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| study of human body and the relationship of structures within it |
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| careful cutting of human body to examine certain parts |
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| study of function of human body |
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| visual overlook observation-- looking for abnormalities |
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| to listen- triangle of auscultation- stethescope on back |
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| tapping and generally listening as well |
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| levels of body organization (lowest to highest) |
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Definition
chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
system
organismal |
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| made up of two or more atoms (molecule) |
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| group of cells that have material around them- perform specific function |
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made up of tissues
ex: lungs |
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| made up of organs that have a common function |
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| entire human being-- all organs |
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| nerve-artery-vein travel in trios |
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| palms out feet together, arms out eyes straight forward |
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| imaginary surface that passes through body |
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| vertical plane that divides body into right and left |
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| (median plane) divides into equal halves |
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| dividing into unequal halves |
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| (coronal plane)divides body into front and back |
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| breakdown of molecules, building up of structures (proteins) |
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| detect and respond to external and internal stimuli (ex muscle contraction) |
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| increase in number of cells or amount of material between cell |
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| become specified cells (ex stem cells) |
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| body's regulation of normal limits,normal range, influenced by external and internal stimuli (temp of blood, etc) |
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| abnormality of function (ADD, OCD, autism) |
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| something felt by patient |
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| diagnosed by physician, observed |
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| distinguishing one disease from another |
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| how drugs are dispensed (legal) |
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upper and lower (superior and inferior)
cross sectional and horizontal |
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| crosses a part at an oblique angle |
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| one flat suerface of 3d structure |
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| words that describe the position of one body part relative to another |
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| oriented toward head (eyes superior to mouth) |
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| spaces within the body that help protect separate and support internal organs |
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| superior (thoracic superior to diaphragm) |
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| inferior (abdominopelvic inferior to diaphragm) |
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| organs (lungs, heart, liver) |
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| within thoracic cavity- heart |
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| lungs within thoracic cavity |
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| landmark to find heart; central part of thorax in between lungs |
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| stomach, spleen, liver, small intestine, and most large intestine |
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| urinary/ reproductive organs, and some large intestine |
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| asoociated with the point of attachment closer to the body |
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| further awar from point of attachment |
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| numerous chemical reactions, reulates what goes in and out, combine genetic material |
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| specific chemical reaction go on inside of structure sthat are fou in a cell |
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| gate keeper- allows things in and out; sturdy but flexible; facilitates contact with other cells; contains receptors; plays a role in cellular communication |
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| made up of cytosol and organelles |
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| subcellular structures that have specific characteristics and functions |
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| largest organelle; find dna there |
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| millions of hereditary genes |
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| arrangement of molecules within the membrane resembles a sea of lipids containing many types of proteins |
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| cross over lipid bilayer most are transmembrane |
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| completely go across bilayer |
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| on outside- don't go across contain enzymes that activate function in cell to support plasma membrane |
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| transmembrane that has a carb attached to it |
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| sugary coating around plasma membrane made of carb portion of glycolipid and glycoprotein-- cell id- help cells bind together- gives lubricant to cell |
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| selectively move substances through membrane |
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| moves through channel picks something up and brings it back -- binds with receptor |
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| help with cell recognition |
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| catalyze chemical reactions |
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| permeable to water,oxygen, and steroids but impermeable to glucose |
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| intracellular fluid (ICF) |
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| extracellular fluid (ECF) |
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| move cell membrane without input of energy- kinetic energy mainly |
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| net movement from high to low- nephron in kidney, oxygen through blood |
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| high to low but through permeable membrane |
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| needs transmembrane protein |
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| small sack formed by budding off of cell membrane |
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| movement of material by vesicle |
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| receptor- mediated endocytosis |
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| selective input-- this is how HIV invades the body |
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| cell eating by macrophages in white blood cells, vital defense mechanism- forms pseudopod |
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| (pinocytosis) cell drinking- no receptor proteins |
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| vesicles fuse with membrane and release to ecf |
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| combo of endo and exo cytosis |
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| intracellular fluid, surrounds organelles; site of chemical reactions generally energy is product, building blocks of cells |
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| network of protein filaments that provides structure |
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| special structure in cell |
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| contain actin (linked with muscle contraction) thinnest- locomotion and division, support microvilli |
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| thicker- anchor organelles |
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| largest- flagella, cilia, centrosome |
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| short hair move fluid on surface of cell |
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| longer and move entire cell |
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| near nucleus; 2 centrioles and pericentriol material; makes mitotic apparatus (spindle and centriole) |
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| site of protein synthesis |
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| series of flattened sacs or of tubules |
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| flat sacs form maze for rough ER |
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| continuous with nuclear envelope |
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| synthesizes fatty acids, steroids detoxs substances |
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| smaller than lysosomes- detoxifies certain substances like alcohol- normally in liver-- amino and fatty acids |
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| smaller than lysosomes- detoxifies certain substances like alcohol- normally in liver-- amino and fatty acids |
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| the powerhouses of the cell |
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| large central fluid filled cavity, self replicate |
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| chromatin are embedded here |
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| produces ribosomes- not all cells have it- must have for duplication |
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| control of substances in and out of nucleus |
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| separate nucleus from cytoplasm |
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| spreads to other parts of the body |
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| made up of cells that normally have the same embryologic origin, which means they serve the same purpose, specialized cells |
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| someone who studies tissues, must have an MD |
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| covers our body surface; lines hollow organs and cavities, when it sinks below it becomes a duct, also forms glands |
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| supports and protects our organs, site for the reserve for fat which insulates our body, fat provides some energy, provides for some immunity |
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| releases movement and force |
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| detects changes in our environment (internally and externally) and responds by initiating some response |
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| specialized points of contact where cells stick, plaque bearing |
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| 5 types of cell junctions |
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Definition
| tight, adherens, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, gap |
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| occludes (stops) substances from crossing over, protects lining of stomachs and intestines |
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| plaque bearing junction, make the cell membranes fit tight together to help resist separation from one another |
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| plaque bearing, fasten themselves to one another and prevent epidermal cells from separating, also found in cardiac muscle- holds them so when contraction in muscle tissue they are still kept together |
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| half of a desmosome, connects the upper layer (plasma membrane) to lower layer (basement membrane) of cell |
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| fluid filled (connexion) that connect the two cell membranes; fluid allowis it to tracel so fast-- can send message across the cell membrane very quickly, found in nervous tissue |
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| cells arranged in continuous sheets (think about your skin); can be single or multiple layers |
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| secretion, filtration, absorption, protection |
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| functions of epithelial cells |
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| Simple (unilaminar) epithelium |
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Definition
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| Pseudostratified epithelium |
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Looks like its several layers thick, but its only one layer
Not all cells will reach the apical surface |
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| Stratified (multilaminar) epithelium |
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| change or has to change its shape depending on what its being asked to do |
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| Simple Squamous Epithelium |
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located in areas that are subject to wear and tear
Ex. In the alveoli in lungs
Function is diffusion and filtration (ex. Blood filtration in the kidneys) |
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| Simple cuboidal epithelium |
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Definition
Purpose is secretion and absorption
Found in kidneys and smaller ducts of glands |
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| Simple columnar epithelium |
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Definition
| Can be ciliated-found in respiratory passages because associated with movement |
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| Pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
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Definition
Functions as secretion and movement—found in upper respiratory tract (trachea up)
Single layer |
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| Stratified squamous epithelium |
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Definition
At least two layers
Provides protection- outer layers of skin
Keratin- protein that produces friction – if have it then keratinized– if no then nonkeratinized (moist lubricant cells)
Flakyness of dry skin
Mouth and vagina |
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| Stratified cuboidal epithelium |
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Definition
A couple of layers
Rare, line ducts of glands esp sweat glands |
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| Stratified columnar epithelium |
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Definition
Rare
Protection and secretion
Ducts of some large glands
Look at shape of cells then look at layers |
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| Distention (contracts and flexible when needed and then goes back to normal) - found in bladder |
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| Specialized epithelial cells organized to form glands that secrete substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into the blood |
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No ducts- secretes into blood
Petuitary glands, thyroid glands |
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| Sweat, salivary glands that do have ducts and produce some type of substance |
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Binds together and strengthens and supports tissue
Protects and insulates
Compartmentalizes certain structures like skeletal system
Blood is an ex b/c transports substances
Outapost (fat) stores energy
Main source of immune system |
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Definition
| interfibrillar extracellular matrix |
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Definition
Provide strength and flexibility to tissue, tough and resistant but pliable
Formed from protein called collagen |
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Definition
Provide elasticity to organs like lungs, blood vessels, cartilage of ears
Can stretch up to 150% of original length |
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Provide support and strength in organs like spleen and lymph vessels
Provide framework or shape of organs, branched |
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| Embryonic connective tissue |
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| Almost exclusively in embryo, some could be passed on but rare |
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| Where all cells start give rise to all other connective tissue |
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| Mucous connective tissue (Wharton’s jelly) |
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| Areolar connective tissue |
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Has all types of cells in it
3 types of fibers- collagen, elastic, reticular fibers
Highly vascularized- lots of blood |
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White- insulates and stores our energy
Brown adipose- provides warmth in infants |
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| Reticular connective tissue |
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| Binds cells of smooth muscle- found in organs |
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Definition
Not as vascularized as loose
Contains rows of fiberblast
Tendons and ligaments
Find where need a point of attachment to another
Can find in heart valves |
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| Dense irregular connective |
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Definition
have fibroblast but in random not parallel bundles
Found in periostuem (bones) gives it strength can be found in heart valves as well |
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Fibroblast scattered around elastic fibers
Located in arteries specifically in elastic arteries, also in lung tissue
Provide elasticity |
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Fine collagen fibers that are not visible with ordinary staining techniques used in light microscopy
Not visible until we stain
Most abundant but weakest
Located at ends of long bones (femur), nose,trachea
Provides flexibility and support
Reduces friction and absorbs shock |
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Definition
Contains visible bundles of collagen fibers, making it the strongest type of cartilage- it lacks a perichondrium.
Provides strength and rigidity as well as flexibility
Found in invertebral disk and miniscus in knee |
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Definition
contains network of elastic fibers.
External ear and epiglodus
Maintain shape and provides support and strength and elasticity |
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| Contains osteocytes- mature bone cells- osteoblast will make osteocyte- for maintanence- live in lacuna or spaces |
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bridges or channels that connect lacuna
Compact (dense) bone |
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| makes up spongy bone- looks like coral |
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| consists of liquid called plasma from plasma comes the rest |
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| white blood cell- involved in allergic reactions, phagocytic, immunity |
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| interstitial fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels |
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| epithelial layer with connective tissue underneath it |
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| lie in a cavity that opens to exterior- mouth- prevents dehydrationa nd stop pathogens, serves as barrier |
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| Serous membrane (serosa)- |
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| lines (parietal layer)- lines body cavity that holds organs |
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| consists of cells, usually called muscle fibers (myocytes),myofibiral that are specialized to contract and therefore provide motion, maintain posture, and generate heat |
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| banding attached to bones, striated (banding) voluntary and multinucleated |
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| intercalated disks- branched- striated- involuntary |
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| not striated- spindle shaped cells- involuntary found in hollow internal organs like stomach blood vessels |
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| direct the stimuli, start action |
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| sends impulse out of cell body |
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| provides support to neurons and protects neurons |
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