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Definition
o Comes from Carolingian Dynasty
o Rasies himself to kingship in 751
o Defeated Muslium Armies
o First Religiously Annoited king
o Charlemange rules as king from 768 to 840
o Begins a campaign and conquers Italy in 774 and 776, Barmaria, Darnica, Spain and Catolina in 778, The Aavars in thr 790s, Saxony in 804
o Crowned Emperor in 800
Recreation of the empire
Ideological Reign in that the king’s job is to protect Christian faith and the King as a justification of loyalty and Justice |
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Term
| Anglo-Saxon Influence on Carolingians and Charlemange |
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Definition
1.Bonifician missions
a.Emphasized Education, Charlemange surrounded himself with scholars as advisors Alcuin included
b.Latin Language a living language used among monestaries
c.Circular converstion – Gaul assited in Anglo Saxon converstion, but England assisted in Frankish converstion much after.
2. Bede
a.Alcuin, Archetect of Carolingian Renessance felt influenced by Bede’s work – Bede defined what orthodoxy was and the responcibility of Kings to Protect the Church.
3.Economic and Poitical
a.Circulation of Contracts
b.Circulation of coins
c.Marrage and relations between Royal Families |
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Term
| Carolingian influence on England |
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Definition
o Establishment of a Dynasty in West Anglo Saxon
o Alfred will take in Scholars and have his own Biographer like Charlemainge.
o Concept of oaths being religious – a sin to break an Oath |
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Term
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Definition
Lived from: 849-899
Ruled From: 871-899
He is Credited with the creation of England
His life is divided into three stages: Fight to Survive, Reforms and Rewards. |
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Term
| Alfred The Great's Fight to Survive |
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Definition
871-878
a. Alfred Escapes after Viking Raid of Wessex
b. Through the use of gruella warfare defeats Guthruam and Conversts him to Christianity |
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Term
| Reforms under Alfred the Great |
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Definition
879-892
a. Reformation of the army or FYRD into two, where one is on duty and the other works the feilds and they rotate. This is to that they can alternate responsibilities, also influenced by Carolingian reforms
b. Reformation of the Navy which was initically made to cope with the vikkings, massive ships with 60 oars, possibily influenced by Charlemange
c. Creation of Burhs which serve as secure places but will also act as economic centres once the fighting is over. Their success as ecomic centers is thanks to southern England commercialization. Charles the Bald used something similar which suggests that Alfred too got this from Carolingians.
d. Intellectual Reform – hired Scholars, the connecting of Mercian and Wessex courts politically |
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Term
| Alfred the Great's Rewards |
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Definition
893-899
a. Emphasized Educationof Clerics and Noble boys/men
b. Emphasis of education to all high born men and boys – expectation that they will be literate and understand laws
i. This was because Alfred believed that God will only assist those who understand and know religious texts |
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Bishop of York
Appointed in 664-678
o Advocated for the Roman method of calculating when to celebrate Easter
o Bishop of Northumbria – founded monastaties and build chuches
o Converted the Kingdom of Sussex to Christanity |
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657-739
Northumbrian Missionary and first Bishop of Utrecht.
Tried to convert Frisians in order for Franks to easily gain control of trading ports (Dorestad) would later come back after pagan king burned churches |
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Definition
686-741
Frankish Military and political leader
Mayor of the palace under Merovingian kings
Father of Pepin the short and grandfather to Charlemagne |
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Definition
o First Major Church Synod in Eastern Frankish Kingdoms on April 21 742-43
o Who was there: Boniface and his supporters
o Desicions were made on reappoinging bishops and archbishops with fixed sees from those that Charles Martel had put in
o Established the Rule of St. Benedict
Sig: Evidence of Church restructuring influenced by the Anglo-Saxons |
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Term
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Definition
o Series of Synods with Kings and Religious Scholars
o The first Council was in 742 with Ethelbald and St.Cuthburt
Confirmation of King Withfrid
o The Second Council most influencial 746-747 with St. Cuthburt and King Ethelbald was present
o Showed the Ambition of learned men to share knowelege and to also the close connections the anglosaxon churches were to the roman tradition. |
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Definition
o Carolingian Legislation which pertained to ecclaistial regulation
o Evidence for the Carolingian Renesance |
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Definition
795-858
Father of Alfred the Great
o Created a form of succession which the oldest son would be succeeded by the second oldest and so on – Aethelbald, Aethelbersd, Aethelred and Alfred who each became king in that order. Rather than have each son rule divided kingdoms.
o It was through Aethelwulf’s trip to Rome that Alfred was influenced by the royal rituals of Frankia |
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Definition
o By Charles the Bald, who ordered for fortified Bridges to help defeat the Vikings to prevent their longships from sailing into the interior.
o Reformation of Army to include a Cavalry which the king could call at will.
o The bridges are what may have influenced Alfred’s Burhs. |
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Birth date unknown, appointed 895-909
Welsh monk from St.Davids who Alfred Asked to join his court of learned men.
As well as acting as Alfred's intellectual council he wrote Alfred's biography. In the section of Life of Alfried we needed to read, Asser attemps to depict Alfred as an Ideal Christian king – one who seeks education not only to himself but also to men in authority (Ealdormen and Judges) |
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Term
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Definition
793
By Dane Vikings. Part of 1st initial raids
Lindisfarne was a monastery which contained masses amounts of wealth, the entire monastery was destroyed and sacked. |
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Term
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Definition
1.Commercial Competition
a.Change of trading patterns
b.Demand of wealth changes
2.Political
a.In order reclaim a throne a desposed king or prince had to rebuild his wealth to pay soldiers and show economic power before returning home to take the throne back
3.Opportunism
a.Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were very wealthy, with rich culture
b.Easy access to monestaires as many were on roadways, rivers and costal areas
c.Vikings needed constant violence in order to die with honour, but this suggestion is shakey as many were not very religious and willing to convert |
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Term
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Definition
• Defeated the Vikings 878
• Got into a war with Alfred’s cousin Aethelwold
o He claims right to the throne because he is older than Edward
o Ethelworld Alliences himself with the Vikings and looses in 902
• Continues policies similar to Alfred – used Burhs as an economic centre and a way to monitor thefts/crimes
• Applies the strategy of Fosterage, sending his son to Mercia to live with Aethelred and Ethelfid to show loyalty of the two kingdoms
• Edwards Campaings in 910 to 924 eventually makes him brettenwalder – rules all England south of the humber river
• Advocated Venecular preaching and translations of texts |
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Term
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Definition
• Created by Edward the Elder
• Organized local males into groups of 9 with 1 senior, to act as a group which provides for eachother by protecting eachothers livestock and catch run away slaves to prevent them from joining bandits or Vikings
• reates a sense of community |
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Definition
• Cousin of Alfred the Great
• Claimed that he was supposed to receive the throne after Alfred’s death but never did
• Revolts in 899 against king Edward – killed in the battle of Holme in 903 |
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Definition
| Promoted the rule of st. benedict in english monastaries |
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Term
| Religious reforms under Edward the Elder |
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Definition
1. Completion of Winchester Cathedral
Parallel of King David beginning and King Solomon building of a church
2. Use of Religious advisors are now subject to Edward?
3. Support of Venacular preaching – translations which are readable in the common tounge and aimed to affect the behavior of local populations rather than just the upper classes. |
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Definition
Ruled from 924-939
• Stonger bonds with mercia as a result of fosterage of his son to Mercia
• Strong rule and sense of ownership over large amounts of land suggest that it made people believe they were freed rather than conquered.
• Laws were Carolingian influenced
o Loyalty as Moral obligation |
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Definition
?-946
• First king to succeed all of England
• Untill the Vikings come back and take Northumbria and East Mercia
• Rule Through Diplomacy
o Is able to take the Strathclude kingdom, give it back to the Scottish king with the intent of destroying Scottish king for Edmund |
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• Ruled from 959-975
• Little records other than that he kept England free from invasion
• Took the ideal of coronation seriously as a portrayal of his power. Undermining of elete society’s power |
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• 937
• Strathclyde allied with Scotland and Dublin Norse to invade England and failed
• This was a massive threat and Mercians ended up allying with the English Army
• This was in retaliation for the success Aethelstan had at York which made them all subject to his rule along with the Welsh Princes |
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Term
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Definition
• Between Edward the Martyr and Ethelred the unready
Cause :
1. Ligitimacy – A man cannot marry a woman who shared a common great grandparent
2. Regional – East Anglians supported Monks and West Mercians did not – they supported Edward and Aethelred the unready respectively |
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Definition
979-1016
• Collects a tribute tax to pay Danegelds to Vikings
• His failure is a result of his brutaility – fear does not create loyalty with Ealdormans, lack of stability |
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Definition
• Athelred the Unready with the Duke of Normandy
• Sought to prevent Vikings from stopping at Normandy ports for rest and resupply on their way to England
• Attempt at creating a better relationship with Normandy
• Failed to work effectively |
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Term
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991
• Source is a poetic centotaph which recorded who of the English died – no telling of the Viking army’s lost
• Byrhthnoth had no choice but to fight them there or chase them across the country side as the Vikings sacked everything
• They asked the Vikings to come across the water for a fair fight – they lose. |
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| Scandinavian Impact on Society |
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Definition
1.Danelaw receives a larger geographical zone
2.Increase of violence
3.Willingness to look beyond rules |
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