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| 1100-800 BC. Ushered in by the barbarian attacks where every Mycenae city was destroyed (except Athens). Nearly all the cities of the region that the barbarians attacked (from Egypt to Middle East) are destroyed and most are never repopulated. |
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| (c. 2000 - 1400 BC) first civilization on Greece, but not Greek people, no one knows exactly from where they came. Disappeared 1400 BC because of either natural disaster (tsunami caused by volcano, or conquered by outsiders, likely Mycenaean). Most likely conquered by Mycenaean people because there is evidence that the Minoans were taught Greek culture, language, and religion, which they would have learned from the Mycenaean people because the Mycenaean people were the first Greeks. Minoans, in turn, taught them trade, art, architecture, and how to read and write. Then the Mycenaean people destroyed them in 1400 BC |
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| A poet, much like Homer, and possibly lived around the same time. He is responsible for writing Works and Days" and the "Theogony", his only works that survived completed. |
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| Spirit of moral order and fair judgement |
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| A social division of the Greek tribe. Enrollment in a phratry was the basic requirement of citizenship in the state. They peaked in prominence during the dark ages and then waned as they progressed into the classical period. |
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| Moral Virtue. Wife of Alcinous. Minerva directed Ulysses to her house to get help getting home. She is respected beyond measure, being looked upon as a goddess, and greeted wherever she goes because she is a good woman. |
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| Small social group claiming common descent. Commonly associated with elite people. |
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| the concept of gifts/hospitality, the generosity and courtesy shown to those who are far from home and/or associates of the person bestowing guest-friendship |
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| long room with seats that round the walls and a central hearth. It functioned as a place for feasts, meetings, poetry storytelling, and animal sacrifice to deities |
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| the most important center of Minoan civilization. there was a 3 acre palace that was a factory used to manufacture trade goods in addition to being the residence of the ruler. Disappeared in 1400 BC when the Mycenaean people wiped out the Minoans |
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| the archaeologist who discovered Knossos and the Minoan civilization |
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| the writing of the Minoans, has not yet been deciphered |
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| 1600-1100 BC Northern migrants into Greece. Conquered the Minoans. Were the first Greeks, having the Greek religion of the gods, language, and culture. Their writing system was called Linear B. They were very war-like and their cities had huge walls and big armies. Mycenaean kings had a lot of power, he was called waynax. Mycenaean power and wealth was based on trade. Declined around 100 BC after being suffering from internal instabilities and after being attacked by the barbarians sweeping through the region at the time (Athens survives). |
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| linguistic group from the North |
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| Mycenaean king who ruled monarchies with absolute power |
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| brought by the Hyksos, it became the most important weapon of the Bronze Age. Two horses pull soldiers in a cart which allowed faster travel into battle. The barbarians would eventually form new military tactics to overcome this military advantage |
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| aka "Shepherd-Kings" from Palestine who attacked Egypt in 1652 BC. Semitic speaking pastoralist people who came to Egypt and were nomads. Brought better bows, war bronze armor into battle (which the Egyptians did not do) and brought the chariot. They used the chariot to conquer all of Lower and Upper Egypt, ushering in the rule known as the Second Intermediate Period. Only a small part of the Nile remained free from them |
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| City where the largest chariot battle took place between Egypt and the Hittites. Possibly the battle that had had the most men involved at that point in history. |
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| one of the most important centers of the Mycenaean world, known for its palace and great walls. The city is linked to ancient myth of Heracles with some sources citing it has his birthplace. |
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| Largest city in the Mycenaean empire |
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| City where wax tablets were found detailing the fall of the Mycenaean empire. The king wrote on the tablets that invaders were coming and he has deployed his entire army and even sacrificed a human out of desperation. |
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| Fought against Egyptian forces in Kadesh, it was the biggest chariot battle in history. In 1261, the Hittites and Egyptians entered into the first known peace treaty, establishing a boundary between the two empires. The Hittite Empire was a great empire, but during the barbarian invasion, it was destroyed so thoroughly that the memory of the empire was lost until the 1880s AD. |
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| Under Ramses III, Egypt survived the barbarian invasion but never really recovered. Were conquered by the Hyksos and only maintained control over a small part of the Nile until 1551 BC when Ahmose, using technology introduced by the Hyksos, rallies forces and liberate Egypt, ushering in the new Kingdom. |
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| Nomadic peoples who moved about the land finding areas for their animals to graze upon - they primarily lived off of their animals. They were usually significantly more militarily advanced than the sedentary civilizations. |
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| Pastoralist invaders came in and destroyed many cities and civilizations (only Egypt survived but did not recover). The pastoralists had lighter stronger armor, better swords, new battle tactics, and had the the new weapon: the javelin. None of the empires recovered fully, with most of the cities destroyed and most never repopulated, ushering in a dark age from 1100-800 BC. |
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| A city that began to grow around following the destruction of Greece by the barbarians. Like Nichoria, it would show small signs of life in the area, starting small and growing as the period progressed towards the archaic age. |
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| Cavalry were soldiers who fought mounted on horseback. Homeric descriptions of fighting and archaeological evidence from grave goods make it seem that warfare in the late dark ages was heavily dependent on the individual champion and his companions who rode to battle with mounted squire but fought on foot, so the development of a true cavalry is later on, in the classical period. |
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| 800-500 BC. Following the dark age, the archaic age would set the stage for all the great developments of the classic age, such as population increase and a rise in trade and wealth. The legends from the Mycenaean age were passed down by word of mouth until when in the archaic age, the Greeks learned to write again and these stories were laid down in writing. |
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| Athletic competitions among representatives of cit states. They were held in honor of Zeus. They bgan in Olympia in 776 BC |
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| 1075 BC, signs of life in Greece appear in the settlement of Nichoria, coming out of the dark age. Was in Southern Greece and had once been a part of the kingdom of Pylos. It was on top of a hill, near two rivers, with only about 60 people, and was the biggest city in Greece at this time. |
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| The Greek city states were completely independent from each other, having separate armies and often using those armies to fight against each other. Panhellenism is a term for the unity of the Greeks, representative of belonging to Greek culture - speaking the same language, worshiping the same gods, and having the same Greek customs, despite proclaiming different nationalities and infighting. The Olympics were representative of panhellenism in that a sacred truce was enacted between the city states, ensuring the safe travel of the Greek athletes who were participating. |
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| During the archaic age, ancient tombs that had been largely ignored throughout the dark ages befan to receive offerings, suddenly bring worshiped as heroes. Some heroes had special shrines built in their honor. |
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| Storyteller during archaic age of Greece. Told stories of the Iliad and Odyssey. Was most likely not just one person, but an amalgamation of writers. |
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| Leader of the gods. Sends a Lying dream to Agamemnon, sparking him to rally his troops and take Troy as the gods are on the side of the Achaecans. |
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| Paris (Alexandros) visits King Menelaus of Sparta, where he meets his future wife, Helen, who he steals from Menelaus and takes back to Troy with him. Menelaus rallies his allies around the Mycenaean empire and they sail to Troy where they wage a 10 year battle to take the treasures of Troy, who was rich from being centrally located along a trade route, and to take back Queen Helen. It would not be won until Odysseus' Trojan horse plan was enacted, wherein the Achaecans take and plunder the city, scattering its inhabitants. After the war, where many were lost, many more soldiers sailing home would be deterred or die along the way. |
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| Written around 800 BC by Homer. It documented the part of the battle of Troy between the Trojans and a Greece ruled by the Mycenaean people. |
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| Written by Homer around 800 BC, it documented the end of the Trojan War between the Mycenaean people and the Trojans, and followed the protagonist, Homer, in his misadventures that kept him from returning home to his wife and son after the war. |
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| Athena was a goddess, the only one of the gods who consistently looked out for Odysseus and helped him on his journey home to his family after he had fought in the Trojan War. |
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| A German who grew up a fan of Greek mythology. Wanting to prove that there had been a Trojan War (up until then, Troy was thought to not even exist), in the 1870's he went to Turkey and found Troy where Homer said it would be. Accidentally found the Mycenaean civilization too. Popularized Greek excavation, archaeologists started finding a bunch of major cities (Amateur) |
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| Man who deciphered out Linear B (language of Mycenaean civilization) by first recognizing that it was an old form Greek. He was an amateur archaeologist, and an architect by profession. Was inspired to decipher the tablets after going to an Arthur Evans lecture, the discoverer of Troy |
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| Writings of the mycenaeans, later discovered to be greek based. |
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| Equivalent of waynax in Mycenaean civilization but did not have absolute power as past waynaxes had, only managing small disctricts. Had to be the best in war and counsel. Measured power in wealth which was represented in the number of animals one had. |
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| Protected Alexandros during his one on one combat with Menelaus. |
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| His son, the Cyclops, had been blinded by Odysseus, and for this he held a grudge against him and prohibited him from returning home immediately after the Trojan War to his family, constantly putting obstacles in his way. |
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| Wife of Zeus. Got angry at Zeus for planning with Achilles' mom to honor Achilles' spiteful wish to let the Trojans win after King Agamemnon had taken his prize woman away. Hera was against this because, though she liked Achilles, also liked Agamemnon and knew that would hurt Agamemnon if they lost to the Trojans. |
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