Vesalius and what did he do? (16th century) |
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Definition
-Dissected humans and animals
-Concluded that the mind and body were the same
-Biology still focused on characterizing + classifying |
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Term
| What was Rene Descartes' contribution to animal behavior? (16th century) |
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Definition
-famous DUALIST
-thought of animals as being MACHINES that could not feel pain and whose behavior could be explained by mechanical principles |
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Term
| The first systematic theory of animal evolution was offered by ______ |
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Definition
Lamarck
-proposed that all living things are descended from older species; more complex animals developed from simpler forms |
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Term
| What was Linnaeus' contribution to animal behavior? |
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Definition
-Created classification system (order, family, genus, species, etc).
-All animals came from an original pair (Adam & Eve) |
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Term
| What were Lamarck's contributions to Animal Behavior? |
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Definition
-first systematic theory of animal behavior
-all liing species are descended from older species that has simpler form
-changes in lifetime were passed onto offspring (knowledge = hereditary)
ex: giraffes stretched their necks to reach branches, so their offspring had longer necks |
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Term
| List the scientists that contributed to knowledge of animal behavior during the 15th and 16th century (4) |
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Definition
1. Vessalius
2. Descartes
3. Linnaeous
4. Lamarck |
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Term
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Definition
| situating humans at the center of the universe, considering them to be superior to non-human animals and in charge of everything |
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Term
| What was Darwin's book "The Descendent of Man" about? |
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Definition
-his most controversial book
-argued that humans and all other animals evolved over time from earlier life forms |
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Term
| What was Darwin's book, "The Origin of Species" about? |
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Definition
-clarified the principles of evolution
-contained 20 years of evidence |
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Term
| Who was the other scientist (besides Darwin) that discovered evolutionary principles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the most important evolutionary mechanism to Darwin and Wallace? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was Darwin's book, "The Expression of Emotion in Men and Animals" about? |
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Definition
facial expressions in humans are related in their evolution to similar expressions in other species
ex: baring teeth when angry -> may have evolved from the same origins of this expression in wolves |
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Term
| What did George Romanes contribute to animal behavior? |
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Definition
animal behavior should be studied for the purpose of understanding the behavior of human beings
-mental differences in animals and humans are only a matter of degreee of complexity
ANECDOTAL METHOD: infer thoughts/emotions of animals based on stories of their behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| -after obtaining facts, stories, and descriptions of specific animal behavior, try to infer what sort of mind would be necessary to produce that behavior |
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Term
| Who is credited for using the anecdotal method to study animal behavior? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the anecdotal method considered to be invalid now? |
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Definition
-Stories are often subjective and overestimate animals' abilities
-anthropomorphizing |
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Term
| ROMANES is recognized as important for stimulating the development of ____ and encouraging students to investigate the workings of the ____ of animals |
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Definition
development of comparative psychology
encourages students to investigate the workings of consciousness of animals |
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Term
| The discovery of the basic principles of modern genetics was made by ____ in 1866 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| discovered basic principles of genetics |
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Term
| Who wrote "Principles of Psychology" in 1892? |
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Definition
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Term
| "Principles of Psychology" by William James |
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Definition
-most widely read and influential work in psychology of its time
-brought Darwin's theory to America + encouraged animal behavior |
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Term
| What is "Morgan's Cannon" ? |
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Definition
-Lloyd Morgan
-we should not look for more complex or sophisticated explanations for animal behavior if simpler ones are available |
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Term
| What were John Watson's contributions to animal behavior? |
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Definition
-created school of behaviorism in America; advocate objectivity
-do not study anything subjective (like the mind, consciousness) |
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Term
| Who suggested that comparative psychologists should study animals besides rats? |
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Definition
BEACH
"they appear to believe that in studying the rat tgey are studying all or nearly all that is important to behavior" |
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Term
| DEFINE: Fixed Action Pattern |
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Definition
| Complex behavior that is typically initiated by stimulus but continues until its finished |
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Term
| Who coined the term "Fixed Action Pattern" ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are fixed action patterns? |
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Definition
-innate (unlearned)
-present in all members of a species |
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Term
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Definition
| specific environmental stimulus that triggers a FAP |
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Term
| specific environmental stimulus that triggers a FAP is called... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -greater emphasis on evolutionary principle of adaptation |
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Term
| According to DARWIN, the difference between humans and animals is ___ not _____ |
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Definition
The difference between humans and animals is quantity not quality
can learn about humans by studying animals |
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Term
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Definition
mechanism of evolution; adapt to environment
genes not discovered until 1866 |
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Term
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Definition
-Wrote "Principles of Evolution"
-Functionalism: human consciousness is important for survival |
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Term
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Definition
-Morgan's Cannon
-beginning of objectivity in studying animal behavior
-law of parsimony (keep is simple) |
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Term
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Definition
Behaviorism and complete objectivity
ignore consciousness
controlled experiments in labs with rats |
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Term
| What was the criticism against Watson? |
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Definition
-limited species in research (only used rats)
-Can the results REALLY be generalized to all species (particularly humans)? |
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Term
| List: 3 leaders in ethology |
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Definition
1. Konrad LORENZ
2. Niko TINBERGEN
3. Karl Von FRISCH |
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Term
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Definition
-Strong genetic basis
-relatively invariable
-occur reliably in response to event |
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Term
| What criterion do FIXED ACTION PATTERNS have that reflexes do not? |
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Definition
-involve entire organism
-can vary
-more complex than reflexes
-previously known as "instincts" |
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Term
| What is the RELEASING STIMULUS for fixed action pattern in MALE STICKLEBACK FISH? |
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Definition
| Releasing stimulus: belly color |
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Term
| What is a fixed action pattern that appears in the MALE STICKLEBACK FISH? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the FIXED ACTION PATTERN of COURTING in MALE STICKLEBACK FISH |
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Definition
Show female to male = court
Show swollen belly to male = court |
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Term
| Describe the FIXED ACTION PATTERN of ATTACK in MALE STICKLEBACK FISH |
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Definition
Show MALE to MALE: attack
Show red belly to male: attack |
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Term
| What is an example of a FIXED ACTION PATTERN in humans? (eyebrows...) |
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Definition
| Humans raise brows when they see a baby |
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Term
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Definition
| Emphasis on biological origins of social behavior |
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Term
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Definition
Social Darwinism
Natural selection works on social level |
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Term
| What was E.O. Wilson's ant study about? |
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Definition
-Sociobiology
-Ants' behavior is completely controlled by BIOLOGY, rather than culture
-pheromones are emitted by queen
-use pheromones to know where to go |
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Term
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Definition
Animal classification/naming
name indicates relationship to other animals |
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Term
| All animals belong to the kingdom ____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| How do animals relate to each other? Where do they originate? (trees) |
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Term
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Definition
| Most specific group that animals belong (genetically related) |
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Term
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Definition
CAN and DO interbreed
[Some species can breed but choose not to, so they are a part of a different species (ex: wolves and dogs)] |
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Term
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Definition
Races, strains, etc.
Wen animals differ by habitat within species |
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Term
| What are Tinbergen's 4 Questions? |
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Definition
1. Mechanism: What is the cause of behavior? (Nervous, hormonal, physiological)
2. Development: What event causes behavior? What physiological process occurs?
3. Survival value? What is adaptive significance?
4. Phylogeny: How did the behavior evolve? What was significance of behavior for ancestors? |
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Term
| Functional/Survival Value |
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Definition
scientists always assume that behavior has a function for the organism
-What does it get for its efforts?
-What advantage does behavior give it? |
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Term
| Functional causes of behavior are often referred to as _____ causes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| implies a degree of future planning or consciousness tat scientists are reluctant to attribute to animals |
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Term
| Lorenz's duck study (1935) |
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Definition
-after ducklings hatch, they will follow their mother (or any moving object) as soon as they are able
IMPRINTING |
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Term
| What is the FUNCTION of imprinting in ducks? |
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Definition
-enables ducklings to follow their mother quickly after hatching without further experience
-those that follow their mother survive and can reproduce |
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Term
| Proximate/Mechanism Causes of Behavior |
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Definition
-internal, physiological processes
-nervous system, hormones, physiology |
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Term
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Definition
demonstrated that bee scouts perform a "Waggle Dance" which the other bees interpret by touch
-The direction of the dancing bee's body indicates the angle of the nectar source
-the speed indicates how far away nectar is |
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Term
| Define: Psychopharmacology |
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Definition
| study of drugs on psychological processes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical substance that is used for its effects on bodily processes |
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Term
| Define: instrumental drug-use |
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Definition
addresses specific purpose
ex: prozac for depression |
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Term
| Define: Recreational drug-use |
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Definition
use drug to experience effects
ex: ecstasy |
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Term
| List: 3 types of names for drugs |
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Definition
1. Trade
2. Generic
3. Street |
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Term
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Definition
Descriptive name
Chemical structure or drug class
ex: Fluoxetine |
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Term
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Definition
-Developed from sellers, users, makers
-Might be benign sounding (ADAM instead of MDMA)
-Describes drug experience (ex: ecstasy) |
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Term
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Definition
Amount of drug: Organism's weight
ex: 1.0g/kg |
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Term
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Definition
| Effective dose which 50% effect occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| lethal dose (100% effect) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How does the ecological approach to animal behavior differ from the traditional approaches in psychology and ethology? |
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Definition
| ecological approach: how animals interact with each other + their environment |
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Term
| What things did Aristotle accomplish that made him the “father” of biology and psychology? |
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Definition
created hierarchy of animals (Simple ones at bottom, humans at top)
created classification system (genus and species) |
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Term
| Why did the doctrine of mind-body dualism impede the gathering of new knowledge about animals during the medieval period? |
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Definition
| people thought that animals didnt have souls so we couldnt learn anything by studying them because they could not be generalized to humans |
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Term
| What did Lamarck mean by his doctrine of the inheritance of acquired characteristics? Give an example that might support that doctrine. |
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Definition
-all living species are descended from older species
-inherit characteristics of parents that they acquired during lifetime
-example: giraffes acquired long necks because they had to stretch to get to leaves on trees |
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Term
| What is the relationship between Romanes, anthropomorphism, and Morgan’s canon? |
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Definition
-Romanes used anecdotal method for research
-morgan's cannon said you shouldnt try to explain behavior if a simpler one is available; need to be scientific |
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Term
| Describe the goals and approaches that were typical of American behaviorism after its founding by John Watson |
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Definition
| started doing CONTROLLED experiments on animals |
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Term
| What kinds of limitations in behaviorism were criticized as early as 1949 by Frank Beach? |
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Definition
the rat may not be generalized to humans!
not scientific |
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Term
| What is a species in the modern study of animals? How are species named by scientists? |
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Definition
| species: a particular group or population of animals that not only can but do naturally breed with each other |
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Term
| Why are the taxonomic classifications of specific animals sometimes changed? Give an example. |
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Definition
new scientific discoveries
example: giant panda of china: bears or racoons? |
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Term
| Explain the difference between a functional vs. proximate cause of behavior. Given an example of functional and proximate causes for one behavior. |
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Definition
Functional: survivial value
ex:ducks that follow mother survive/reproduce
proximate: mechanism, physio processes
ex: how do elephants migrate? |
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Term
| Explain how scientists regard imprinting as functional but not as purposeful. |
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Definition
purposefulness implies that the ducks are doing behavior knowingly to survive
functional does not mean INTENT (future oriented behavior) |
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