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Definition
Antidiarrheal
For mild-mod diarrhea. Nausea, abdominal cramping, heartburn & indigestion that may accompany diarrheal illness.
Action: Promotes intestinal absorption of fluids & electrolytes and decreases the synthesis of prostaglandins.
S/E: constipation, gray-black stools, impaction.
Use cautiously in patient's undergoing radiologic exams of GI tract. Do not give to pt's with aspirin sensitivity.
NC: assess frequency & consistency of stools, listen to bowel sounds. Assess fluid & electrolyte balance and skin turgor for dehydration if diarrhea prolonged. |
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Definition
Antidiarrheal.
Action: inhibits peristalsis & prolongs transit time by working on nerves in intestinal wall. Decrease fecal volume. Increase fecal viscosity and bulk while diminishing loss of fluids & electrolytes.
S/E: drowsiness, constipation, dry mouth, N/V, abdom. pain. CNS depression when taken with other CNS depressants.
NC: listen to bowel sounds, look for signs of dehydration. |
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Definition
Antidiarrheal.
Action: Inhibits excess GI motility.
S/E: dizziness, constipation, H/A, tachycardia, urinary retention, flushing. Also a CNS depressant when taken with other CNS depressants.
NC: do not give to pt's with severe liver disease or to pts with diarrhea due to E.Coli. Use cautiously in pt's physically dependent to opioids. |
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Definition
Antiemetic
Action: blocks the effects of serotonin @ 5- HT3 receptor sites located in vagal nerve terminals and the chemoreceptor trigger zone in CNS.
Decreases the incidence and severity of N/V following chemo and surgery.
S/E: HA, constipation, diarrhea.
NC: look for extrapyramidal effects (involuntary movments, facial grimmacing, rigidity, shuffling walk, trembling of hands). |
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Definition
Antianxiety with antiemetic properties
Action: decreases N/V. Acts as a CNS depressant at the subcortical level of the CNS.
S/E: drowsiness, dry mouth, pain at IM site. Will have more adverse reactions in older pts due to anticholinergic effects.
N/C: Look for profound sedation, respiratory rate, assist w/ambulation. Assess frequency and degree of nausea and amount of emesis. |
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Definition
Electrolyte Modifier
Action: Exchanges sodium ions for potassium ions in the intestine. Decreases serum potassium levels.
S/E: constipation, fecal impaction, hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, sodium retention, hypomagnesemia. Hypokalemia may enhance digoxin toxicity.
Look for signs & symptoms of hyperkalemia, assess for development of hypokalemia. Monitor I&O's and daily weight, look for hypervolemia. Low sodium diet for pts with CHF. Monitor renal function and electrolytes. Look for digoxin toxicity. |
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Definition
Anticonvulsants, sedative/hypnotics
For perioperative sedation. Short term hypnotic agent.
S/E: drowsiness, hangover, lethargy, laryngospasm, angioedema, serum sickness.
Hypnotic use should be short term, chronic use may lead to dependence. |
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Definition
Antianxiety; sedative/hypnotic
Acts as CNs depressant at the sub-cortical level of CNS.
S/E: drowsiness, dry mouth, pain @ IM site and profound sedation.
Assess for signs & symptoms of profound sedation. Pt will be a fall risk. Assess mental status. |
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Definition
Antianxiety; Sedative/hypnotic
Acts at many levels of the CNS to produce generalized CNS depression.
S/E: apnea, laryngospasm, respiratory depression, cardiac arrest, phlebitis, excess sedation, blurred vision.
Assess level of sedation + LOC throughout and for 2-6 hrs following administration. Monitor vitals continuously during IV administration. Keep oxygen and resuscitation equipment near. For overdose use Romazicon. |
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Definition
Antiarrhythmics
Given pre-op to decrease oral and respiratory secretions. Inhibits the action of acetylcholine at prostaglandin sites loacted in secretory glands and CNS.
S/E: drowsiness, blurred vision, tachycardia, dry mouth, urinary hesitancy.
Assess vitals and ECG tracings frequently during IV therapy. Look for changes in HR & BP or increased ventricular ectopy or angina. Monitor I&Os in elderly or surgical pts because atropine may cause urinary retention. If overdose occurs physostigmine is given. |
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Definition
General Anesthetics
Short acting hypnotic. Produces amnesia. Has no analgesic properties.
S/E: bradycardia, hypotension, local burning, pain, stinging, apnea, porpofol infusion syndrome.
Assess vitals throughout therapy. Frequently causes apnea lasting more than 60 seconds. maintain airway and ventilation.
Propofol infusion syndrome: severe metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, lipedemia, rhabdomyolysis, hepatomegaly, cardiac and renal failure. |
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Definition
Antiasthmatics, Bronchodilators, Vasopressors
Produces bronchodilation and vasoconstriction. Maintenanceof HR and BP.
S/E: nervousness, restlessness, tremor, angina, arrhythmias, hypertension, tachycardia.
Assess lung sounds, respiratory pattern, pule and BP before admin and at the peak of medication. Assess volume status, hypovolemia should be corrected prior to IV admin. |
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Term
| Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) |
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Definition
Antihistamines
For anaphylaxis. Antagonizes the effects of histamine H1-receptor sites. Does not bind to or inactivate histamine. Significant CNS depressant and anticholinergic properties.
S/E: drowsiness, anorexia, dry mouth.
For the prevention and treatment of anaphylaxis. Assess for uticaria and for patency of airway. |
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Definition
Vasopressors, Inotropics
Improves BP, cardiac output, urine output in treatment of shock unresponsive to fluid replacement. Stimulates dopaminergic receptors, producing renal vasodilation.
S/E: arrhythmias, hypotension, HA, N/V, vasoconstriction.
Give IV. Watch for tachycardia, angina, dysrhythmias,. Report decreased urinary output. Palpate peripheral pulses and report if quality of pulse deteriorates or if extremities become cold or mottled. If hypotension occurs increase admin rate. |
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HIGH ALERT! Inotropics & adrenergics
Stimulates beta 1 (myocardial) adrenergic receptors with relatively minor effects on HR or peripheral blood vessels.
S/E: hypertension, increased HR, premature ventricular contraction.
Watch for HTN, tachycardia although given to increase contractility, cardiac output, and urinary output. Check peripheral pulses. May cause hypokalemia. Monitor BUN, electrolytes, creatinine, and prothombin time weekly. If overdose reduce or discontinue.
Short acting. |
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Definition
Antiarrhythmic
Increases cardiac output. Increases force of myocardial contraction. Prolongs refractory period of the AV node. Decreases conduction through the SA and AV nodes.
S/E: fatigue, bradycardia, anorexia, N/V, blurred vision, halos, arrythmias.
monitor apical pulse for 1 min before admin. Withhold if pulse is less than 60 bpm. Notify MD if bradycardia or new arrhythmias occur. May cause hypokalemia and dysrhythmias esp if taking diuretics. Narrow therapeutic range. |
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Definition
Iron Supplements
Enter bloodstream and is transported to the liver, spleen, and bone marrow where it is seperated out and becomes part of the iron stores.
S/E: nausea, constipation, dark stools, diarrhea, epigastric pain.
May discolor teeth if taken PO. Monitor H&H prior to and every 3 weeks during first 2 months of therapy and periodically thereafter. If injecting IM, z-track into upper outer quadrant of buttock, not into arm or exposed area. |
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Definition
Iron Supplement
Same action as ferrous sulfate except treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in pts who cannot tolerate or receive oral iron. Given IM or IV.
S/E: seizures, hypotension, flushing, uticartia, pain @ IM site, skin staining @ IM site and anaphylaxis.
Only given via IM or IV. Monitor BP & HR frequently following IV admin until stable. Rapid infusion may cause hypotension and flushing.
Monitor H&H throughout therapy. Following IV therapy pt should remain recumbent for at least 30 min to prevent orthostatic hypotension. IM z-track to avoid permanently staining. |
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Definition
Antinanemics
Required for protein synthesis and RBC function. Stimulates the production of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
S/E: rash, irritability, difficulty sleeping, malaise, confusion, fever.
Assess for signs and symptoms of megaloblastic anemia (fatigue, weakness, dyspnea) before and throughout therapy. Monitor lab values of H&H and plasma folic acid level. May cause decreased serum concentrations of other B complex vitamins when given in high continuous doses. |
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Definition
Immunosuppressants, antirheumatics
Prevention and treatment of graft vs. host disease in bone marrow transplant pts.
S/E: seizures, tremor, hypertension, diarrhea, hepatotoxicity, N/V, nephrotoxicity, hirsutism, gingival hyperplasia, hypersensitivity reactions, infections, (activation of latent viral infections like BK virus).
Has a lot of drug interactions. Monitor serum creatine level, I&O ratios, daily weight, and BP. Assess for signs of nephrotoxicity. Protect pts from staff and visitors. |
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Definition
Antianemics
Stimulates erythropoiesis (production of RBCs). Maintains and may elevate RBCs, decreasing the need for transfusions.
S/E: seizures, CHF, MI, stroke, thrombotic events (especially with hemaglobin greater than 12 g/dL), and hypertension.
May increase requirement for heaparin during hemodialysis. May cause increase in WBCs and platelets. May decrease bleeding times. Monitor BP, monitor for symptoms of anemia.
Treatment for anemia due to CHF, on dialysis, anemia due to AZT for the treatment for AIDS, also for anemia due to chemotherapy for cancer. |
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Definition
Decreased incidence of infections in pts who are neutropenic from chemo or other causes. Improved harvest of progenitor cells for bone marrow transplant.
S/E: excessive leukostois, pain, redness at subq site, medullary bone pain.
After bone marrow transplant the daily dose is titrated by the neutrophil response. There will be mild to mod pain (bone pain). Give analgesics. |
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Definition
Colony-stimulating Factors
Stimulates production of megakaryoctes and platelets.
S/E: ventricular arrhythmias, dizziness, HA, insomnia, nervousness, weakness, conjunctival hemorrhage, cough, dyspnea, pleural effusion, a-fib, edema, palpitations, N/V, bone pain.
Look for signs of fluid retention. |
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Definition
Antihypertensives; diuretics
Increases excretion of sodium and water by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule. Lowers BP in hyptertensive pts and diuresis with mobilization of edema.
S/E: hypokalemia, dizziness, hypotension, N/V, photosensitivity, thrombocytopenia.
May have to give potassium supplements if hypokalemia occurs. Monitor electrolytes. Check for signs of hyptoension. Give in the morning. |
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Definition
Diuretics
Inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and chloride from the loop of Henle and distal renal tubule. Increases renal excretion of water, sodium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, and calcium.
S/E: dehydration, decreased electrolyte values, hypovolemia, metabolic acidosis, aplastic anemia, and agranulocytosis.
Assess for signs and symptoms of dehydration, monitor BP and pulse. Pts taking digoxin are at increased risk of digoxin toxicity because of the potassium depleting effects of the med. May cause tinnitus and hearing loss for pts receiving prolonged high dose IV therapy especially in pts with decreased renal function. Push slowly. |
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Definition
Potassium Sparing Diuretic
Inhibits sodium reabsorption in the kidney while saving potassium and hydrogen ions.
S/E: clumsiness, erectile dysfunction, breast tenderness, gynecomastia, irregular menses, voice deepening, hyperkalmeia, agranulocytosis.
Administer in the morning. Monitor BP before administration. Look for signs and symptoms of hypokalemia. |
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Definition
Antiagninals; Antihypertensive
Decreased BP and HR. Decreased frequency of attacks of angina pectoris. Prevention of MI.
S/E: bradycardia, CHF, pulmonary edema, fatigue, weakness, erectile dysfunction.
Do not stop abruptly, assess for CHF, take apical pulse before admin. If less than 50 bpm or if arrhythmia occurs, withhold medication. |
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Used for short term general anesthesia.
S/E: CNS depressant, N/V
Assess respiratory status. Assess cardiac function, may causes hypertension. |
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| The actions of ipecac are mainly those of its major alkaloids, emetine (methylcephaeline) and cephaeline. They both act locally by irritating the gastric mucosa and centrally by stimulating the medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone to induce vomiting. |
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Definition
| vitamin B 12. Vitamin B12 also works closely with vitamin B9 (folate) to regulate the formation of red blood cells and to help iron function better in the body. Used for pts with pernicious anemia. |
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Action and Use: For arrhythmias due to digoxin toxicity. Maintain acid-base balance, isotonicity, and electrophysiolgic balance of the cell.
S/E: abdominal pain, diarrhea, flatulence, nausea, vomiting, irritation at IV site.
NC: Assess for signs of hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. Monitor pulse, BP, and ECG periodically during IV therapy.
Sodium Bicarbonate will help correct overdose. Never administer potassium IV push or bolus. |
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