Term
| What was the significance of the oxhide? |
|
Definition
| The territory it encompassed was obtained by Dido to build her city.She had the hide cut into very thin strips and used it to surround Byrsa Hill, which became the center of her settlement of Carthage. This is an example of Dido's trickery. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modern Tunisia by Phoenician colonists from the city of Tyre, located in modern Lebanon. |
|
|
Term
| Dido showed her fidelity to her husband by throwing herself onto a burning funeral pyre. T/F? |
|
Definition
| She did have a funeral pyre built, but she committed suicide by stabbing herself. This was the way in which she showed loyalty to her husband and to her city, as marrying Iarbas would be a slight to both (as well as jeopardize Carthage's freedom) |
|
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Term
| T/F: Vergil's Dido is remembered as unfaithful to her husband and lovelorn, whereas the original Dido was loyal to her husband. |
|
Definition
True.
Vergil's Dido ends up falling in love with Aeneas rather than remaining faithful to her husband. She kills herself not out of loyalty to her country and her husband, but because Aeneas abandons her to sail on to Italy. Vergil's Dido is unchaste as compared to the "original" Dido. |
|
|
Term
| What is the problem with the dating of Vergil's version of Dido and Aeneas' meeting? |
|
Definition
| The Trojan War took place c. 1300 BC and Carthage was founded c. 800 BC |
|
|
Term
| How is the Trojan War framed in The Aeneid? |
|
Definition
| Recounted by Aeneas to Dido upon their meeting |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Dido fell in love with Aeneas due to a power struggle between the gods. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: The power struggle was between Juno and Venus. |
|
|
Term
| What did Dido do after her brother murdered her husband? |
|
Definition
| convinced her brother's attendants to join her in exile... feigned grief to move into her brother's palace. While there, she convinced some of his attendants to leave with her and go into exile. |
|
|
Term
| What did Dido and the exiles do in Cyprus? |
|
Definition
| Picked up a few temple prostitutes |
|
|
Term
| T/F: When digging the foundation for the construction of Carthage, they found the head of a horse. This meant Carthage was destined to be wealthy but subjugated. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: If the version with the head of the ox were true, then Carthage was meant to be wealthy but subjugated. If, instead, the version with the head of the horse were true, then Carthage was destined to be powerful in war. Both things eventually came to pass. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Zeus promises his wife Juno that he will protect the Carthaginians, since they are her favored people. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: Line 300: Zeus promises his daughter, Venus, that her son, Aeneas will reach Italy, as he is fated to do, and start the lineage of the Romans. |
|
|
Term
| Who is the first person Aeneas runs into when he gets off his ship and starts exploring the shores of Troy? |
|
Definition
| His mother, Venus, disguised as a Tyrian/Carthaginian maiden. She encourages him to go into the city. |
|
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Term
| According to Venus, disguised as a maiden, what caused Dido to flee from Tyre? |
|
Definition
| The ghost of her dead husband appeared to her. He also lets her know where some treasure is buried... |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT something in Carthage that Aeneas marvels at? |
|
Definition
| its army, training in a field |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Aeneas witnesses some of his men go to Dido as suppliants, asking for shelter, because they think he is dead. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: Aeneas is hiding in a mist of invisibility (courtesy of his mother, Venus) when he witnesses his men going up to Dido and requesting sanctuary within Carthage. They think he died at sea. |
|
|
Term
| What does Dido do in response to the requests of the Trojans? |
|
Definition
| welcomes them and offers to share her kingdom with them, offers them supplies to sail onward to Italy |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Dido is welcoming to Aeneas and his people, in part, because they are fellow sufferers who have had to flee their homelands. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: l. 751-2: Dido says, "Schooled in suffering, now I learn to comfort those who suffer too." |
|
|
Term
| Who does Venus send in place of Ascanius to the banquet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
"too long she has suffered the pain of love . . . consumed by the fire buried in her heart"
Who are these lines referring to? |
|
Definition
| At the beginning of Book 4, Dido is suffering from Cupid's love spell and is lusting for Aeneas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dido's sister and confidante, Dido confides in her about her desire for Aeneas and her loyalty promise to her dead husband |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a reason why Anna encourages Dido to go after Aeneas? |
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Definition
| Aeneas is a god, so their children will be powerful. Anna is acting as an enabler and encouraging Dido to give into temptation. This will eventually lead to her downfall. |
|
|
Term
| What imagery does Vergil use when Dido is wandering madly around the city? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Construction of the city of Carthage halts completely. |
|
Definition
Answer: True.
Explanation: This is due to Dido's temporary insanity. Lines 107-11.
Love has turned Dido from an able ruler to an ineffective one. |
|
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Term
| T/F: Juno tries to convince Venus to allow Dido and Aeneas to marry so they can have joint command. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: With this plan, Juno's favored city of Carthage will not be destroyed in the future by the progeny of Aeneas, i.e., the Romans. However, Venus doesn't fall for it. |
|
|
Term
| What elements does Juno's final plan involve? |
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Definition
| The plan is for the rainstorm to drive Aeneas and Dido, who are on a hunt, into the same cave (the love cave). While there, they undergo a trippy marriage ceremony of sorts, and probably some other stuff. |
|
|
Term
| Who spreads the news of Dido's marriage to Aeneas? |
|
Definition
| Rumor, personified as a monstrous winged creature, spreads the news of Dido's shameful affair throughout Africa. |
|
|
Term
| Who gets angry that Dido tricked him and is now marrying a foreign man? |
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Definition
| Iarbas, a local king, and former suitor of Dido. After hearing the news, he starts ranting at Jove (Zeus) about this unfairness. |
|
|
Term
| Who does Zeus send to remind Aeneas of his fate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After Mercury speaks with him, what does Aeneas decide to do? |
|
Definition
| secretly sail away from Carthage |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Dido first begs Aeneas to stay, then wishes he had at least left her a child, and finally tells her that he will be sorry and her ghost will haunt him forever. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: This is pretty much what happens. Aeneas responds by telling her that his fate is in Italy. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Dido then asks Anna to plead with Aeneas to stay with her and desert his kingdom. |
|
Definition
Answer: False.
Explanation: She asks Anna to beg Aeneas to stay just a little while longer, and give her time to come to terms with what is happening. |
|
|
Term
| What is the second thing that Dido asks Anna to do? |
|
Definition
| build a pyre to burn Aeneas' weapons |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Dido curses Aeneas and his people, and asks her people to forever hate Aeneas' progeny. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: And this is the supposed origin of hostilities between Rome and Carthage. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Dido dies by getting her sister to stab her in the heart. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: She falls on a Trojan sword to kill herself -- no help needed. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following did NOT lead to the Roman army's defeat at Cannae? |
|
Definition
| the Roman army being outnumbered |
|
|
Term
| T/F: The removal of gold rings from the corpses of the Roman soldiers signified Carthage's dominance over Rome and was a marker of Rome's humiliating defeat. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: These gold rings were worn by the elites and were signifiers of aristocracy. After the rings were taken, they were thrown onto the floor of the Carthaginian Senate. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following did NOT happen in the aftermath of Cannae? |
|
Definition
| Hannibal marched on Rome and forced the citizens to pay a large sum |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following contributed to Hannibal being surrounded by Rome in southern Italy? |
|
Definition
| The defeat and death of Hasdrubal |
|
|
Term
| T/F: The Numidians under Masinissa joined the Carthaginians against Rome. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: The Numidians under Masinissa joined Scipio and the Romans against Carthage in Utica in 204 BC. The Numidians were longtime rivals of Carthage, and wanted to exploit the conflict between Rome and Carthage to their own benefit. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was NOT a result of the peace treaty after the Battle of Zama? |
|
Definition
| Hannibal was surrendered to the Romans |
|
|
Term
| Hannibal became an unpopular statesman because he tried to enact reforms to get the rich to pay the indemnity owed to Rome. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: This unpopularity lead to his exile to Bithynia. He eventually committed suicide by drinking poison rather than being handed over to be led through Rome to be shown off as the conquered. |
|
|
Term
| What was one of the main reasons that Rome chose to occupy Spain after the 2nd Punic War? |
|
Definition
| The wealth of its silver mines |
|
|
Term
| T/F: One of the ways in which the Romans were able to gain power in Spain was through the settlement of veterans there and allowing them to intermarry with the native peoples. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: Their children were also Roman citizens. |
|
|
Term
| /F: In the 2nd c. BC, the Romans started to adopt and adapt Greek epic, drama, and history. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation:
Epic: especially the Homeric style
Drama: especially comedies; famous playwrights of the time were Plautus and Terence.
History: Began being written in Latin |
|
|
Term
| In 186 BC, the Senate forbade the worship of this god in Rome. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Some Romans found Greek rhetoric uncomfortable due to its disconnect between eloquence and morality. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: Part of the problem was that speakers could persuade regardless of the ethics or morality of what they were arguing for. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is listed in the order of offices of the cursus honorum? |
|
Definition
| quaestor --> praetor --> consul |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was NOT a requirement for gaining public office and ascending up the cursus honorum? |
|
Definition
| had to be of equestrian rank |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Scipio Aemilianus was able to bypass the cursus honorum and obtain a consulship. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: Scipio Aemilianus was the adopted grandson of Scipio Africanus, who defeated Hannibal at the Battle of Zama. In 147 BC, he won the consulship via a tribune's intervention, despite being below the minimum age and not having been a praetor previously. By doing this, he set an important precedent. |
|
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Term
| T/F: The Senate had no authority to propose or enact laws, and was only an advisory body. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: That was the way that the Senate was originally founded. Its power was in its auctoritas, or authority stemming from prestige and tradition. The Senate had no specific power to command, punish, enact laws, or implement policies. However, the Senate did have the power to determine the tasks that magistrates performed, fix funds for governors, select terms that would be prorogated, and accept treaties negotiated by generals abroad. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
influenced policy-making
represented a consensus among senators
did not create laws |
|
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Term
| T/F: The Latin allies bore increased burdens during wars in the 2nd c. BC. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: The ratio of Latin soldiers:Roman soldiers increased. They fought under Roman commanders. They received little of the spoils of victory. |
|
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Term
| T/F: A shift occurred from large plantations that were run by families to small plots of land farmed by freedmen. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: The shift was from small plots of land farmed by families to large plantations/estates farmed by large numbers of slaves. |
|
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Term
| Which of the following was NOT a factor in the extension of citizenship to conquered citie? |
|
Definition
| the cities that received citizenship were usually farther from Rome |
|
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Term
| T/F: Those citizens who left to go settle abroad kept their citizenship status. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: They gave up their citizenship status. Usually, these were the poor and/or landless in Rome, |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was NOT done with the influx of wealth after the 2nd Punic War? |
|
Definition
| pay raises to governors abroad |
|
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Term
| What was done when a Roman died? |
|
Definition
The dying person was laid on the ground, as a parallel to the ritual that occurred at birth, when a baby was placed at the feet of its father. The father then raised up the baby to acknowledge its paternity.
The coin placed in the mouth was payment for the ferryman Charon, who took the souls of the dead across the River Styx to the underworld.
The body was displayed in the atrium, the same room of the house where the patron usually received his clients, and also where the imagines were displayed. |
|
|
Term
| What were actors hired to do at a funeral procession? |
|
Definition
| wear masks of the ancestors and imitate their gestures |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a trilling cry used at funeral processions |
|
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Term
| T/F: The importance of the laudatio funebris (eulogy) was that it allowed for a young man to come out into the political scene. |
|
Definition
rue
Explanation: The laudatio funebris was delivered at the Rostra in the Forum, the same place where orators delivered their speeches. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Triumphs were originally meant to glorify a conquering general and his achievements. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: Triumphs were originally intended to purify the army when it came back home, and to thank the gods for the Romans' victory. Later on, triumphs came to glorify the conquering general and display his achievements. |
|
|
Term
| Who decided which feats merited a triumph? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was usually not involved in a triumphal procession? |
|
Definition
| Salii, the leaping priests of Mars |
|
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Term
| T/F: Trajan's Column in the Imperial Forum in Rome was built in commemoration of his ascension to power. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: It was built to honor his defeat of the Dacians in modern day Romania. Scenes of the campaign are engraved in the column. |
|
|
Term
| he tribune of the plebs was originally created |
|
Definition
during tensions between patricians and plebeians
due to abuses by patricians
as a way to keep the Senate in check
allowing an opportunity for plebeians to be political activists |
|
|
Term
| T/F: By the 3rd-2nd c BC, the tribunes of the plebs were complicit with the Senate and rarely spoke out against senatorial actions. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: Because the tribunes did not speak out for the masses, they had little say in politics and could only rely on public demonstrations to voice their frustrations. |
|
|
Term
| T/F The Gracchi came from a family of modest means. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: They came from a powerful and wealthy family. Their father had been censor. |
|
|
Term
| What was the ager publicus? |
|
Definition
| public land where citizens were allowed to squat and generate profits |
|
|
Term
| What did NOT happen regarding Tiberius Gracchus' submission of his land reform? |
|
Definition
D - The law was not passed
He had his fellow tribune, Octavius, removed from office so he could not obstruct the passage of this legislation. Tiberius Gracchus met a lot of opposition from other officials and senators because this popular reform would increase his prestige and make him more powerful. |
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Term
| How did Tiberius Gracchus fund the land commission over the actions of the Senate? |
|
Definition
| used the funds from the estate willed to Rome by Attalus of Pergamum |
|
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Term
| T/F: Tiberius Gracchus ran for re-election for tribune in 133 BC, which was an unprecedented action. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: He was then accused of tyranny and murdered in a riot. |
|
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Term
| T/F: Gaius Gracchus was a more wary and cautious politician than his brother. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: He was more confrontational. He was also a more charismatic speaker, winning the support of the masses. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following did the Romans plan to do after the Second Punic War? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All of the following were directly necessary to support Rome's expansion EXCEPT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Publicani did all of the following EXCEPT |
|
Definition
Become soldiers in times of need
Publicani were private contractors who participated in all NONMILITARY matters of maintaining Roman presence in far-off settlements, including farming land, collecting taxes, and so forth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gives provincial magistrates extra year in office |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT true of Roman generals during the expansion following the Second Punic War? |
|
Definition
They could declare war.
This increased freedom for Roman generals empowered them to force the Senate to ratify on their terms ( |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT true of the Eastern Mediterranean during the period between the Second and Third Punic Wars? |
|
Definition
Its inhabitants typically lived in city-states.
Explanation: The Eastern Mediterranean includes Greece, the Balkans, and Asia Minor. This area had a much more complicated landscape than the Western Mediterranean (Italy) because its diversity and ethnic tribes set it apart from the city-states typical in the west. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following does NOT reflect a Roman interest in the Eastern Mediterranean? |
|
Definition
| Setting up permanent settlements |
|
|
Term
| What led to the First Macedoniam War? |
|
Definition
| Philip attempted to ally with Hannibal |
|
|
Term
| Who emerged victorious from the First Macedonian War? |
|
Definition
| No one; it ended in a draw |
|
|
Term
| T/F: In the Second Macedonian War, the Greeks intervened on behalf of Rome. |
|
Definition
Answer: False.
Explanation: Rome intervened on behalf of the Greeks, not the other way around. |
|
|
Term
| What happened in the aftermath of the Second Macedonian War? |
|
Definition
| Philip surrendered his fleet and paid a large fine to Rome. |
|
|
Term
| Who famously ended every speech with "Carthago delenda est"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Cato bring to the Senate to reinforce his point that Carthage could be dangerous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Cato successfully persuaded many of his fellow senators to agree with his point of view regarding Carthage. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: This is why Rome supported the Numidians against Carthage and eventually declared war (the Third Punic War). |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT true of the Third Punic War? |
|
Definition
Rome ultimately emerged victorious after a series of close-fought battles.
Explanation: Carthage really had no chance of winning this war. After laying seige to Carthage and cutting off its food supply, Rome completely destroyed the city |
|
|
Term
| When did Rome invade Carthage after effectively wearing it down? |
|
Definition
| 146 BC, also marks end of roman expansionism |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Romans imposed heavy penalties on African cities who remained loyal to Carthage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two cities were destroyed in 146 BC, ending 2 long wars? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: A noble was someone who had an ancestor who had served as consul |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: A noble (nobilis) was not necessarily a patrician, and not necessarily just someone who was wealthy. |
|
|
Term
| The term for the first man in the family to obtain a consulship. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Once a family obtained noble status, they kept it. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: Each generation had to compete for offices in the cursus honorum to retain noble status |
|
|
Term
| What were the imagines (singular, imago)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: The Optimates used their personal charisma and promises of rewards to court the masses and gain their support. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: This it the description for the Populares. The Optimates were traditionalists who followed the cursus honorum and advanced through social rankings. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was NOT a law passed by Gaius Gracchus during his tribunate? |
|
Definition
taxes in Asia collected by governors
- land reform renewed: and enforced
- colony foundation: especially one in Carthage that never came to fruition
- fixed price of grain: to prevent speculators from driving up the prices by keeping grain off the market
- jury service: increased the power of the equestrians
- taxes in Asia: collected by publicani in order to decrease exploitation of provincials by governors |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Gaius Gracchus passed that law that required the Senate to decide the allotment of provinces prior to the elections. |
|
Definition
| T/F: Gaius Gracchus passed that law that required the Senate to decide the allotment of provinces prior to the elections. |
|
|
Term
| The name of the consul who tried to revoke Gaius Gracchus' laws after he lost the re-election for tribune in 121 BC. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Order the events:
1. SCU issued
2. G flees to Aventine
3. herald killed
4. G summoned by Senate
5. G commits suicide |
|
Definition
| Opimius took the death of his herald as an attack on the state by Gaius Gracchus. Gracchus fled to the Aventine (which is associated with the plebeians) after he was summoned to the Senate. A senatus consultum ultimum (SCU) was issued, allowing the consul to use whatever means necessary to defend the state. A riot broke out. Gracchus committed suicide. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Gaius Gracchus' death was considered ignoble because he died by his own hand. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: His noble suicide can be viewed as a form of resistance. cf. Lucretia's suicide |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Tiberius Gracchus came up with his land reform when he observed the lack of inhabitants in the country and saw that the land was being worked on by slaves. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: People were squatting on the public land (ager publicus) and profitting off of it. They could have slaves working on plantations on these large pieces of land, thus making even more money. There was also a stark contrast between the lightly populated countryside and the densely populated urban areas, full of the landless poor. So, Tiberius Gracchus came up with his idea for reform, wherein the squatters give up their extra land in excess of 500 iugera and have that land distributed to the landless poor. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Tiberius Gracchus used his eloquence to win over the elite in the Senate. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: Quite the opposite. He used his eloquence to win over the people. |
|
|
Term
| What was Gracchus' speech, which he made to gather support for his land reform, concerning? |
|
Definition
| soldiers who fought for Rome returning home to no land of their own |
|
|
Term
| T/F: The other tribune, M. Octavius, was opposed to Gracchus from the start. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: He was initially either sympathetic or at the very least, ambivalent, but was then forced to oppose Gracchus by factions from the powerful and influential elite. |
|
|
Term
| Gracchus threw Octavius out of office because it was the first and best option he could come up with. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: Gracchus had an ethical dilemma because he wanted his land reform passed, but the veto of one tribune (Octavius) could prevent it from going to a vote. Plutarch demonstrates how Gracchus tried at least three times to beg Octavius to give in and let the voting occur, and how Octavius refused, leading Gracchus to call the assembly to vote on Octavius' dismissal. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: The 3 men who surveyed and distributed the confiscated land were Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, and Appius Claudius. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What rumor flew about after Gracchus used the funds willed by King Attalus of Pergamum to pay for his land reform? |
|
Definition
| that Attalus had also given him kingly garb |
|
|
Term
| How did Titus Annius insult Gracchus? |
|
Definition
| ask if he would remove all of his rivals from office |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is an element included in Gracchus' speech on the role of the tribune of the plebs? |
|
Definition
A to protect the rights of the people
B the tribune is sacrosanct but even Vestal Virgins can be punished for their misdeeds
C there are checks upon the power of the tribunes
D people can vote the tribune out of office just as they voted him in |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Gracchus made a sign in public that he was in danger, and this was misinterpreted as a sign that he wanted the crown. |
|
Definition
| Again, with the symbols of kingship and tyranny. The Senators react pretty rashly to this, and decide to send an armed mob after Gracchus right then and there. |
|
|
Term
| What weapon was used to kill Gracchus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How did they mistreat Gracchus' corpse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was true about Masinissa? |
|
Definition
A his kingdom was west of Carthage
B he was an ally of Rome
C he was granted territory all the way east to Mauretania
D he had friendly relations with Scipio Aemilianus |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Micipsa sent his adopted son, Jugurtha, to Spain to gain military experience and to impress Scipio. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: Micipsa hoped that Jugurtha would be killed in action, because he was starting to see that he might be a bad seed. Instead, Jugurtha distinguished himself on the battlefield, showed his virtus, and impressed Scipio. |
|
|
Term
| What did Micipsa ask of his 3 heirs on his deathbed? |
|
Definition
| to respect amicitia and not fight amongst themselves |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following did NOT happen after Micipsa's death? |
|
Definition
Jugurtha realized that he would not be respected by Hiempsal and Adherbal after Micipsa's death, so he made moves to get power for himself.
Rome did not punish Jugurtha or impose heavier restrictions or command on Africa; they merely split the empire up between the two in an attempt to maintain peaceful relations with Africa. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Jugurtha invades Adherbal's territory and kills him in 112 BC. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: He also has Adherbal's Roman supporters in Numidia killed. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Jugurtha tried to be declared king of Numidia through bribes to influential Romans. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation:
111 BC: He went to Rome and tried to bribe the elite. He was blocked from pleading his case by a tribune veto.
110 BC: He made a treaty with a field general, but the treaty was rejected by the Senate.
An example of how different checks were made on powerful Romans who tried to maneuver agreements with foreign powers. |
|
|
Term
| Who subdued Jugurtha after being given control of the Roman forces in Numidia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the negative aspects associated with the end of the Jugurthine War? |
|
Definition
| Rome was unable to annex Numidia |
|
|
Term
| What happened to Jugurtha? |
|
Definition
| executed after being led through Rome in chains |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was NOT true of Marius' political career? |
|
Definition
He was a member of the Optimates
Explanation: He was a member of the Populares and relied upon the support of the masses for his political career. His family was not distinguished, so he had to rely on military successes to start advancing up the cursus honorum. He eventually made it to consulship with hard work and financial and influential backers. |
|
|
Term
| What was the importance of Marius' marriage to Julia? |
|
Definition
| She was a patrician and her family needed Marius to help them out politically |
|
|
Term
| How did Marius anger the Metelli family? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Marius' command in North Africa was given to him by a decree of the Senate. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: He gained it via a vote of the citizens (which was unusual). |
|
|
Term
| Where did the Cimbri and Teutones migrate from, and what area did they threaten? |
|
Definition
| Germany; Transalpine Gaul |
|
|
Term
| What was the importance of the Germanic tribes' defeat of the Roman consular armies? |
|
Definition
| It showed the disorganization of the consuls commanding those armies |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was NOT true regarding Marius' command against the Germanic tribes? |
|
Definition
| He shared command with Sulla |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was NOT considered a Marian military innovation? |
|
Definition
The breakable javelin tip made it harder for the enemy to re-use javelins against the Romans because they broke with each use.
Marius recruited volunteers (usually poor Romans) by promising them rewards, rather than draftees. This allowed for soldiers to have increased loyalty towards the general rather than the state.
Soldiers carried more of their own equipment so they would not have to rely on large baggage trains, which would slow them down when they were on the move. |
|
|
Term
| T/F Saturninus was an "activist" tribune, like the Gracchi brothers. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: Like them, he was a populist, looking out for the rights of the people and gaining their support in return. His prime interest was in land redistribution. |
|
|
Term
| Who helped Saturninus' proposals pass? |
|
Definition
| Marius' veterans and supporters |
|
|
Term
| What was the problem with Saturninus' candidate for consul, Glaucia? |
|
Definition
| He didn't meet the legal qualifications to run |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was true about the SCU issued against Saturninus? |
|
Definition
| It put Marius in a predicament b/c he couldn't support Saturninus and keep his career afloat |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was NOT a result of Saturninus' reign? |
|
Definition
| It decreased the power of the Populares |
|
|
Term
| This defined provinces' relationships to Rome, their laws, and their tax obligations. |
|
Definition
lex provinciae
Explanation: Literally, the "law of the province." It was amendable by the Senate and by the voting assemblies. |
|
|
Term
| This person was the supreme provincial power. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| They looked after the finances in the provinces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT true about the exploitation of the provinces? |
|
Definition
B - there were multiple avenues of legal recourse for provincials
Explanation: The quaestio was a jury court that heard complaints against governors of provinces. However, even though provincials could sue, they had to go to Rome and convince juries comprised on the governor's peers (i.e., elite citizens). This process was very difficult and justice was often not served. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Publicani could bid on the right to collect taxes from provinces and could make a profit if they collected more money than they originally bid. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: Or, they could incur debt if they overbid and did not collect enough money in taxes.
Publicani functioned as a bank, essentially. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: The Senate was quick to prosecute abuses of the publicani. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: The Senate did not want to increase the exploitation of the provinces, but the alienation of the publicani meant leaving the provinces unmanaged. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: A major issue of the Social Wars was obtaining citizenship and the right ot run for pollitical office in Rome. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: Especially for cities in the central and eastern Appenines. |
|
|
Term
| What was the capital of the rebels during the Social War? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was NOT a result of the Social War? |
|
Definition
E - the annexation of Asia Minor
Explanation: Even though the rebels were outnumbered and had an unrealistic hope to overthrow the state from the start, Rome realized that it would have to concede and grant citizenship to these cities in Italy.
When independent cities became municipia, they gained political rights but lost their unique cultural identities to become more Romanized.
Latin becoming the lingua franca meant the disappearance of other dialects in Italy.
An increased number of Roman citizens meant an increased talent pool of candidates. An increased number of candidates meant more factionalized voting. |
|
|
Term
| What was Sulla's connection to Marius? |
|
Definition
| was his quaestor in the Jugurthine War |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Sulla angered Marius by trying to take credit for Jugurtha's capture. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: Marius saw him as a partner, and as inferior in rank. Sulla was from a patrician family that was not powerful or recently distinguished. Marius was a novus homo, but he was a rising political star. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was NOT true of Sulla's consulship in 88BC? |
|
Definition
He supported the tribune Sulpicius Rufus' proposal to distribute new citizens among the tribes
Explanation: Sulpicius Rufus wanted the new citizens (who had gained citizenship in the aftermath of the Social War) to be distributed among the original 35 voting tribes in Rome. Otherwise, they would be restricted to newly created tribes that had to vote last at elections (thus rendering their votes ineffective and useless).
Sulla opposed Sulpicius while Marius supported him in exchange for Sulla's command against Mithridates. So, Sulla lost the command when it was handed over to Marius. |
|
|
Term
| What was the problem with giving Marius the command against Mithridates? |
|
Definition
A he was a private citizen
B he was 70 years old
C he hadn't commanded an army in years
D Sulla was more recently a successful commander |
|
|
Term
| T/F: If Sulla used his legions against Italy to get back his command, he would violate Roman law but save his career and future. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: Sulla had 6 legions under his command, which had been meant for him to take to Asia against Mithridates. He was faced with an ethical dilemma at this point. A general wasn't allowed to cross the pomerium (sacred boundary of the city) while holding the imperium without the Senate's consent, and especially not while leading an army. He decided to march on Rome, and this act was unprecedented. (Remember the importance of precedents!) |
|
|
Term
| T/F; Sulla's officers and troops remained loyal to him when he decided to march on Rome. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: His troops remained loyal -- This demonstrates the loyalty that soldiers would show to their commanders, rather than to the Roman state, thus allowing generals to become powerful through their popularity with the masses.
His officers deserted -- They were loyal to the state. They knew the repercussions of the act and were cognizant of the ethical dilemma. |
|
|
Term
| What did Sulla persuade the Senate to do after he marched on Rome? |
|
Definition
| name his personal opponents as enemies of the state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As consul, what was one of Cinna's major proposals? |
|
Definition
| the distribution of new citizens into existing tribes |
|
|
Term
| T/F: The Senate declared Cinna a hostis. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: Hostis = enemy. He was also removed from office. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following did happen after Rome fell to the hands of Marius and Cinna? |
|
Definition
A the purge of their adversaries
B Sulla made a hostis
C Marius and Cinna as consuls in 86BC |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Sulla stayed in Asia to fight Mithridates after Marius and Cinna declared him a hostis. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: He hastily settled a peace treaty with Mithridates, secured Asia as a province, and returned to Rome to settle his disputes there. |
|
|
Term
| Where did Cinna prepare to meet Sulla in battle? |
|
Definition
Greece
Explanation: Cinna was killed at Ancona by a mutiny of his troops. |
|
|
Term
| Where did the consul Carbo retreat after Cinna was killed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in Italy did Sulla land to meet up with Crassus and Pompey when he returned from the East? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Crassus and Pompey were important allies for Sulla because Crassus had control of his father's legions and Pompey was extremely wealthy. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: The other way around -- Crassus was really rich and Pompey had control of his father's legions. |
|
|
Term
| Where were Marius and his supporters defeated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where was the attack made on Rome that was meant as a distraction while Praeneste was under siege? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was true about Pompey's time in Africa and Sicily? |
|
Definition
A he was sent there to gain control for Sulla
B he was successful at his mission
C his opponents started to call him "the Butcher"
D his troops called him "Magnus" (the Great) |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was NOT true about the proscriptions? |
|
Definition
A they were published lists of individuals who were condemned without a trial
B there were rewards for their assassins
C they did not include Marius
D the property of the proscribed was confiscated and auctioned off
E the sons and grandsons of the proscribed could not run for office
they did not include Marius |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was NOT true about Sulla's dictatorship? |
|
Definition
he was dictator for 5 years
According to tradition, he stepped down at the end of the crisis. Sulla was dictator for a year, in 82 BC. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Sulla was interested in stripping the Senate of its power and returning to the reforms of the Gracchi brothers. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: Quite the opposite. He was an Optimate and a traditionalist and was interested in increasing the power of the Senate and reversing the populist reforms of the Gracchi. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following did Sulla NOT increase? |
|
Definition
Senate: he added loyal equestrians and brought the number to 900.
- Increased offices at the bottom of the cursus honorum but not at the top, leading to increased competition.
- Decreased authority of governors so that they couldn't cultivate support in the provinces and threaten the security of the Roman state. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was NOT a reversal of Gracchan reforms by Sulla? |
|
Definition
A - stripped land from veterans
Explanation: He confiscated land from those who had been disloyal to him and handed it over to the veterans.
He railed against the activist tribunes from the Gracchi onwards; he saw them as challenges to the Senate and as harmful to the state. He wanted to consolidate the Senate's power and partly did this by decreasing the power of the tribunate. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was NOT a change to the tribunate under Sulla? |
|
Definition
increased the number of tribunes
Sulla sought to increase the power of the Senate and Optimates and decrease the power and prestige of the tribunate and the Populares. His changes to the tribunate tied their hands and made political candidates vie for other positions instead. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Sulla retired from politics straight after his dictatorship. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: After he stepped down as dictator, he was elected consul in 80BC. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Sulla ignored many of the pressing social issues of his time while he was in power. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Sulla reinforced Republican ideals and passed legislation to protect Rome from someone like him, who could possibly usurp power. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: He tightened the rules of ascending the cursus honorum (e.g., minimum ages for positions, 10 year interval between consulships). He limited the authority of governors abroad so they couldn't cultivate support and rise up against rome. He increased the importance and power of the Senate, because he saw it as stable leadership. |
|
|
Term
| During Spartacus' slave revolt, Pompey needed Crassus' assistance to end the war. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: Crassus was initially given the command, but he was unable to finish off the revolt. He required Pompey's aid to quell the slaves. Both then tried to claim credit for the defeat.
More information on Spartacus: the slaves Spartacus and Crixus led 74 escapees away from a gladiator school in Capua and were joined by 70,000 runaway slaves and free workers. Spartacus' plan was to head north out of Italy and to allow the slaves to return to their places of origin. He led them to some victories in Italy before they were quashed by Roman forces. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was NOT true about Pompey and Crassus? |
|
Definition
| heir relationship of amicitia was based on a genuine regard for one another |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was NOT done in 70BC to eliminate Sulla's reforms, either directly or indirectly? |
|
Definition
passage of land distribution measures
Explanation: Sulla's reforms strengthened the Senate and the Optimates and decreased the power of the tribunate and the Populares. The legislation of Crassus and Pompey in 70BC sought to reverse some of this.
Pompey's election as consul was also in disregard to Sulla's measures that attempted to prevent people from bypassing the traditional cursus honorum. He was both too young, and not a Senator (and thus ineligible for consulship). |
|
|
Term
| T/F: The public reconciliation between Crassus and Pompey meant to show Romans that there was stability in the Republic. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: They wanted the Romans to see that the two consuls were working together in tandem, and that they weren't going to fight each other for supreme power, in the manner of a tyrant. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: The Pirates in the Mediterranean threatened travel and grain support. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: At this time, Rome depended on grain supplies from Sicily to feed its people. |
|
|
Term
| What did the Senate offer Pompey so that he could stop the pirates? |
|
Definition
| 3 year command, and propraetors and legates to work under him |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Where did Pompey found the pirate colony? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: The territories in Asia Minor resisted the advance of Mithridates because they were loyal allies to Rome. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: They were chafing under Roman rule and saw Mithridates as a liberator. |
|
|
Term
| What was the significance of the Asian Vespers of 88BC? |
|
Definition
| What was the significance of the Asian Vespers of 88BC? |
|
|
Term
| What finally pressed Rome to intervene and send armies under Lucullus to fight Mithridates in 75 |
|
Definition
| the invasion of Bithynia by Mithridates after Nicomedes' death |
|
|
Term
| T/F: The mutiny by Lucullus' troops allowed Mithridates to escape and reestablish his po |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: Lucullus was unable to capture Mithridates and his disenchanted and exhausted troops muti |
|
|
Term
| In 66 BC, who was given command and finally ended the war with Mithridates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Mithridates died under Roman capture. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: He was said to have been poisoned by his troops. His actual cause of death is not known for sure |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT true regarding Pompey's return to Rome from the East? |
|
Definition
| he did not give money to the Roman treasury |
|
|
Term
| What was special about the Theatre of Pompey? |
|
Definition
it was stone and more permanent than previous theatres
its construction was a popularist move on his part |
|
|
Term
| T/F: At Brundisium, Pompey used his armies to force the Senate to ratify his eastern arrange |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: Pompey disbanded his army when he landed at Brundisium after returning from the east. |
|
|
Term
| What was the Bona Dea scandal? |
|
Definition
something that delayed the Senate meeting Pompey's demands for ratification of his endeavors
Clodius crossdressing to interrupt rites and possibly commit adultery with Caesar's wife |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Julius Caesar laid down imperium to go into Rome in order to register for candidacy in the consular election. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: This episode is important to understand --
Caesar had been in Gaul. He was awarded a triumph upon his return. However, he was pushing the deadline to register for candidacy in the upcoming election, and it was prohibited to register in absentia. He couldn't enter Rome with imperium, but laying down imperium before his triumph would mean that he would lose the triumph. He tried to work around it, but he was not allowed to register in absentia. Finally, he laid down his imperium, gave up his triumph, and registered for candidacy. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Pompey suggested a reconciliation with Crassus. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: It was suggested by Caesar in order to counter Cato and the conservative faction of Senators. |
|
|
Term
| Who were the members of the First Triumvirate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Caesar was the most powerful member of the First Triumvirate at its outset. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: Initially, Caesar was the least powerful member and Pompey the most powerful. |
|
|
Term
| Who else was invited to join the Triumvirate but declined? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was NOT true regarding the First Triumvirate |
|
Definition
he alliance had a legal basis
Explanation: The alliance had no constitutional basis. |
|
|
Term
| He was Caesar's co-consul in 59 BC. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: From the quick, Caesar positioned himself in opposition to the Senate |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: He first attempted to conciliatory, and tried to work things out with them. Only after the trouble with the vote for land distribution did he outright oppose them |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following did NOT happen concerning the land distribution proposal? |
|
Definition
A the conservative Senators filibustered
B Caesar took the vote to the tribal assembly
C Caesar fixed a date for the vote despite Bibulus' stalling tactics
D a basket of shit was thrown on Bibulus
vote passed too |
|
|
Term
| T/F: After the fiasco with the land distribution proposal, Caesar turned to the tribal assembly for legislation and ignored the Senate. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: This was a populist move that decreased the power of the Senate. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was NOT a law passed by Caesar in his tenure as consul in 59BC? |
|
Definition
making Senators swear public oaths to respect the Triumvirate
The public oath that Caesar made Senators swear was to not obstruct his legislation.
The publicani that won the bid for Asia Minor had overbid and were then unable to collect sufficient taxes to pay it off. They petitioned the Senate for help, and were refused. Caesar's refund helped them out, and also prevented them from extorting the provincials for more money so they could pay off their debts |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Command of Gaul and Illyricum was given to Pompey. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: Caesar gave it to himself. He got 4 legions for 5 year |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was NOT a result of Clodius' status change from patrician to plebeian (either directly or indirectly)? |
|
Definition
a ban on collegia instituted
Explanation: Clodius obtained a change to plebeian status so he could be elected tribune of the plebs. While in office, he cultivated the support of the masses by making grain free (and making the treasury pay for it) and removing the ban on collegia (clubs). Clodius becoming tribune was also a slight to Cicero, who was his political enemy |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Cicero was exiled by Clodius on the basis of a law that speaking out against the Triumvirate was illegal |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: Clodius passed a law that anyone who executed a Roman citizen without a trial should be exiled. This is what Cicero had done to Catiline. Cicero was exiled to Macedonia. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Clodius' gangs threatened Pompey's safety. |
|
Definition
rue.
Explanation: The tribunes Milo and Sestius formed gangs to counter those of Clodius. Gang fights ensue |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Pompey recalled Cicero from exile in 57 BC. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: Though Cicero found no support when he was initially exiled by Clod |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was true about the meeting in Luca in 56 BC |
|
Definition
| it was done due to fissures in the alliance |
|
|
Term
| In 55 BC, when Pompey and Crassus were consuls, where were their commands located? |
|
Definition
| Pompey: Spain; Crassus: Syria |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Crassus' campaign against the Parthians was a huge disaster with 30,000 killed, but Crassus himself survived. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: The defeat by the Parthians was a disaster and a humiliation to Rome, because the standards were lost. Crassus died. Fun fact: it is said that the Parthians poured molten gold down his throat in mockery of his wealth and greed. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Pompey remained in Rome to deal with the grain supply while his legates governed in Spain |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: His management of the grain supply and dole was an effort to cultivate his popularity with the masses, most of whom depended on this grain distribution |
|
|
Term
| What did Caesar do in Gaul? |
|
Definition
A halted the Celtic migrations from Britannia
B blocked incursions by Germanic tribes
C expanded Roman holdings there
D killed and enslaved millions of Gauls |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT true concerning Clodius' death and its aftermath in 52 BC |
|
Definition
the Roman people celebrated his death
Explanation: The Roman people were outraged by his death -- Clodius had secured the support of the masses as tribune and was massively popular. With Pompey in charge, trials were held and Milo was exiled. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Pompey's legislation made it easier to prosecute consuls and praetors for their abuses of Roman law during their terms. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: By this time, abuses were rampant by elected officials. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Pompey also had legislation passed that put a 5 year interval between an elected office and governorship |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: This was to decrease incentives to gain a governorship -- governors would abuse provinces in order to pay off the debt that they incurred from running for office. |
|
|
Term
| How did Caesar increase his presence in Rome while he remained in Gaul? |
|
Definition
| he gave reports of his efforts in Gaul, published as De Bello Gallico |
|
|
Term
| Which was one of the ways in which Pompey set himself up against Caesar in 51 |
|
Definition
he supported a proposal that a consul replace Caesar in Gaul
he received authorization to defend the state against Caesar |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Caesar was supported by the consuls and he desired a conflict. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: Caesar received his support from the tribunes. He wanted a compromise in order to avoid prosecution and conflict; he recognized that he had less power than Pompey and his supporters. The Optimates were the ones who wanted open conflict. The consuls demanded that Caesar lay down his command or else be declared an enemy of the state; the tribunes vetoed this proposal. |
|
|
Term
| The river that Caesar crossed and said "alea iacta est," initiating civil war. |
|
Definition
Rubicon
Explanation: This was the southernmost boundary of his imperium in Gaul. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Like Sulla's first march on Rome, Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon was done to secure his political future rather than admit defeat. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: His options were either exile in Gaul (i.e., admitting defeat) or declaring civil war in order to secure his political future. His crossing of the Rubicon, though, was not meant to be an aggressive move. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Caesar's allies were the young, the poor, and those without reputable backgrounds. |
|
Definition
True.
Explanation: Caesar was a populist. He also had the support of the tribunes. However, he was not supported by senators. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: The Senate saw itself as protecting the state from the tyrants, Caesar and Pompey. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: The Senate saw Caesar was a tyrant and a usurper. It saw Pompey as a protector of the state/Republic. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: The Roman people were on the side of Caesar. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: They were on neither side, as they dreaded another civil war. |
|
|
Term
| The First Triumvirate came to an inevitable end. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: It did NOT. The Civil War was not the only possible outcome at its outset. Caesar could've been killed while in duty in Gaul, and there wouldn't have been a power struggle. Pompey, initially, was not politically ambitious and he could have remained that way. (Recall that he disbanded his army after coming back from his successes in the East because he did not have a desire to march on Rome as Sulla did.) |
|
|
Term
| T/F: As Caesar marched south through Italy, he laid ruin to those towns that resisted him. |
|
Definition
False.
Explanation: He met with little resistance. He did not execute those who did resist him, and he let prisoners go. He also did not plunder any coffers. |
|
|
Term
| Where did Pompey go to recruit forces in 49 BC? |
|
Definition
Greece
Explanation: He planned an invasion of Italy from the outside -- he hoped to starve Italy by cutting off supply lines. This was an aggressive approach with a lot of potential collateral damage. |
|
|
Term
| Why did Caesar go to Spain? |
|
Definition
| to cut off Pompey's supporters and reinforcements |
|
|
Term
| In 48 BC, Caesar blockaded Pompey's camp in this city in Greece |
|
Definition
|
|
