Term
| List the main functions of the respiratory system |
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Definition
- External Respiration: Gaseous exchange in lungs
- Regulates acidity of extracellular fluids of body
- Assists in the temperature control : panting in dogs
- Helps in voice production
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Term
| Name the structures that separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity. |
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Definition
| Hard palate and soft palate. |
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Term
| What are conchae or nasal turbinates? |
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Definition
| Two shelves that divide each nasal cavity into three meatuses (dorsal, middle, and ventral) |
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Term
| What structures help in humidifying and warming the inspired air in the nasal passages? |
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Definition
| Chochae or nasal turbinates. |
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Term
Name the cranial nerve that carries the impulses of smell to the brain.
What number nerve is it? |
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Definition
Olfactory nerve
1st cranial nerve. |
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Term
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Definition
| Air-filled cavities present in some skull bones. |
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Term
| Name the sinus taht may get infected when dehorning an adult cow. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the organ that serves as a common passage for both food and air. |
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Definition
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Term
List all the structures that open into the pharynx.
Hint: 2, 1, 1, 1, 2 |
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Definition
Two openings of caudal part of nasal cavities.
One opening of caudal part of mouth cavity.
One opening of cranial part of esophagus.
One opening of glattis (laryngeal oepning).
Two openings of Eustachian tubes (auditory) |
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Term
| List all the cartilages of the larynx |
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Definition
- Epiglottis
- Thyroid Cartilage
- Cricoid Cartilage
- Arytenoid Cartilages (2)
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Term
| Which cartilage is ring shaped and helps maintain the shape of the larynex? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which partilage prevents the contents of the oral cavity from entering into the trachea during swallowing? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are the cartilagenous rings of the trachea incomplete dorsally? (C shaped) |
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Definition
| The C-shape of tracheal rings allows compression at the time of swallowing and prevents collapsing during respiration. |
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Term
List all the subdivision of the trachea?
Largest to Smallest. |
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Definition
Bronchi (Primary bronchi)
Secondary bronchi
Bronchiloes
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
| In complete expansion of lungs |
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Term
| Name the membrane that covers the lungs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the two major muscles that help in respiration. |
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Definition
Diaphragm
Intercostal muscles |
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Term
| What changes in the thoracic cavity that result in inspiration? |
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Definition
Diaphram contracts, flattens and increases the volume of thoracic cavity.
Gives more rooms for lungs to expand. |
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Term
| What happens during expiration? |
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Definition
Diaphragm relaxes and again becomes dome shaped. decreasing volume of thoracic cavity.
Increasing the pressure inside lungs - air moves out. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lung volume representing the NORMAL volume of air displaced between NORMAL inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is not applied. |
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Term
Apnea
Dyspnea
Eupnea
Hyperpnea
Polypnea |
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Definition
Apnea Not breating
Dyspnea Difficult/Painful breathing
Eupnea Good breathing
Hyperpnea Excessive/Increased breathing
Polypnea Rapid/Panting respiration |
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Term
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Definition
Accumulation of air in the normally airless pleural space, between the lung and chest wall.
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Term
| What is the difference between external and internal respiration? |
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Definition
External respiration occurs in lungs where O2 diffuses into blood and CO2 diffuses into alveolar air.
Internal respiration occurs in the metabolizing tissues, where O2 diffuses out of the blood and CO2 diffuses out of the cells. |
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Term
| Why is positive pressure ventilation required, when performing the surgery on the thorax? |
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Definition
| To keep the lungs inflated. Any punctured wound in thoracic cavity may destroy the intra-thoracic negative pressure and may lead to collapsing of lungs. |
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Term
| Describe the movements of diaphragm and intercostal muscles during inspiration. |
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Definition
Diaphragm: contracts and becomes flat. Increase volume of thoracic cavity.
Intercostal muscles contral and pull the rib cage up and out.
Both movements decrease pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pressure of the gas is INVERSELY proportional to its volume. Increase volume, pressure decreases. |
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Term
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Definition
| The volume of air still remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration. |
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Term
What is minute volume?
How is it calculated? |
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Definition
The total amount of air breathed each minute.
Tidal volume X Respiration Rate |
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Term
| What is total lung capacity & vital capacity. |
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Definition
Total lung capacity: Maximum volume of lung expansion during MAXIMUM inspiratory effort. It is equal to all the pulmonary volumes added together.
Vital capacity: Greatest volume of air that can be exchanged during a single respiratory cycle.
Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume. |
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Term
| What anatomical dead space? |
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Definition
| The respiratory pathway with air (nasal meatus, trachea, bronchiole, bronchi), except the alveoli. Since actual gaseous exchange occurs in alveoli, so the rest of the respiratory pathway having air is called dead space. |
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Term
| What is the benefit of panting on dead space? |
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Definition
The dead space ventiliation is increased by panting and provides cooling by evaporation of water from mucous membranes.
alveolar volume remains constant by decreasing tidal volume. |
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Term
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Definition
The pressure of gas exerted by individual gas in a mixture of gases. It is directly proportional to the percentage of gas in a total gas mixture.
Denoted by a letter p. |
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Term
| Partial pressure O2 is highest in which organ? And lowest in which part of the body? |
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Definition
Highest ~ Lung Alveoli
Lowest ~ Body Tissues
Switched for pCO2 |
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Term
| Factors that influence that rate of gas exchange in the lungs. |
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Definition
- Permeability of the respiratory membrane: if permeability decreases, gases must diffuse over a larger area.
- Volume of blood exposed to the alveoli, where gaseous exchange will occur.
- Surface contact area between albeoli and blood capillaries: decreased surface contact will lead to decreased gaseous exchange.
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Term
| Name the artery, that is easily approachable for blood collection, required for blood-gas analysis. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three ways gas is transported in blood? |
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Definition
- Dissolved in plasma
- Chemically combined with hemoglobin
- Converted into different molecules
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Term
| How is O2 carried in the blood? |
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Definition
It is bound to hemoglobin and called oxyhemoglobin.
Hb + O2 -> HbO2 (Oxyhemoglobin) |
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Term
| Does the O2 saturation of Hb depend on partial pressure of O2? |
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Definition
| Yes. Has altitude increases, pp decreases, and decreases Hemoglobin oxygen saturation. |
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Term
| A drop in partial pressure to what level, would significantly affect the O2 saturation of hemoglobin? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Tissue level, pCO2 is highest, it will decrease the pH at tissue level. The pO2 is lowest at tissue level. All these factors decrease the Hemoglobin affinity for O2, and will help the oxygemoglobin to release the O2 at tissue level. |
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Term
| List the three ways CO2 enters the blood from tissues. |
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Definition
- 7% CO2 gets dissolved in blood
- 23% of CO2 eneters in RBCs and combines with hemoglobin to form carbamino-hemoglobin
- 70% also enter the RBCs and combines with H20 to form carbonic acid (H2CO3)
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Term
| Name the enzyme present in RBCs, that is responsible for hydration of CO2 into carbonic acid. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the respiratory centers present in medulla and pons of the brain. |
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Definition
Medulla: Inspiratory Center & Expiratory Center
Pons: Pneumontaxic |
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Term
| What is the main function of inspiratory center. |
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Definition
| Initiate the impulses for inspiration by sending impulses to diaphragm & intercostal muscles. |
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Term
| Name the pace-making center, that initiates the impulses for respiration. |
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Definition
| Inspiratory Center in the Medulla |
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Term
| What is the main function of expiratory center? |
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Definition
Fire impulses when extra expiratory effor is needed furing forced expiration like defacation and parturition.
Normally a passive process. |
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Term
| What is the function of pneumotaxic center? |
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Definition
| Inhibits the inspiratory center and allow passive expiration, once inspiration is completed. |
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Term
| What is Hering Breuer reflex? |
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Definition
Receptors in the lung matrix that respond to the stretching of lung tissues when they are fully inflated. Impulses are sent through recurrent phrenic nerve that go to the pneumotaxic center in the pons.
Limits further inspiration and serves as a protective mechanism for preventing excess lung inflation. |
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Term
| Where are the central chemoreceptors located in the brain and what is their main function? |
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Definition
Located in the 4th ventricle of brain to monitor the pH levels of CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid)
These central chemoreceptors make synapses directly with the inspiratory centers in medulla by responding to changes in the CO2 levels of arterial blood. |
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Term
| Name the peripheral chemoreceptors and their main function. |
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Definition
| Aortic bodies and carotid bodies located near aortic arch and carotid sinuses. They send the information to respiratory centres in the brain via vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. The receptors repond to changes in pH of arterial blood to monitor the level of CO2 and O2 in arterial blood. |
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Term
| List all three homeo-chemical factors affect the respiratory centers, in order of their importance. |
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Definition
- Concentration of CO2 in arterial blood
- Concentration of H+ ions or pH of blood
- Concentration of O2 in arterial blood
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Term
What is the effect of increased CO2 levels on respiration rate?
Decreased pH levels? |
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Definition
Increased CO2 levels would increase the pCO2 in CSF in brain. That would increase the activity of respiratory centers and increase RR.
More CO2 increases H+ ions and decreases it's pH. This stimulates the central chemoreceptors which signal inspiratory centers to fire impulses at faster rate and increase RR to exhale CO2. |
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Term
| List abnormal lung sounds. |
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Definition
Rales (Crackles)
Wheezes (Sibilants) |
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Term
| Name the condition when you find enlarged and ruptured alveoli in horses. |
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Definition
| Emphysema (Heaves): COPD (Chronic Pulmonary Obstructive Disease) |
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