Term
| Before Philip 2nd of Macedonia (Alexander's dad), Greece was the reigning champion of the Mediterranean. What 5 things happened to Greece that allowed for Macedonia to suddenly rise up as a major power? |
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Definition
oSparta declines (371-369 BC).
oSecond Athenian Confederacy and Social war
oThebes war
oAthens defeated in the Peloponnesian war.
o General weariness and impoverishness in Greece |
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Term
| What was the political situation in Macedonia before Philip 2nd (Alexander's father) |
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Definition
Macedonians shared ‘old way of life’ with the Thessalians
• Still had Archaic nature (dynastaea – ruled by oligarchical families, no democracy)
•Big men |
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Term
| Speak about the Macedonian Military style |
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Definition
In close ontact with Hellonised and non-hellonised people, and took the best warfare style from each.
Were not bound to tradition or rules, happy to innovate
• Example – 18ft Sylisa spear (used in phalynx) |
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Term
| How many years did it take Alexander to create his empire. (give dates too) |
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Definition
13 years.
336-323 BC
(323 marks both the death of Alexander and the begining of the Hellenistic period0) |
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Term
| Give 3 examples to support the argument that Alexander was a multiculturalist |
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Definition
1. Policy for inter-marriage
o Attempted to fuse Greeco-Macedean soliders with locals to try to create unity
2. Adoption of Persian dress
3. Allowed for the intermingling of cultures (Alexandria in North Africa having African, Persian and Grecco features) |
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Term
| Give 3 examples to support the argument the Alexander was a plundering tyrant. |
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Definition
1. Plundering
• (Systematic transfer of movable wealth westward.
2. Ethnic elitism
• Greeko-Macedonian idea of superiority.
3. Tried to enforce the idea of the polis on all of his conquests (and put them under satraps) |
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Term
| Who are the Eupatridae and what do they have to do with Archaic political systems |
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Definition
Meaning 'Good Fathered' or 'Sons of noble fathers'.
These were the sons of the 'big men' who ruled in the Archaic period. |
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Term
| WHo is Solon, and why is he a ‘seisachtheia’ |
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Definition
Seisachtheia =‘shaking off of the yoke of debt’
Solon was chosen by Athena to help 're-found' the city. He ultimately fails at re structuring and re-distributing land. |
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Term
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Definition
| simple subdivisions of land in the countryside that people had to enroll for as a requirement for citizenship. Before this reform, people could only be citizens if they had been born into it |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| I am a citizen and therefore my voice is allowed to be heard |
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Definition
| – New institution whereby polis voted for which eupatridae would be kicked out of the polis for 10 years for being too wealthy. (They were voted on and the votes were later thrown down well). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Main political features of a polis |
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Definition
Democratic in nature
Superstructure – creating formal resolution (Strives to achive unity from disharmony: Aristittles)
Mechanism for power sharing
• Symbolically revealed in the sharing of meat (equally distributed after 100 bulls slaughtered) allotment.
• Everyone gets a share of power, everyone gets to circulate through the senate |
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Term
| Name places where 'harmonia' is displayed in Greek society |
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Definition
| – festival, dance, sacrificial fest, place in phanlanx. |
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Term
Agros or Chora
HINT (90% of people lived there) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Why was it frowned upon to participate in trade with people within your polis during the Classical and Archaic period? |
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Definition
Seen as deceptive to your 'philos'
According to Aristotle, you are having an 'undeclared war' with those you trade with, why would you want to rip off your 'philos'. |
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Term
| Describe the transition from the archaic 'big man' system to the classical polis in the 7th century BC. |
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Definition
Gatherings of land owning families around a ‘big man’ Eupatridae
Poor families gathered around and fell into debt (over poor harvests and such), and they were sold into slavery or because slaves for the wealthy (debt slavery)
Elite families fought with each other – civil wars
Emerging non elite families gaining wealth through trade and such; started demanding speak into politics. Causes almost social upheaval |
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Term
| On what 4 arenas do we measure status on? |
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Definition
o Political rights
o Economic rights
o Religious power
o Family rights |
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Term
| Describe women in the legal / political sphere |
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Definition
o Legally and socially ‘disbaled’
A perpetual ‘minor’
o Had no ‘personhood’
Were not named in law, because she was only significant to the law when the contract of marriage is disputed; when the men take over |
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Term
| Discuss the concept of Epikleros with regards to women. |
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Definition
Epikleros (with the property)
The daughter as only child and the city’s concern for household security
Whoever the property of her father goes to, she goes with it. |
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Term
| Discuss the paradox of women in society. |
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Definition
Fundamental to society (in gluing political ties together through marriage and bearng children) yet excluded.
Example, Antigone. |
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Term
| Describe the perception of women as wildly sexual beings |
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Definition
• ‘Woman are obsessed with sexual activity, and fall apart when there is no sex. We should find a way to produce without women, then we can get rid of women!’
o Perhaps this came from an Athenian anxiety that they originated from a single women (Athena)
Example - Medea from Euripides and Circe (Priestess who seduces Odysseus) |
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Term
| Women and the concept of 'Ta Endon' (think 'oikos') |
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Definition
Ta Endon = 'inside'
Women were associated with all the things that happen inside; Sex, newborn, dead... |
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Term
| Give 3 examples of the economic invisibility of women |
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Definition
- Unable to act deliberatively / access to civic institutions
- Women were not permitted to make a contract for anything with a value above a bushel of barley (had no personhood)
- Women could not own property, as they were understood to be attached to the property. |
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Term
| Name a respected virtue in a women? Give evidence. |
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Definition
Unassuming and quiet business
Unassuming
- ‘The fame of a women is to have no fame’ (Thucydides)
Quite
- ‘For a women silence has ornamental value’ (Sophocles)
Business
- Comparing different types of wives to different types of animals (Busy bee is the best) |
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Term
| Name 6 religious roles women played |
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Definition
- Weaving of peplos for city goddess
- Prepared sacred meals
- Priestesses
- Panathenaic procession
- Ritual chorus
- Oracles |
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Term
| Plato is a man of his time who happens to say some pro-women things. What is an example one of his feminist comments? |
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Definition
| All the cities in our present system is only half of what it might be (without the additional efforts of women). |
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Term
| What is an example of a misogenistic thing that Aristotle says regarding women? |
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Definition
| 'Woman is a defective man’ |
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Term
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Definition
'High City'
The citadel where many of the institutions were built (In Athens this is where the panthenon was with the 10m Athena in in...) |
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Term
| What is The Clouds about? Major theme? |
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Definition
A Play written in the Classical Period, its major theme is about comparing old style of education (new or old).
Where old education focused on creating a student to be well rounded in physical and intellect and to respect to elders, New education (presented by the character Socrates - who was seen to be crazy and walking in the clouds) is much more scientific, atheist and very removed to everyday life (which is why Socrates has his 'head in the clouds') |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of old comedy? |
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Definition
Old comedy
- more bawdy; sex and poo jokes
- focused on the polis
- popular in Archaic and Classical times
- fantastical; masks, charicatures of real people in the polis.
- More political. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of new comedy? |
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Definition
- More popular in Hellenistic
- Less focus on the polis and more on the universal archetypes (because polis was too big to make individual references to people, so stereotypes were used)
- More demure; making jokes about how cooks make bad foo, less jokes about poo and genitals.
- More realistic; Looking at relationships between family members |
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Term
| What are the 4 major differences between tragedy and comedy? |
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Definition
C set in comtemporary – T set in distance
C has average joe hero – T amazing God or human hero
C references to real people – T Never
C real contempory issues – T Never, But with undertones
C fantastical solutions – T has no solutions, no fantasay |
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Term
What is the Mehkane? And give an example of its use
(think drama) |
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Definition
The mechanical crane used in plays.
In Clouds it is used to carry the 'head in the clouds' Socrates. |
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Term
| What was Dionysus the God of? |
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Definition
| God of wine and patron of drama |
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Term
| Outline the occurrences at the festival of dionysus. |
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Definition
Lasted 7 days in Spring
Pompe (procession)
• Went to sanctuary beside theatre
• Procession made of hundreds of animal and humans
Thysia (sacrifice)
• Over 200 bovines were killed and eaten
Agones (contest) for 5 days
• For Dionysos, the contests were drama
• Comedy (only invented 486 BC)and tragedies |
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Term
Who is the Eponymous Archon
(HINT - drama) |
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Definition
(main organiser of the events)
o Chooses playwrights
o Hires actors |
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Term
| Discuss the festival of dionysus' economic impacts |
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Definition
More money put into this festival than into warfare (this was a criticism)
Choregoi
(Top 3% of wealthy who were asked to sponser festival)
o Spent 3000 drachmas on a single play (could buy a house) |
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Term
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Definition
| People who taught the poetry to the actors |
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Term
| Describe features of the 'theatron' and the watching of the plays |
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Definition
o The largest non violent gathering in ancient times
o Went from dawn to dusk
o Audience could see one another – perhaps reflecting the self reflection that drama calls upon
•‘Orchestra’ – dancing / acting space
•‘Skene’ – stage building
- tiered seating |
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Term
| Name 6 anachronisms (inserting modern assumptions on ancient contexts) that are present in contemporary religion, but not in the religion of ancient Greece. |
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Definition
- Personal relationship with gods
- litergy
- churches
- scripture
- gods as the creation of humanity
- priests (in ancient Greece, anyone could perform offerings)
- not sources of goodness or truth |
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Term
| Explain the 4 steps in religious ritual of prayer. |
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Definition
Invocation: title is used
Wariness of contact: ‘if it pleases you to listen’
Offering and reminder: ‘You remind them of their role and your past favour’
Request: |
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Term
| Name 3 Hellenistic cities |
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Definition
| Pergamon, Alexandria and Antioch |
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Term
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Definition
| The practice whereby wealthy men donate / sponser building programs / public events in return for political dominance. |
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Term
| Name the three major time periods and their corresponding urban / political layout. |
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Definition
Archaic - 'Big Men'-
Classical - 'Polis' - oligarchy / democratic
Hellenistic - city-state - eugertism |
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Term
| When does the Archaic period start, and what are 3 significant things about this date? |
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Definition
750BC
1. This was when Homer allegedly 'wrote' the Illiad
2. When pottery started getting pictures
3. Real surge of creation of material things |
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Term
| Name two archaeologists who were interested in finding archaeological evidence for the existence of the Illiad and Odyssey. |
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Definition
| Heinrich Schliemann and Carl Blegen |
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Term
| Name 3 things that Heinrich Schliemann found that he claimed were evidence for the truth of the Odyssey |
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Definition
1. Gold two handled cup
2. A pouring cup of bull head with gold horns
Nestor offers to sacrifice to Athena a heifer whose horns are covered in gold.
3. Helen’s wondrous wheeled silver and gold basket
Found in Cyprus |
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Term
| Name the place and its 4 characteristics that Carl Belgen found that he uses as evidence for the truth of the Odyssey, |
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Definition
Palace of Nestor in Pylos (where Telemachos visits.
Characteristics:
1. Large 'throne room'
2. Storage area with 2853 drinking cups
3. Bath tub (Telemachos has a bath there)
4. Wall paintings with scenes of feasting (including an image of a boar tusk helmet that is mentioned in the Odyssey). |
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Term
| What is Aristotle's main aim in his philosophy? |
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Definition
| To show how the ideas of the past (Socrates and Homer) are true |
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Term
| Who did Aristotle study under, and who did Aristotle tutor |
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Definition
STudied under Plato.
Tutored Alexander the Great |
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Term
| What did Aristotle think of living in a polis? |
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Definition
'Man is by nature a political creature.'
'In a city man finds the highest way of living, as he has access to all great things’ A city provides all the goods and services that one needs to be happy. |
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Term
| What did Aristotle think a 'Great Man' was like? |
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Definition
(note that many of these things are seen in Alexander)
- Knows his greatness
- Is brave
- Is not dependent on anyone
- Has perfect timing |
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Term
| What was the relationship between Socrates and Alcibides (a young and promising military leader), and what did Socrates try and impress upon him? |
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Definition
| Socrates was Alcibides' tutor who tried to impress the importance of 'Master yourself before you attempt to master the whole world’ |
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Term
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Definition
| harmonious, good order (similar to Kosmos and harmonia) |
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Term
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Definition
= living together
consider the communities of the 'big men' |
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Term
| What percentage of the population were slaves? |
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Definition
| 15-30% of the total population were slaves (250,000 slaves) |
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Term
| Give 2 quotes that illustrate how slaves were regarded by ancient society. |
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Definition
Aristotle: 'A slave is a tool with breath'
'Slaves are man-footed beasts' |
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Term
| Name 5 areas that slaves were forced to work. |
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Definition
1. domestic duties
2. Hard labor (silver mines)
3. child rearing (wet nurses)
4. production / manufacturing (trades)
5. prostitution |
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Term
| Where did slaves come from (2 places)? |
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Definition
1. prisoners of war
2. members of conquored nations |
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Term
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Definition
| A performer who recites poetry (such as the Illiad) |
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Term
| Philosophers discussed whether things were De Dicto or De Re. What do these things mean |
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Definition
De Dicto - the gods actively played a role in making something happen (controlling the unfurling of a fern)
De Re - the gods wound up a clock and let things happen by themselves |
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Term
Thales is an important philosopher who was (unlike Aristotle) very practical.
What is Thales famous theory (which turned out to be false) and what is an example of his practicality? |
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Definition
Thales rejected the idea that gods held up the earth, and instead suggested that the earth was suspended by water.
Herodotus tells us that Thales, when confronted by a river whilst trying to move a large army, swings into action and fjords the river himself so the men can cross. |
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