Term
| Name the 4 epithelial tissues |
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Definition
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple Columnar
Pseudostratified Columnar |
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Term
| Simple squamous epithelium |
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Definition
| Simple squamous epithelium: One layer, scarce, nuclei. Broad and thin. FOund in areas where diffusion and filtration occur such as the alveoli of the lungs and walls of capilaries. |
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Term
| Simple cuboidal epithelium |
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Definition
Simple cuboidal epithelium: One layer, square. The nuclei is usually in the middle, and round. Forms the walls of conduits that carry secretory and excretory products
It regulates ion and water concentration in certain specialized salivary ducts May act as protective. |
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Term
| Simple columnar epithelium |
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Definition
Simple columnar epithelium: Single layer, rectangular/column apperance
Cells may have cilia or microvilli
Secrets, absorbs, and may move materials like eggs
Lines stomach and intestines, rectum, uterus, and oviducts.
Goblet cells could be mixed in to excrete mucus. |
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Term
| Pseudostratified Columnar |
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Definition
Pseudostratified Columnar:
Most are ciliated. Tend to have uneven nucleius distribution, making it appear stratified.
Lines larger passageways and male reproductive tract/respiratory tract.
Goblet cells come with. |
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Term
| Know the 3 main connective tissue |
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Definition
Loose connective tissue
Specialized connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Loose Connective Tissue. Loosely arranged fibers such as areolar in subcutaneous layer of skin. Adipose is fat. Reticuar has reticular fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
Dense Connective Tissue: More fiber, less cells.
Dense regular is built for strength. Collagens are arrange parallel. Such as tendons and ligaments.
Dense irregular: Collagen isn't parallel. Strong in many directions.
Elastic tissue: Elastic fibers. Found in lungs. Can recoil and stretch. Such as lungs. |
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Term
| Specialized Connect Tissue |
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Definition
| Includes blood, cartilage, bone, etc. |
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Term
| 3 Main Types of Muscle Tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| Smooth: Location, Control, Speed, Shape |
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Definition
| In walls of hollow organs and blood vessels. Involuntary and slow. EYe shaped, 1 nuclei (pupil) |
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Term
| Cardiac: Location, Control, Speed, Shape |
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Definition
| Heart, involuntary and medium. Branched with 1-2 nuclei |
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Term
| Skeletal: Location, Control, Speed, Shape |
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Definition
| Attached to tendons, bones, and aponeurosis. Voluntary and fast. Large and many nuclei in sides |
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Term
| Know at least 3 nervous system tissue cell |
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Definition
| Neuron, Astrocyte, and Oligodendrocytes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Maintain chemical concentrations, removes waste, repair, blood brain barrier |
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Term
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Definition
| Insulates axons by providing myelin sheath for central neurons. (single cell provides 4 sheath extensions to different nearby neurons) |
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Term
| Describe 4 functions of the skin |
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Definition
| Temperature regulation, sense of touch, protection, excretion of wastes such as salt |
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Term
| What are the two glands found in the skin. |
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Definition
| Subaceous and suderiferous gland |
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Term
| Understand the 4 mechanisms of heat exchange |
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Definition
| Conduction: Molecule bumps into molecule, speeding it up. Heats up fast. (Two objects touching) (all phases) Convection: Only liquids and gases. Molecules move up away from heat source when the are heated, allowing another one to move close to it. (Kinda like a lava lamp?) Evaporation: Hot surface allows liquids to turn into gases. Radiation: All phases used. Electromagnetic waves emit heat from everything as waves. Rays hit molecule to speed it up. |
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Term
| Describe the role of the dermal papillae (with respect to supporting the epidermis) |
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Definition
| Projections of connective tissue. Called epidermal pegs. The bumps are called papillae (single tense papilla) Papillary layer. Capillaries here provide nutrition. |
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Term
| Know 2 different types (based on what stimuli they detect) of skin sensory structures |
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Definition
Corpuscle of touch or Meissner's corpuscle allows us to detect mechanical deflection of skin. (touch) Black squiggly is nerve endings. In subcutaneous layer (Paciniane) Lamellate corpuscle: Looks like onion. Nerve in center. Layers are connective tissue layers which respond to mechanical displacements. (detects pressure, and vibration).
4 receptors for touch known as mechanoreceptors Markel cell Surface of skin. Lets you read fine details. Takes lot of disruption for cell to activate
Meisner corpuscle: Good at sending vibrations. Second closers to skin. Similar to markel. Ruffini corpuscle: 3rd place. Less disruptoin to be activated. Dacinian corpuscle: Also senses vibration. Less disruption. Farthers from cell. |
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Term
| Describe the 5 main types of bone cells and know the main role of each |
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Definition
osteoprogenitor cells (osteogenics cells) Only bones cells that divide. Stem cells that can produce two kinds of cells
Chondroblasts: Make cartilage
Osteoblasts: Make bone. Make bone matrix and allow bones to grow. Osteoblasts become osteocytes when trapped. So they maintain the surrounding bone tissue instead.
Osteoclasts are fussion of white blood cells. They make lysosomes and dissolve bone. |
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Term
| Understand the effects of the 3 main hormones involved in calcium homeostasis |
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Definition
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Increases calcium phosphate in blood. Absorb more calcium from intestines and kidneys. 2. Calcitriol (vitamin D) Increases calcium phosphate in blood Absorb more calcium from intestines and kidneys. 3. Calcitonin Decreases calcium phosphate in blood. Decrease absoption in intestines and kidneys |
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Term
| Know the major organization of tissues in bone, including locations of and differences between compact and spongy bone in a typical long bone. |
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Definition
| Compact compact hard dense, 80% mass and spongy bone, soft, porous, has marrow. Makes new red blood cells. Makes all blood cells actually in hematopoeisis. |
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Term
| Describe the events which occur in each of the 5 zones of bone growth |
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Definition
1. one of resting cartilage. Composted of condrocites and secures to epithysis.
2.Zone of proliferating cartilage. Undergoes rapid division Grow sin one direction
3. Hypertrophic cartilage cartilage. Grows in size and walls get thinner.
4. Calcified cartilage. 2 to 3 layers. Minerals are being deposited and chonrocytes are destroyed.
5. Zone of ossification. Walls break down and capilaries invade letting in osteroblasts which form new bone matrix. |
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Term
| Classifying joints functionally |
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Definition
Synathrosis (no movement)
Amphiarthrosis (tiny movement)
Diarthrosis (much movement) |
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Term
| Functional classification of joints |
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Definition
| fibrous joints and cartilaginous joints |
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Term
| 3 types of fibrous joints |
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Definition
Fibrous joints have no joint cavities, immovable, synarthrosis. Sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis
Sutures are overlapping areas of bone connected by short fibrous fibers, syndesnosis,and gomphosis
Syndesmoses: Bones connected at joint sites by long fibrous cords. Found between tibia and
Gomphoses: connect teeth to sockets in jaw via fibrous perioontal ligaments. |
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Term
| 2 types of cartilaginous joints |
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Definition
Cartilaginous joints have Bones united by a plate of hyaline cartilage orfibrocartilaginous disk. Slightly movable at best.kinds: Synchondrosis, symphysis
Symphyses: flat disks of cartilage. Intervertebral disks. Also found in pubic area. Made of hyaline cartilage, which is quite flexible. Found in ephithesial plates.
Synchondroses: Made of hyaline cartilage. Found in ephythesial plates. Like femur. Allow linear bone growth. |
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Term
| Describe the 3 common features of synovial joints |
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Definition
| Synovial joints: The articulating bones move freely. Diarthrosis. The most complex joints. Bone ends separated by joint cavities filled with synovial fluid. A liquid to reduce friction between bones |
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Term
| Know the 6 types of synovial joints and 1 example of each |
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Definition
condyloid An example is the wrist, which the hand can move on two axes: flexion and extension; it can also be tilted sideways (toward the radius and ulna), skull and atlas
saddle joint Resembles the condyloid joint but allows a wider range of motion; this type of joint is rare. An example is the thumb
Pivot joint: Allows rotation only. The rounded surface of one bone fits into a ring formed by another so that the bone is able to rotate over the ring. Axis and atlas
Ball and socket joint: Ball like end of boen fits into a cup like cavity in another. This allows movmeent in all directions Shoulder
Hinge joint: Allows movement in one direction only, similar to the hinges of the door. Elbow
Gliding joint: allows bones to glide over one another so that side to side as well as backward and forward movement takes place. Slight movement takes place in this joint. Found in feet and hands. |
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Term
| Be able to describe body movements using the terms |
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Definition
| Contraction and relaxation. They work in pairs to move things. When one contracts the other relaxes. There are 656 muscles in the body. Anatoical position: straight up, hands by side, palms facing forward. Flexion decreasing angle between two joints. extention: increasing the angle between two joints. So like having your arms down by your side, extention. Bending them up towards your shoulders? FLextion. Hyperextention: taking a movement beyond the normal movement. Like a kid who can bend their arm way further then they should be able to. Abduction: To take something and move it away from the body. Adduction: To move something towards the body. (to add it to the body, bring it closer) Rotation: Lateral movement. (medial towards midline, lateral away from) Protraction: Push forward. Move jaw forward. (underbite) Retraction: Pull back. Pull jaw in towards face (Overbite) Depression: Slump downward Elevation: Upward movement. Supination: Arms cup up Pronation: arms repel away (nyo!) Circunduction: circular movement such as in shouder Palmar Flexion: Bends hand inside of the wrist. (up) Opposition: Fingers touching thumbs Reposition: THumbs turned to normal natural position. Dorsiflexion: Top of foot up. See your toes. Plantor flextion: Plant foot down into ground. Inversion: Turn feet so you are walking on their sides and "palms" face inward Eversion: Turn feet on side so that "palms" face away from body |
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