Term
| conceptual causes of anemias |
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Definition
-Blood loss
-Decreased production (nutritional & non-nutritional)
-Increased destruction
-Increased plasma volume |
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Term
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Definition
-sudden loss of cells from blood stream (ex. hemorrhage)
-normochromic, normocytic
-can make more normal cells for a while
-Eventual Reticulocytosis (macrocytic) |
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Term
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Definition
-continuous loss of cells from blood stream (ulcer, menstruation, colon cancer)
-hypochromic, microcytic
*Fe deficiency anemia
-Temporary compensation with normochromic/normocytic RBCs, but eventually runs out of Fe for Hgb
*high RDW
-Polychromatophilia |
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Term
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Definition
*Chronic blood loss is main cause
-hypochromic, microcytic
-high RDW
-Nutritional: insufficient dietary iron, lacking proper absorption of iron
-Polychromatophilia |
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Term
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Definition
-needs intrinsic factor for absorption
- no intrinsic factor --> no B12 absorption --> pernicious anemia
-liver disease --> can't store B12
-dietary deficiency
*causes Megaloblastic anemia
-decreased production of RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
*causes Megaloblastic anemia
-doesn't require help for absorption
-important during pregnancy
-can be caused by alcohol abuse, chemotherapy
-decreased production of RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
-can be caused by Vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies
-asynchrony because of impaired DNA synthesis
-macrocytic
-poikilocytosis: ovalocytes, target cells
-WBCs: hypersegmented PMNs (caused by asynchrony)
-pancytopenia- -ineffective hematopoesis (decreased production)
-nRBCs
-shortened cell life span
-attempts at reticulocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
-normochromic, normocytic
-pancytopenia, hypoplasia (decreased production)
-relative increase in lymphs
-caused by radiation, drugs, infections |
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Term
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Definition
-normochromic, normocytic
-pancytopenia (tumor cells crowd out other cells)
-poikilocytosis: dacrocytes
-immature RBCs, dwarf megakaryocytes
-decreased production |
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Term
| Anemia of Chronic Disease |
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Definition
-normochromic, normocytic
-eventually becomes hypochromic, microcytic
-reduced Fe (stuck in storage), but not true Fe deficiency anemia
-increased destruction
-decreased production |
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Term
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Definition
-normochromic/hypochromic, microcytic (low Hgb)
-reticulocytosis, nRBCs
-poikilocytosis, polychromasia
-increased destruction
-hemoglobinemia
-hemoglobinuria
**1st response to hemolysis is increased erythropoiesis**
-intrinsic causes: poor membrane stability, enzyme deficiency
-extrinsic: chemicals, parasites |
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Term
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Definition
-less Beta chains --> less Hgb A1 (alpha & beta chains)
-hypochromic, microcytic
-nRBCs, splenomegaly
-hemolysis --> increased Fe
-high RDW |
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Term
| Alpha Thalassemia (homozygous) |
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Definition
-fatal
-no alpha chains --> can't form Hgb A1
-Bart's Hydrops fetalis = 4 gamma chains (no Hgb A)
-cannot deliver oxygen to the tissues
-stillborn or death shortly after birth |
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Term
| Alpha Thalassemia (heterozygous) |
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Definition
-less severe than homozygous because only a carrier
-Hgb H is formed in place of some Hgb A
-Moderate anemia
-microcytosis, hypochromic
-increased reticulocytes |
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Term
Sickle Cell anemia
(Hemoglobinopathy) |
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Definition
-Hgb S is produced, not efficient at carrying O2, causes sickling of cells
-Poikilocytosis: sickle cells
-valine substituted for glutamic acid
-splenomegaly |
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Term
Hemoglobin C disease
(Hemoglobinopathy) |
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Definition
-Hgb C is produced, crystallizes
-Lysine substituted for glutamic acid
-Poikilocytosis: target cells
-normochromic, normocytic |
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Term
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Definition
-decreased plasma volume
-RBC count seems high because of decreased plasma
*not a true increase in RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
-increase in RBC count to provide extra O2 to tissues
-caused by change in O2 environment
-defect in Hgb |
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Term
| Primary polycythemia (Polycythemia vera) |
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Definition
-mutation at JAK2 gene
-true increase in RBCs, WBCs, & platelets
-myeloproliferative disease
-hyperviscosity |
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Term
| Hereditary Hemochromatosis |
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Definition
-iron overload (absorption and storage are unbalanced)
-faulty iron delivery process
-microcytic
-genetic, inherited as recessive trait |
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