Term
| What are the 3 types of Gas Supply a hospital can use? |
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Definition
-Compressed Gas (cylinders)
-Liquid Oxygen (tanks)
-Oxygen Generator (concentrator) |
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Term
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Definition
-Color coded Green for USA, White for Canada
-Pressure reduced/controlled via pressure reduction valve or pressure regulator
-Attach to machine via a "yoke" and pin index safety system
-E cylinder holds 650-700L
-Liters = psi x o.3
-1 liter/min flow rate = 11 hours
-2 turns opens fully
-Change when 100-200 psi remains
-Set oxygen line pressure to 50 psi (tank pressure gauge measures psi) |
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Term
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Definition
-Measures gas flow in mls or liters per minute going to the vaporizer
-Color coded green for oxygen
-Oxygen goes through a graduated glass cylinder with a floating ball/rotor (bobbin)
-Oxygen flows should meet or exceed metabolic requirement |
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Term
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Definition
-Allows oxygen to by-pass the flow meters and vaporizer
-Delivers pure oxygen to breathing circuit
-Flow rate = 50l/min |
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Term
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Definition
-Is oxygen and vaporized anesthetic
-The fresh gas line is attached to a breathing circuit at the fresh gas inlet. |
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Term
| Types of Breathing Circuits |
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Definition
Rebreathing = circle system
Non-rebreathing = Bain circuit
Classes of Circuits:
-Open (no rebreathing of gases)
-Closed (allows rebreathing of gases)
-Semi-Open (variation of an open system)
-Semi-Closed (variation of a closed system) |
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Term
Unidirectional valves
(circle system) |
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Definition
-Inhalation & exhalation
-Also called flutter valves
-Keeps gas flow going in a circle
-Prevents animal from rebreathing
-Moisture may cause them to stick |
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Term
Reservoir Bag
(Circle System) |
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Definition
-Size = 30ml/lb (6 x tidal volume)
-Tidal Volume = 5-7 ml/lb
-Acts as a reservoir
-Useful to monitor breathing
-Allows "bagging" = you can give patient a breath
-Bag is normally full
-Size of bag depends on patients weight |
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Term
Breathing Circuits
(Circle system) |
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Definition
-Adult Size = >20lbs
-Pediatric Size = between 6-20 lbs
-Dead space begins at the "Y" |
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Term
Pressure Manometer
(Circle System) |
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Definition
-Also called pressure gauge
-Measures pressure within breathing system
-Used to help determine how big of a tidal volume to deliver to patient
-Measured in cm H2O |
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Term
Carbon Dioxide Absorber
(Circle System) |
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Definition
-Size = 2 x tidal volume
-Formulation: soda lime or bara lime
-Sodalime = 94% calcium hydroxide
-Change if granules are brittle (calcium carbonate)
-Color change due to pH indicator (time limited)
-Change absorbent after color changes 1/2
-Channeling can occur (when the CO2 doesn't absorb through entire canister, just the center)
-If working the canister will be warm |
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Term
Pop-off Valve
(circle system) |
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Definition
-Pressure relief valve
-Normally in the open position because of high oxygen flow rates
-Allows exit of waste gases to the scavenger
-Prevents build up of pressure within anesthesia system (barotrauma)
-Can be either open or closed in a closed system
-Should be open in a semi-closed system
-Should be either closed or partially closed if you are breathing for the patient |
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Term
Universal F Circuit
(Circle System) |
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Definition
-Aids warming and humidification of the inspired gases
-Increase in inspiratory resistance to breathing (usually used on patients >20lbs)
-Identical in Function to a conventional circle |
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Term
| Closed vs. Semi-Closed Systems |
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Definition
-Oxygen flow rates determines if a system is classified as a closed or semi-closed system.
-If the term closed in included in the classification of an anesthesia system, it indicates that some or all of the exhaled gases are rebreathed |
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Term
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Definition
-Very low oxygen flow rate = metabolic requirements of the patient (2-3ml/lb/min)
-All exhaled gases are rebreathed
-All exhaled gases pass through soda-sorb
-Metabolic oxygen requirments are replaced on a minute by minute basis
-The pop-off valve may be left in a closed position
-May need to increase the % of inhalant delivered by turning up the vaporizer |
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Term
| Advantages and Disadvantages to a Closed System |
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Definition
Advantages:
-More economical
-Less pollution
-Conserves heat and humidity
-Don't have to continually open and closed the pop-off valve to give the animal a breath
Disadvantages:
-Hypoxia
-Takes longer to change the anesthetic concentration in the circle |
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Term
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Definition
-Indicates that the oxygen flow rate is greater than the metabolic requirement
-Some of the exhaled gases are rebreathed and some exit the circle via the pop-off valve
-If the oxygen flow rate is close to the metabolic requirement it may be called "low-flow" anesthesia |
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Term
| Advantages and Disadvantages to a semi-closed system |
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Definition
Advantages:
-Economy of anesthetic consumption
-Warming and humidification of the inspired gases
-Reduced atmospheric pollution
Disadvantages:
-Slow changes in the inspired anesthetic concentration with low flows or a closed system
-Can't be used on very small patients |
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Term
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Definition
-Close the pop-off valve
-Occlude the y-piece with your thumb
-Depress the oxygen flush valve until a pressure of 20 cm H2O is reached in the circuit
-Observe the manometer for a decrease in pressure which indicates a leak |
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Term
Bain Circuit
(Inspiration and Expiration) |
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Definition
Inspiration:
-The patient inspires fresh gas from the outer reservoir tube
Expiration:
-The patient expires into the reservoir tube. Although fresh gas is still flowing into the system at this time, it is wasted as it is contaminated by expired gas.
Expiratory Pause:
Fresh gas from the inner tube washes the expired gas out of the reservoir tube, filling it with fresh gas for the next inspiration. |
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Term
Bain Circuit
(parameters) |
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Definition
Use oxygen flow rate of 100ml/lb
-allows some rebreathing
-to eliminate all rebreathing would need a flow rate of 3x/min ventilation
-MV (minute ventilation) = RR (respiratory rate) x TV (tidal volume)
Used with patients <5-6 lbs
-decreased dead space
-decreased resistance to breathing |
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Term
| Advantages and Disadvantages to a Bain Circuit |
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Definition
Advantages:
-Compact and inexpensive
-Low dead space
-Low resistance to breathing
-Facilitates scavenging of waste gases (vs mask only)
Disadvantages:
-Uses more oxygen and inhalation anesthetic per lb of patient
-Loss of humidity/heat = cold patient
-Can't use the oxygen flush valve = lung barotrauma |
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Term
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Definition
-If the inner tube becomes disconnected or breaks, the entire breathing tube becomes dead space
-This may be detected in systems fitted with a bag by closing the pop-off valve and pushing the oxygen flush valve
-If the inner tube is intact, the venture effect of the rapidly moving stream of gas leaving the inner tube will suck gas out of the bag and the bag will empty.
-If the inner tube is damages, the stream of gas will be directed into the bag and it will fill. |
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Term
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Definition
-Addition to a circle system or Bain circuit
-Used to prevent pressure build-up in breathing circuit which leads to barotrauma
-Additional safety device |
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Term
| Scavenger from the Pop-off valve |
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Definition
-Active = suction causes waste gas to enter scavenger (fan or vacuum line)
-Passive = positive pressure or waste gas pushes gas into scavenger
-Scavenged gases pass to either a hole in the wall that goes outside, a F/air canister with activated charcoal, or SurgiVet Pure-Guard with activated charcoal |
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Term
| Why should we monitor anesthetized patients and what is the goal with that monitoring? |
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Definition
-Monitoring the anesthetized patient allows the veterinary anesthetist to identify problems early, institute treatment promptly, and thus avoid irreversible adverse outcomes.
-The overall goal of monitoring anesthetized animals is to ensure adequate tissue perfusion with oxygenated blood. |
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Term
| How to monitor the anesthetized patient, and what are the ACVA monitoring recommendations? |
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Definition
-Subjective and Objective monitoring of anesthetized patients
-Subjective involves using visual, touch, and auditory senses to asses the patient's vital signs
-Objective involves the use of monitors to assess the patient's vital signs
-ACVA Monitoring Recommendations include: circulation, oxygenation, ventilation, personnel, and medical record. |
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Term
The Anesthetic Record
(what is it for?) |
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Definition
-Legal Document
-Monitor continuously
-Record every 5 minutes
-Alerts you to trends |
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Term
| Define Electrical and Mechanical Activity? |
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Definition
ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY
-can have electrical activity without mechanical activity (pulseless electrical activity PEA)
-ECG
MECHANICAL ACTIVITY
-pulse pressure
-mean arterial blood pressure
-central venous pressure
*both measure circulation |
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Term
ECG Leads
(how can we use them?) |
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Definition
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
-measures electrical activity
-clips can cause trauma (prevent by loosening tension on springs, or file teeth)
-use fine gauge wire needles
-use stick-on patches
-skin staples to attach clips
-Esophageal stethoscope
-we use 3 leads, sometimes 4 |
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Term
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Definition
-Movement of blood through the arterial system
-Pulse pressure is not a reliable indicator of mean arterial pressure
-pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
-Calculated:
120/80 (120-80=40mmHg)
80/40 (80-40=40mmHg) |
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Term
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Definition
Palpation:
-Femoral artery
-Carpal & Tarsal arteries
-Lingual artery
-Transverse facial on horses, or ear on cows and goats
Auditory:
-Esophageal Stethoscope
-Doppler (ultrasonic flow detector)
-Pulse Oximeter |
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Term
| What is Arterial Blood Pressure and how do we calculate it? |
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Definition
-Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) = Cardiac Output (CO) X Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)
-Cardiac Output = Heart Rate (HR) X Stroke Volume (SV)
-Stroke Volume = Load X Contractility
-MAP is what drives blood (perfusion), maintain >60mmHg during anesthesia
-MAP is the lateral force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall
-Calculated: Systolic P + Diastolic P + Diastolic P / 3 = MAP
120/80 (120 + 80 + 80/3 = 90mmHg)
80/40 (80 + 40 + 40/3 = 53.3mmHg) |
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Term
| Indirect Mean Arterial Blood Pressure Methods |
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Definition
-Indirect = non-invasive
-Manual Method = Doppler Method (good to use in smaller patient)
-Automated = Oscillometric Method (Dinamap, detects pressure pulsations produced within a cuff bladder, Microprocessor controlled device inflates to suprasystolic pressure then deflates cuff, determines systolic, mean, and diastolic pressures) |
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Term
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Definition
Cuff Width = 40% of limb circumference
Cuff too narrow = artificially elevates values
Cuff too wide = artificially lowers values
Cat = above elbow if possible on medial side
Dog = distal forelimb or rearlimb
Equine = tail
Ruminant = tail or distal limb |
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Term
| Direct Mean Arterial Blood Pressure Methods |
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Definition
-Direct = Invasive
-2 methods
-Connect arterial catheter to: mechanical movement is converted to electrical energy via a transducer and read with an occiliscope
-Or connect arterial catheter to: pulsations can be read with an aneroid manometer |
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Term
| What is Central Venous Pressure (CVP)? |
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Definition
-Measure of the luminal pressure of the intra-thoracic vena cava or right atrium.
-Reflects ability of heart to pump blood returning to it
-Reflects adequacy of the circulating blood volume
-Connected to either a Water Manometer or Transducer |
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Term
| Methods of Monitoring Ventilation |
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Definition
Observation
-thoracic wall movement
-breathing bag movement
Auditory
-"Honker"
-Esophageal stethoscope
Carbon Dioxide
-blood gas
-capnography |
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Term
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Definition
-Rate, rhythm, nature, effort
-Rate: varies widely, look for sudden changes
-Increase rate: tachypnea, too light or too deep, drugs induced, obese & geriatric, hypoxia, hyperthermic
-Decrease Rate: bradypnea or apnea, CNS depression (too deep), opioids, barbiturates, propofol, after neuro procedures
-Respiratory Depression is one of the biggest reasons animals go into cardiac arrest |
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Term
| Explain monitoring with a "honker", carbon dioxide, and capnography |
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Definition
Honker
-thermistor measures changes in air temp. uses esophageal stethoscope
Carbon Dioxide
-2 methods
-arterial blood gas analysis (invasive)
-End expired analysis = capnography (non-invasive)
Capnography
-an instrument that measures end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) providing an estimate of arterial CO2 partial pressure (PaCO2) |
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Term
| More about Capnography, things we can watch for with it? |
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Definition
-Normal arterial CO2 = 40-45 mmHg
-End expired (end-tidal) CO2 approximates arterial values
-Increased CO2 = hypoventilation, overproduction, rebreathing
-Decreased CO2 = hyperventilation, cardiac arrest
-Cardiogenic Oscillation: undulations in capnogram that are synchronous with cardiac contractions |
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Term
| Clinical Uses and Types of Capnography |
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Definition
Clinical Uses:
-monitoring respiration and ventilation
(apnea alarm)
-Verify tracheal intubation
-monitoring for rebreathing of CO2 (could be from added dead space, faulty inspiration/expiration valves in circle, used up carbon dioxide absorber)
-Prediction of survival from cardiac arrest
Types: mainstream, side stream (which takes longer to analyze, can cog up, and disposable) |
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Term
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Definition
Adequate oxygenation depends on:
-adequate blood oxygen, dissolve (partial pressure measured in mmHg), or bound to hemoglobin (saturation measured in %)
-adequate hemoglobin content
-adequate peripheral perfusion
Three methods of monitoring:
-mucous membrane color (non-invasive)
-arterial blood gas analysis (invasive)
-pulse oximetery (non-invasive) |
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Term
| What is the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve? |
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Definition
A curve depicting the relationship between hemoglobin oxygen saturation and the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood
-Hypoxia = PO2 of 60mmHg
-90% sat = PO2 of 60mmHg |
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Term
Mucus Membrane Color
"Cyanosis" |
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Definition
-Occurs when unsaturated HgB exceeds 5g/100mls
-Blood turns from a red to a blue color
-Unreliable to monitor with anemia, bad lighting, skin pigment (chow)
If you have a PCV=30%, at what % sat. will the patient turn blue?
30/3=10gHgB/dl, Unsat.=5g (always 5 less), so 50% sat = cyanosis, and 50% unsat. |
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Term
| Arterial Blood Gas analysis provides info about: |
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Definition
-Acid-base
-Oxygenation (hemoglobin sat. and oxygen partial pressure)
-Ventilation (CO2 partial pressure) |
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Term
| What is the Pulse Oximeter? |
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Definition
An instrument that provides a continuous estimate of the percent of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen.
-provides pulse rate
-provides pulse rhythm - audible changes
-cardiac output
-the curve on the monitor is called the Pleth
-HgB and Oxygen HgB are absorbed at different wavelengths |
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Term
| What Interference can happen with the pulse oximeter? |
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Definition
-Motion
-Low perfusion
-Optical interference: external light interference, anemia (HgB <5gm/dl), carbon monoxide, methemoglobin, intravascular dyes (methylene blue, 84%)
-Oximeter can't tell difference between oxyhemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin, so any time the animal is exposed to CO2 you can't use this monitor |
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Term
| Additional things to monitor for... |
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Definition
-Adequacy of anesthesia
-Temperature
-Blood Loss |
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Term
| Ways for monitoring Depth of Anesthesia |
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Definition
-CNS activity (EEG)
-Muscle relaxation (jaw tone)
-Response to stimuli
-Sympathetic responses, HR, BP, RR
-Eye position/activity: eye rotated ventral-medial indicates surgical plane of anesthesia, dull palpebral reflex, horses showing nystagmus and tearing indicates light plane of anesthesia |
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Term
| How to watch for Blood loss and changes in Temp. |
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Definition
Blood loss:
-(subjective) inaccurate, can't see it all. One 4x4 swab can contain 10mls of blood
-(objective) weigh swabs, measure volume in suction bottles etc...
Changes in temp:
-For core temp use the middle ear or esophageal stethoscope
-For periphery use rectal and nasal |
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Term
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Definition
-Increased cardiac irritability (bradycardia, spontaneous fibrillation)
-Hypoventilation
-Increased blood viscosity
-Decreased anesthetic requirements
-Decreased metabolism (delayed recovery)
-Shivering in recovery (increase oxygen requirements)
-Use a warming blanket or homemade one to prevent! |
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Term
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Definition
-Laminar Flow: smooth flow of gases
-Turbulent Flow: increased resistance
-Resistance depends on length and size of tube.
-Bigger + Shorter = better tube choice |
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Term
| IV Access and Indications |
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Definition
-Admin of IV anesthetic agents and emergency drugs
-Fluid, blood, plasma admins
-Parenteral nutrition
-For repeated IV meds
-Monitoring: central venous pressure and MAP
-Secure way to deliver therapeutics |
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Term
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Definition
-Smaller the number, the bigger the gauge. Often color coded
-Repeated use will cause vessel damage, hematomas, etc..
-Easily Dislodged
-Perivascular injection more likely
-Difficult to secure in place |
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Term
| Catheters types and materials |
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Definition
Over-the-Needle: most common for IV anesthesia and short-term use.
-Catheter is fitted outside a stylet (needle)
-Only shorter lengths available
Wire-guided: commonly used for long-term catheterization, central venous, and arterial lines.
Materials:
-Teflon: stiff material only recommended for short-term use
-Polyurethane: best available material, can be left in for long periods, expensive |
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Term
|
Definition
-Dog: cephalic, jugular, lateral saphenous
-Cat: cephalic, jugular, medial saphenous
-Equine and small ruminants: jugular, cephalic, later thoracic
-Cows: jugular or auricular
-Pigs, rabbits, some dogs: auricular |
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Term
| Placement and Securing a Catheter |
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Definition
Placement:
-must not interfere with surgery
-choose a site that is accessible during surgery
-check patency of vein (inspect, palpate)
-place aseptically
-may require skin incision first (cows, llamas)
-Always place in direction of blood flow (towards heart)
Securing:
-Tape (small animal), Suture (large animal), glue, staples
- +/- cover with bandage, bandaid, antibiotic cream or iodine based ointment |
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Term
|
Definition
-Flush with heparinized saline every 4-6 hours
-Inspect every 24 hours |
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Term
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Definition
Placement of a tube in the trachea to provide a patient airway. Methods include:
-Orotracheal
-Nasotracheal
-via Pharangotomy
-Tracheostomy |
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Term
|
Definition
-Measured by their internal diameter in millimeters
-a size 10 = 10mm internal diameter
-the larger the internal diameter, the lower the resistance to breathing
-Cuff should be in the middle third of trachea
-if too long: may intubate a main-stem bronchus, increases dead space
-if too short: easily dislodged
-anatomy of a cuff tube: connector, inflating tube, cuff, bevel, Murphy's eye (prevents blockage of endotracheal tube)
*use your stethoscope to make sure you are in the right spot* |
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Term
| Special Endotracheal tubes |
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Definition
-Non-cuffed
-Cole tube
(used in birds and very small patients because reduced resistance due to larger diameter will fit without cuff)
Stylets
-May help in small ruminants, swine, rabbits
-Danger of trauma (make tube stiff)
Materials
-Rubber: cannot inspect
-Silicone: soft, flexible
-Metal: needed for laser surgery |
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Term
|
Definition
Laryngospasm
-Can occur at intubation or extubation, seen in cats and pigs, common to apply local anesthetic before hand
Esophageal
-gastric distention, risk of aspiration, no delivery of oxygen or gas to lungs (hypoxia, patient wakes up), can't get cuff to seal, patient can vocalize
Occluded Tube
-mucus, saliva, blood, foreign material, herniated cuff, tip lodged against tracheal wall (need murphy eye), flexion of neck kinks tube for radiography, surgery (use wire reinforced tube, can occur from patient position)
Tracheal Damage
-Excessive wall pressure (over-inflated cuff), damage from disinfectant used to clean tubes, use uncuffed tubes in birds
Bitten and Inhaled Tubes
-left in too long, bitten off in recovery, can inhale tube if not secured
Bronchial Intubation
-Make sure to measure against the patients to the middle of the cervical spine |
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Term
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Definition
Direct Vision: dogs, cats, small ruminants, pigs, birds
Blind: horses, rabbits
Blind with palpation: large ruminants |
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Term
Procedure for Intubation
(Steps 1-5) |
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Definition
1: Gather necessary equipment (endotracheal tubes, lidocaine, tie gauze, laryngoscope)
2: Confirm length and diameter of tube, check for cleanliness
3: Lubricate the tube (water or very thin coat of K-Y)
4:Protect tube from getting contaminated
5:Induce anesthesia |
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Term
Procedure for Intubation
(Steps 6-11) |
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Definition
6: Position patient for intubation (sternal, lateral, dorsal)
7: Place endotracheal tube over the epiglottis and advance ventral toward the opening of the larynx
8: Advance tube, gently twisting 360 degrees if necessary
9: A stylet may have to be used with silastic tubes
10: When correctly placed, secure tube by tying gauze to the muzzle or behind the head
11: Inflate cuff (if needed) so a leak begins to occur at 15-20 cmH2O pressure; this will offer some protection to the lungs from barotrauma |
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Term
| Conformation of tracheal intubation |
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Definition
-Look with laryngoscope
-Palpate for 2 tubes
-Auscultate thorax when giving a breath
-Expired CO2 measurements (capnography)
Sometimes you can:
-look for condensation during exhalation
-Patient may cough
-Watch reservoir bag
-Regurgitates soon after intubation
-Wakes up after several minutes on inhalant |
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Term
|
Definition
-Not all patients are the same, anesthetic technique depends on the patient
-Patient History
-PE
-Signalment (species and breed) |
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Term
|
Definition
-Age
-Repro Status
-Previous illness
-Any recent illness
-Exercise tolerance
-Recent treatment with other drugs
-Vaccination Status
-Previous Surgeries
-Obtain signed release for surgery
-Allergies? |
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Term
|
Definition
-Cardiovascular
-Respiratory
-Hepatic and renal disease
-Hydration status
-Weight
-Temp.
-Disposition
-Other problems requiring treatment
-Confirm surgery |
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Term
|
Definition
-Some are sensitive to acepromazine
-Bradycardia that is not responsive to atropine
-Avoid in older boxers
-Use with caution in young boxers |
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Term
|
Definition
-Small larynx
-Hypoplastic trachea
-Elongated soft palate
-Redundant pharyngeal tissue
-Small external naries |
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Term
|
Definition
-Thin Skin
-Unusual characteristics of the inductions agent thiopental
(initial rapid redistribution, altered hepatic metabolism, overdose, long recoveries) |
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Term
|
Definition
-Hypothermia (use warming pads)
-Hypoglycemia (admin. glucose or closely monitor blood glucose)
-Small veins (small IV catheters)
-Careful management (see-through surgical drape)
-Fluid admin. (use burette or fluid pump)
-Length of endotracheal tube (cut if needed)
-Surgeons can't rest on patient |
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Term
|
Definition
-Ventilation problems (pant during surgery, difficult to keep asleep, pickwickian syndrome)
-Difficult to locate veins |
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Term
|
Definition
-Very young and very old are more susceptible to the effects of anesthesia
-Neonate = up to 2 weeks
-Pediatric = 2-4 weeks
-Geriatric = 75% of life span |
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Term
|
Definition
-CBC: PCV shouldn't be < 20%
-TP: shouldn't be < 3.5 g/dL; albumin < 1mg/dL
-Glucose shouldn't be < 80mg/dL
-Blood chemistries: if no history of problems may be optional
-Heart Disease: ECG or cardiac ultrasound
-Renal Disease: urinalysis; BUN
-Hepatic Disease: liver enzymes (chemistry) |
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Term
|
Definition
Excellent (class 1): normal, healthy
Good (class 2): mild disease (no clinical signs)
Fair (class 3): moderate systemic illness (mild clinical signs)
Poor (class 4): severe systemic illness
Critical (class 5): not expected to live without surgery |
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Term
| Reasons and Recommendations for Fasting |
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Definition
Reasons:
-Empty the stomach
-prevent vomiting/regurgitation
-prevent aspiration of stomach contents
-decrease weight of GI tract in large animals
-help prevent bloat in ruminants
Recommendations:
-Dogs and cats fasted 8-12hrs (neonates and small animals may need supplementation to prevent hypoglycemia)
-Pocket pets and birds usually not fasted
-Horses fasted 12hrs
-Ruminants fasting time varies with size
-Emergency surgeries are not fasted (administering a premed that causes vomiting will not insure that the stomach is empty) |
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Term
|
Definition
-5ml/lb/hr (10ml/kg/hr) is the normal intraoperative fluid admin. rate
(may be increases with renal disease, decreased with cardiac disease or increased intracranial pressure)
-40ml/lb/hr is the shock therapy fluid admin. rate |
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Term
|
Definition
Balanced Electrolytes:
-Lactated ringers solution or Normasol is used for routine anesthesia
-Saline solutions are sometimes used for patients with liver disease
Dextrose solutions are used in animals that are hypoglycemic
Blood is used to treat anemia and sudden hemorrhage
Plasma is used treat hypoproteinemia
Synthetic colloids (hetastarch) are used to maintain intravascular volume
Blood substitutes (oxyglobin) used to treat anemia, shock, hemorrhage |
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Term
| Other Considerations preoperative... |
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Definition
-Walk them outside
-Proper ID of patient
-Confirm location of surgery
-Restrain animal in physiologic position
-Try to keep patient warm and on a comfortable surface |
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