Term
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Definition
| Progressivism was the practice of rejecting laissez-faire for an active government that reformed and regulated big businesses and solved social probblems. |
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Term
| Who exactly were Progressives? |
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Definition
| The Progressives were the new middle class who were university trained in social sciences and wanted improve society. |
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Term
What was the Progressives' approach
to social reform? |
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Definition
| They approached social reform by manipulating the environment with public solutions to improve society. |
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Term
What was the importance of Edward Bellamy's utopian novel, Looking Bachaard, to the
Progressive movement? |
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Definition
| The future utopia displayed in this book inspires the Progressives. |
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Term
| How did the Progressives manipulate environmental conditions to improve social life? |
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Definition
| They attempted to outlaw child labor and have compulsory education of the children. They pushed for public health (South). They also pressed for changes in urban life with tenement regulations, public parks, factory safety and public sanitation. |
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Term
| What was the "new" immigration, and where did most "new" immigrants settle in the USA? |
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Definition
| New immigrnts were from eastern Europe and Asia. Most settled in North Eastern and Northern Midwestern states. |
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Term
| What were the different approaches to assimilating the "new" immigrants? |
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Definition
Nativists wanted to restrict immigration.
Large-Scale employers like Henry Ford wanted to Americanize them.
Female Progressives built and kept settlement houses for them. |
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Term
| Why did some corporate managers support Progressive measures such as the Meat Inspection Act or the Pure Food and Drug Act? |
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Definition
| They supported it because the federal "stamp of approval" would drive out competitors that didn't pay for or pass the inspection. |
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Term
| What was the main division in the labor movement during the Progressive Era? |
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Definition
The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) were radical and wanted to end capitalism.
The AFL trade unions (White Anglo conservatives) were more practical and just had "bread and butter" concerns within the system. |
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Term
| What part of the labor movement did the Progressives support, and what labor reforms did they support? |
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Definition
The progressives supported practical trade unions. They wanted to end strikes. The reforms they supported were:
1. Minimum wage (living wage)
2. 8-hour work day laws
3. Workmen's compensation (unemployment insurance)
4. End child & Convict labor |
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Term
| What was the urban political machine, and what was the Progressives' criticism of it? |
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Definition
| The urban political machine was concerned with making money only. "Boss" Tweed, head of Tammanny Hall (NYC's democratic party), was in charge of the machine. The Progressives criticized because they believed in profeccional civil servants in government, not people who paid the Boss for a position. |
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Term
| What was "direct democracy"? |
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Definition
| "Direct Democracy" is a system where the public is educated and informed on what goes on in the government. |
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Term
| List and explain several examples of "direct democracy." |
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Definition
Direct primary--voters select party's candidates
Initiative--voters advise state legislature.
Referendum--Voters approve laws
Recall--voters replace officials |
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Term
| What reforms occurred under Progressive-Era presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, and Woodrow Wilson? |
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Definition
1. Federal Reserve (National banking system)
2. Federal trade commission (protects consumers)
3. Clayton Anti-Trust Act (Exempt Unions from anti-trust laws)
4. Outlaw child labor
5. 8-hour work day for railroad workers
6. Wrokman's comp for federal workers |
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Term
| What constitutional amendments were passed during the Progressive Era? |
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Definition
1. 16th Amendment--Federal income tax (on the wealthy)
2. 17th Amendment--Direct election of Senators
3. 18th Amendment--Prohibition of Alcohol
4. 19th Amendment--Women's suffrage |
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Term
| What conditions in the 1890s led some Americans to encourage the USA to expand overseas? |
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Definition
| Some wanted to bring new wealth to America like the West had previously done. Some believed that if American institutions can't expand, they will shrink. Some felt threatened by Spain. There was a greed for Cuba and her riches, and there was also an Imperial Race going on in Europe and Japan. Many thought that in order for America to be a world power, she would have to participate. |
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Term
| Why did rebel leaders in Cuba and the Philippines desire independence from Spain? |
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Definition
| They were feeling oppressed by Spain, and they wanted to keep the fruits of their labor for their own people. |
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Term
| In what different ways did President William McKinley and Assistant Secretary of the Navy Teddy Roosevelt approach the possibility of war? |
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Definition
| McKinley wanted only to turn to war as a last resort, but Teddy Roosevelt thought that it would be a war of heroes. |
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Term
| How did Admiral Mahan support Roosevelt's approach to the possibility of war? |
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Definition
| He supports Roosevelt in Naval strategy. |
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Term
| What was New York Journal publisher William Randolph Hearst's key contribution to the coming of the Spanish-American War? |
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Definition
| Hearst publishes the De Lome letter as the "Worst insult to the United States" which brings significant support to war. |
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Term
| Why did Hearst support the USA's military intervention in Cuba? |
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Definition
| He sympathized with the Cubans who told horror stories of their homelife in Cuba under Spanish rule. |
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Term
| What were the decisive events that led to the Spanish-American War? |
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Definition
| The Cuban Independence movement, the de Lome letter, and the explosion and sinking of the Maine. |
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Term
What issue was at stake in the U.S. Senate during the debate over the Treaty of Parish, and how did
the Senate resolve this issue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the Anti-Imperialist League's main argnments against the USA acquiring a colonial empire? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain how the Platt Amendment disappointed supporters of the Cuban independence movement. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why was the fighting so brutal during the American war in the Philippines? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did President McKinley mean by a policy of "benevolent assimilation" in the Philippines? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the two sides in World War I, and what side did the USA join? |
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Definition
| There were the Central Powers and Allies. US joined the Allies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wilsonianism was an attempt to reform the world and make it "safe for democracy." |
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Term
| What actions by Germany led President Wilson to urge Congress to declare war on Germany? |
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Definition
| The torpedoing of the British Cruise liner the Lusitania, the Germans excercising unrestricted u-boat warfare, and the Zimmerman telegram promising American land to Mexico. |
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Term
Why did the Progressives support Wilson's call for the USA to enter
World War I? |
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Definition
| It was a chance for global and national reform. |
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Term
| Explain how the context of the USA's early neutrality and then entry into World War I illustrates the difference between the two popular songs, "I Didn't Raise My Boy to Be a Soldier" (1915) and "Over There" (1917) |
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Definition
| "I didn't raise my boy to be a soldier" begs for neutrality in 1915 and reflects that the American people don't want to go to war, but in 1917 "Over There" portrays soldiers as heroes protecting the country and spreading democracy. This reflects that the American people think it's time to go to war. |
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Term
| What was the function of George Creel's Committee on Public Information (CPI)? |
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Definition
| It was an independent agency created to influence US public opinion regarding American participation in WWI. It created enthusiasm for the war effort. |
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Term
| How did the CPI use posters to fulfill its function? |
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Definition
| They promoted patriotism by encouraging the American people to enlist as soldiers and to lend the government money by buying liberty bonds. |
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Term
| Why did many Progressives become disillusioned with World War I? |
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Definition
| There was some repression of civil liberrties. The Espionage act made it illegal to criticize the military draft, and the Sedition Act made it illegeal to criticize the government, flag, and armed forces. |
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Term
| Identify six examples of post-World War I disorder. |
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Definition
1. Racial violence
2. Class conflict
3. "Red Scare"
4. League of Nations rejected
5. Influenza epidemic
6. Economic Depression |
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Term
| How was Progressivism affected by the post-World War I disorder? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the main elements of the "New Era" of the 1920s? |
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Definition
| "New Era" businesses developed trade associations. They were cooperating rather than competing. Welfare Capitalism was also developed; unions were replaced with corporate culture |
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Term
| What group - progressives, business leaders, or liberals - presided over the government of the 1920s? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was "welfare capitalism"? |
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Definition
| A system based on the idea that Americans should look not to the government or to labor unions but to the workplace benefits provided by private-sector employers for protection against the fluctuations of the market economy |
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Term
| What specific industries led the economic boom of the 1920s? Explain how these industries provided an effective guide to the economy because of their "multiplier effect" |
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Definition
| The auto industry and housing construction along with consumer durables led to the 1920's economic boom. These industries provided jobs which provided money for people to buy the products made by these industries. |
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Term
| What were the elements of modernity that emerged in the 1920s? |
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Definition
| It was a pleasure-seeking consumer society. Pop-Culture was important, and many were very secular and scientific. |
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Term
| What were examples of the traditional backlash against modernity in the 1920s? |
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Definition
Prohibition
Immigration Restriction
Second Ku Klux Klan
Fundamentalism |
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Term
| What was the "second" Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s, and how was it different from the Reconstruction-era KKK? |
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Definition
| The "second" KKK was a social club and fraternity for white Protestant Supremacists. It was different in that was self-policing. |
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Term
| Who were the "second" Klan's enemies and what were its members' specific grievances? |
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Definition
| The enmies of the Klan were Jews, Catholics, African Americans, and immigrants. The members all agreed that a person is only American if he or she is a white protestant. |
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Term
| How did the notion of the "forgotten man" change during the Great Depression from William Graham Sumner's version of the "forgotten man" in the 1880s? |
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Definition
| The "forgotten man" becomes a veteran of WWI who is a hero not to be pitied, dispised, or ignored, but to be helped and restored to the hero that he really is. |
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Term
| Identify the weaknesses in the USA's economy during the 1920s. |
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Definition
1. "Sick" Sectors: there were falling prices and wages in the coal, textile, farm, railroad, and agriculture industry.
2. Saturated markets by 1928
3. Low purchasing power: 50% of families were living below subsistence
4. New industries were undeveloped: plastics, aluminum, chemicals, avation, and electronics |
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Term
| What happened to the US economy from 1929 to 1932? |
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Definition
| There's a collapse of the banking and credit systems, deflation spirals (rise in intrest rates, money supply shrinks, prices fall), and there are business cuts in production, wages, and workers. |
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Term
| How did President Hoover respond to the Great Depression? |
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Definition
1. Voluntarism: urges employers to hold the line on wages and employment
2. Modest Government spending: Reconstruction finance corporation & public works |
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Term
| What was the 1931 Bonus Army? |
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Definition
| The bonus army was made up of WWI veterans that were promised a check. The times were hard, so many marched to Washington, D.C. to demand their bonuses be given to them at once |
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Term
| How did the Bonus Army change public perceptions of the poor and unemployed? |
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Definition
| People of America began to look at the poor and unemployed as the "good guys" and the government as the "bad guys." |
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Term
| How did Hoover's handling of the Bonus Army affair help guarantee he would lose the 1932 presidential election? |
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Definition
| The American people saw him as the "bad guy" withholding the checks from the veterans and keeping America in her recession. |
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Term
| What was the message of the 1932 popular song, "Brother, Can you Spare a Dime?", and how did it reflect changing public perceptions of the poor and unemployed? |
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Definition
| That song explains that the "forgotten man" ran to help America in her time of need by serving in the army and building railroads, but she will not come to his aid when he is living in poverty. |
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Term
| Explain the outcome of the 1932 presidential election. |
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Definition
| FDR had a very cautions campaign advocating for the farmers, workers, the poor, and unemployed. The people were so sick of Hoover that FDR sounded like the perfect remedy, and FDR took 43 of 48 states. |
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Term
| Explain how the film The Gold Diggers of 1933 reflected both a celebration of FDR's election and a warning that he needed to be concerned for the welfare for the poor and unemployed. |
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Definition
| They sang "We're in the Money" proclaming that the depression was over because FDR was going to fix it. They also sang "Remember My Forgotten Man" to warn FDR that forgetting the forgotten men means that he's forgetting their families, too. |
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Term
| Who was Franklin D. Roosevelt, and why was he so popular? |
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Definition
| FDR was a distant cousin of Teddy Roosevelt, and he was from an old wealthy Dutch family. He was popular because he had a very refined, winning personality. He exuded confidence, and he communicated with the people in a way that made them feel like they knew him personally. |
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Term
| How did FDR change the meaning of "liberalism" from its original eighteenth- and nineteenth-century meaning? |
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Definition
| He changes it by defining "self rule" with mass democracy rather than republicanism. Everyone has a vote rather than an elite group. In modern liberalism there is indicidual security and a free market with government regulation rather than without. |
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Term
| What was the National Industrial Recovery Act, and how did it reflect New Dealers' notion of a "mature" economy? |
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Definition
| This act created a national minimum wage, maximum work hours, and told business what could be sold and where it could be sold (Blanket Code). It also suspended all anti-trust laws for businesses and made unions legal for skilled and unskilled laborers. This reflected the New Dealers' notion of a "mature" economy by ending the era of economic expansion. |
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Term
| What is Keynesianism? How did it reflect New Dealers' attempt to build a new consumer economy? |
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Definition
| It is the use of government fiscal & monetary power to stimulate the economy. It entails the government putting money into the economy in hopes that it will promote spending. |
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Term
| Explain the three parts of the New Deal consumer-security (or welfare) state. |
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Definition
1. Social Security Act: provided direct payments from the government to the poorest people in America, the unemployed, children, disabled, and elderly.
2. Fair Labor Standards Act made a federal minimum wage, maximum hours, and officially ended child labor.
3. Public works: WPA and PWA were government projects that hired anyone. They were the "employers of last resort" |
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Term
| Name some examples of public works. |
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Definition
| Building sidewalks, roads, airports, streets chools, and painting billboards |
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Term
| What was the 1935 National Labor Relations Act (also known as the Wagner Act), and what rights did it give industrial workers? |
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Definition
| It booted economic recovery because the tension between employers and employees was hurting the economy. It gave workers the right to join a union, established collective barganing, and supplied a national labor relations board |
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Term
| What was the CIO? Who joined it? |
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Definition
| The CIO was the Congress of Industrial Organizations. These were industrial unions for all workers regardless of craft skills, race, or sex. Members of the "basic industry" joined. (steel, auto, electrical, mining, etc) |
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Term
| What were the features of the "blue-collar democracy" of the 1930s? |
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Definition
| Americanization of "ousiders" (working-class "ethnics", African Americans, and white southern migrants) |
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Term
| Explain how the New Deal created the modern political spectrum of left-liberal and right- conservative. |
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Definition
| The Republican party is revived during the recession of 1938. Conservatives are simply anti-New Deal, so Liberals were pro-New Deal |
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