Term
| What is the definition of infertility? |
|
Definition
| the failure to achieve pregnancy after one year of unprotected intercourse |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 causes of female infertility? |
|
Definition
-ovulation issues
-tubal issues
-PCOS
-endometriosis |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 causes of male infertility? |
|
Definition
-low sperm count
-azoospermia (no sperm)
-low motility (fewer than normal are moving at the speed that is normal) |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the preparatory medication given to females undergoing IVF? |
|
Definition
| to hyper-stimulate oocyte (egg) production |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main steps of IVF? |
|
Definition
-egg retrieval
-fertilization
-embryo transfer, 4-5 days after fertilization (1-4 eggs are inserted into the uterus) |
|
|
Term
| What is the process for freezing embryos? |
|
Definition
| -intracellular water is removed and replaced with a cryoprotectant and then stored at 196 degree C. Cellular activity has now ceased and the embryos are in a state of "suspended animation" |
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Term
| T or F costs of embryo adoption are significantly lower than traditional adoption and IVF |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| T or F, Under current law, once the embryos have been transferred the genetic parents still have a legal claim to the resulting children. |
|
Definition
| False. once they have been transferred the genetic parents have NO legal claim |
|
|
Term
| What does the Uniform Parentage Act (UPA) state regarding birth mothers with respect to IVF and embryo adoption? |
|
Definition
| provides that a woman who gives birth to a child is the legal mother |
|
|
Term
| Can genetic parents change their mind and try to obtain custody of children resulting from Embryo Donation and Adoption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gonads in males and females descend from their sites of origin on the __________ abdominal wall into the _________/_______ in women and _________ in men |
|
Definition
-posterior
-pelvic cavity
-scrotum |
|
|
Term
| What is the passage through the anterior abdominal wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the inguinal region considered strong or weak in men and women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pulls the testes and ovaries down into their mature position? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name for the area of junction between the anterior abdominal wall and the thigh? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In men, as the testes descend their accompanying ______,______, and ________ pass through the inguinal canal and are surrounded by the same fascial layers of the abdominal wall |
|
Definition
| -vessels, ducts, and nerves |
|
|
Term
| Testicular descent completes the formation of the _________/________ in men |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The passage that extends in a downward and medial direction, just above and parallel to the inguinal ligament is the _______/_______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the inguinal canal in men and women? |
|
Definition
-men: spermatic cord
-women: round ligament of the uterus
-genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve (which in men is a part of the spermatic cord) |
|
|
Term
| The aponeurosis of what muscle sweeps down and joins with the inguinal ligament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the position of the deep inguinal ring |
|
Definition
| -it is the beginning of the inguinal canal and is midway between the ASIS and the pubic symphysis. It is just above the inguinal ligament. |
|
|
Term
| The deep inguinal ring is the beginning of the tubular evagination of the _______________ fascia that forms one of the coverings of the spermatic cord in men and the round ligament in women |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the superficial inguinal ring |
|
Definition
| it is the end of the inguinal canal and is superior to the pubic tubercle, it is a triangular opening in the aponeurosis of the external oblique |
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Term
| The superficial inguinal ring is the beginning of the tubular evagination of the aponeurosis of the _________/_______ muscle onto the structures traversing the inguinal canal and emerging from the superficial ring. The continuation of this tissue over the spermatic cord is the __________/________ fascia |
|
Definition
-external oblique
-external spermatic |
|
|
Term
| What forms the posterior wall of the inguinal canal? what reinforces it? |
|
Definition
| the transversals fascia, reinforced by the conjoint tendon |
|
|
Term
| What forms the anterior wall of the inguinal canal? What reinforces it? |
|
Definition
| The aponeurosis of the external oblique. It is reinforced laterally by the medial fibers of the internal oblique muscle |
|
|
Term
| The conjoint tendon is the combined insertion of what two muscles into what? |
|
Definition
| combined insertion of the transversus abdominis and the internal oblique muscles into the pubic crest |
|
|
Term
| After the spermatic cord enters the deep inguinal ring and proceeds down the inguinal canal and exits the superficial ring, how many fascial coverings has it acquired? Name each and their origin |
|
Definition
3, from deep to superficial:
-internal spermatic fascia: from transversalis fascia
-cremasteric fascia: associated with the cremaster muscle arises from the internal oblique m.
-external spermatic fascia: arises from aponeurosis of the external oblique and is attached to the margins of the superficial inguinal ring |
|
|
Term
| What do the cremaster muscle and fascia form with respect to the spermatic cord? |
|
Definition
| they form the middle or second covering of the spermatic cord (supplied by the genitofemoral nerve L1 and L2) |
|
|
Term
| What is the cremasteric reflex? |
|
Definition
| Contraction of the cremaster muscle is stimulated by a reflex arch. Gentle touch around the skin of the medial aspect of the superior part of the thigh stimulates the sensory fibers. It pulls up the scrotum and testis on the side stroked. |
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|
Term
| What is an inguinal hernia? |
|
Definition
| protrusion or a passage of a peritoneal sac, with or without abdominal contents, through a weakened part of the abdominal wall in the groin |
|
|
Term
| What is an indirect inguinal hernia? |
|
Definition
| a hernia that goes through the deep inguinal ring |
|
|
Term
| What is a direct inguinal hernia? In what population is this commonly seen? Where does the bulging typically occur? |
|
Definition
| A hernia that goes through the posterior wall of the inguinal canal. Usually acquired because it develops when abdominal musculature has been weakened. Often seen in older men and the building occurs medial to the inferior epigastric vessels in the inguinal triangle (hesslbach's) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common hernia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of inguinal hernia does not traverse the entire length of the inguinal canal but may exit through the superficial inguinal ring? What would then occur? |
|
Definition
-direct inguinal hernia
-when it exits through the superficial inguinal ring the peritoneal sac acquires a layer of spermatic fascia and can extend like an indirect hernia into the scrotum |
|
|
Term
| What is the key to the groin examination? |
|
Definition
| To determine the position of the inguinal ligament |
|
|
Term
| What does the inguinal ligament pass between medially and laterally? |
|
Definition
-medially: pubic tubercle
-laterally: ASIS |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a potential problem with a hernia? |
|
Definition
| bowel and fat may get stuck in the hernial sac, this can cause pain and bowel obstruction and necessitates urgent surgery |
|
|
Term
| Describe femoral hernias. What canal do they pass through and where is this canal anatomically located? In what population are these hernias most commonly seen? |
|
Definition
-pass through the femoral canal
-femoral canal is at the medial edge of the femoral sheath which contains the femoral artery, vein, and lymphatics.
-most commonly seen in middle aged and elderly populations, more common in women than men |
|
|
Term
| What is the occasional cause of an umbilical hernia? |
|
Definition
| Occasionally they are congenital and result from failure of the small bowel to return to the abdominal cavity from the umbilical cord during development. They are rare and most close in the first year of life. |
|
|
Term
| What is an incisional hernia? |
|
Definition
| one that occurs through a defect in a scar from a previous abdominal operation |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the peritoneal outpouching that protrudes through the anterior abdominal wall and acquires coverings from the transversals fascia, internal oblique, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique, as a result transforming into the basic structure of the inguinal canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the processus vaginalis is immediately ________ to the gubernaculum within the inguinal canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of sexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
| a process in which organisms produce offspring by means of germ cells called gametes |
|
|
Term
| What are the three groups of organs of reproduction? |
|
Definition
-gonads: produce gametes and secrete hormones
-ducts: transport, receive, and store gametes
-accessory sex glands: produce materials that support gametes |
|
|
Term
| What is the male gamete and the female gamete before fertilization? |
|
Definition
| sperm and secondary oocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sperm plus glandular secretions |
|
|
Term
| What causes the wrinkling of the scrotum? |
|
Definition
| the skin contains dartos muscle |
|
|
Term
| Sperm survival requires ______ degrees lower temperature than core body temperature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the cremaster muscle in the spermatic cord do with respect to temperature regulation of the testes? |
|
Definition
-elevates the testes on exposure to cold and during arousal
-warmth reverses the process |
|
|
Term
| Where are the sperm cells made in the testes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tight junctions between __________ form the blood-testis barrier. What does this barrier prevent? |
|
Definition
-sertoli or sustenacular cells
-BTB prevents an immune response against the surface antigens of the spermatogenic cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the dense white capsule that surrounds the testes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the tunica vaginalis? |
|
Definition
| the piece of peritoneum that descends with the testes into the scrotal sac. it facilitates movement of testes within the scrotum |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for the failure of the testes to descend? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells secrete testosterone? Where are they located? |
|
Definition
| -leydig cells or interstitial endocrinocytes found in the spaces between adjacent seminiferous tubules |
|
|
Term
| spermatogenesis is the process by which the seminiferous tubules of the testes produce _________ sperm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the 3 sections of the sperm |
|
Definition
-head: contains DNA and acrosome
-midpiece: contains mitochondria to form ATP
-tail: flagellum used for locomotion |
|
|
Term
| How many sperm are produced per day on average? What is the life expectancy within the female reproductive tract? |
|
Definition
-300 million per day
-48 hours within female reproductive tract |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of LH and FSH with respect to the testes? |
|
Definition
-LH: assists in spermatogenesis and stimulates testosterone production
-FSH: initiates spermatogenesis |
|
|
Term
| What are the prenatal effects of testosterone and the effects at puberty? |
|
Definition
-prenatal: male genitalia formation
-puberty: sexual behavior and libido, male metabolism (bone and muscle mass heavier), deepening of the voice |
|
|
Term
| Hormonal control of the testes begins with The hypothalamus secreting _______ which influences the anterior pituitary secretion of ________ and ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of inhibin hormone? |
|
Definition
| when sperm production is sufficient the sertoli cells release inhibin which inhibits FSH secretion by the anterior pituitary and decreases sperm production. opposite occurs if sperm production is proceeding too slowly |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the ductus epididymis? |
|
Definition
| the site of sperm maturation and storage, sperm may remain in storage here for at least a month after which they are either expelled or degenerated and reabsorbed |
|
|
Term
| Tail region of the epididymis continues as the _______/______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in the head region of the epididymis? |
|
Definition
| multiple efferent ducts become a single ductus epididymis |
|
|
Term
| What stores sperm and propels them toward the urethra during ejaculation? |
|
Definition
| the ductus (vas) deferens |
|
|
Term
| What are 5 contents of the spermatic cord? |
|
Definition
-ductus deferens
-testicular artery
-autonomic nerves
-veins and lymphatic vessels
-cremaster muscle |
|
|
Term
| What is the shared terminal duct of the reproductive and urinary systems which serves as a passageway for semen and urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is cut and tied off in a vasectomy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the seminal vesicles secrete? |
|
Definition
an alakaline, viscous fluid that contains fructose, prostoglandins and clotting proteins
-alkaline bc it helps to neutralize acid in the male urethra and female reproductive tract
-fructose is for ATP production by sperm
-prostoglandins contribute to sperm motility and viability
-semenogelin is the main protein that causes coagulation of semen after ejaculation |
|
|
Term
| What is a donught shaped, golf ball sized gland which is inferior to the urinary bladder and surround the prostatic urethra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands secrete? |
|
Definition
| mucus for lubrication and an alkaline substance that neutralizes acid |
|
|
Term
| What are the upper, paired, erectile tissue mass of the penis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the lower erectile tissue mass of the penis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of erection and ejaculation which is a sympathetic reflex and which is a parasympathetic reflex? |
|
Definition
-erection: parasympathetic
-ejaculation: sympathetic |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 things the ovaries produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the uterine tubes transport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does fetal development occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What constitutes the vulva? |
|
Definition
| the vagina and external genitalia |
|
|
Term
| what do the mammary glands produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ligament suspends the uterus from the side wall of the pelvis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What attaches the ovaries to the broad ligament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What anchors the ovaries to the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What attaches the ovaries to the inguinal canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ___________ epithelium covers the surface of the ovary but does not give rise to the ova. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What contains the ovarian follicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What contains the blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves of the ovaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do ovarian follicles consist of? |
|
Definition
| oocytes in various stages of development. A mature (graafian) follicle expels a secondary oocyte by a process called ovulation |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the corpus luteum? |
|
Definition
| contains remnants of an ovulated follicle and produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin until it degenerates into a corpus albicans |
|
|
Term
| What does oogenesis result in the formation of? |
|
Definition
| a haploid secondary oocyte |
|
|
Term
| When does meiosis I begin? end? |
|
Definition
-begins during fetal development
-after puberty primary oocytes complete meiosis I, which produces a secondary oocyte and a first polar body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the secondary oocyte begins meiosis II
-after fertilization, meiosis II resumes |
|
|
Term
| What part of the fallopian tube is the open, funnel-shaped portion near the ovary? what are the moving finger-like processes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the central region of the fallopian tube? what is the narrowest portion that joins the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal site of fertilization in the female? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| histologically, how many layers are there in the uterine tube? name them going from deepest to most superficial |
|
Definition
3
-mucosa, muscularis, serosa |
|
|
Term
| How many days after ovulation does a zygote reach the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 subdivisions of the uterus going from superior to inferior? |
|
Definition
| -fundus, body, isthmus, cervix |
|
|
Term
| The uterus normally projects _________ and _________ to the urinary bladder in a position called _________ |
|
Definition
-anterior
-superior
-anteroflexion |
|
|
Term
| Histologically, what are the three subdivisions of the uterus? |
|
Definition
-outer perimetrium
-middle myometrium
-inner endometrium (stratum functionalis- shed during menstruation, and stratum basalis- gives rise to a new SF after each menstruation) |
|
|
Term
| What is the uterine artery a branch of? What are the ovarian arteries branches of? |
|
Definition
-internal iliac
-abdominal aorta |
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers of the vagina? |
|
Definition
| -mucosal, muscularis, and adventitia (a loose connective tissue that binds it to other organs) |
|
|
Term
| The mucosa contains large stores of ________ which decompose and set up an _________ environment for the sperm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two terms that are used to refer to the external genitalia of the female? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fatty pad over the pubis symphysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the diamond shaped area between the thighs and the buttocks in both males and females that contains the external genitals and anus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the boundaries of the perineum? |
|
Definition
| pubic symphysis and coccyx |
|
|
Term
| What are the two triangles of the perineum and each of their contents? |
|
Definition
-urogenital: contains external genitals
-anal: contains anus |
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the deep pouch that occurs in women between the uterus and rectum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What form the largest components of the bowl shaped structure known as the pelvic diaphragm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone released by the hypothalamus controls the female reproductive cycle? Of what does it stimulate the release? |
|
Definition
-GnRH
-FSH and LH by the anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| The spike in what hormone around day 14 of the menstrual cycle is responsible for ovulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of LH and FSH? |
|
Definition
-LH- stimulates ovulation and promotes formation of corpus luteum (which secretes estrogens, progesterone, relaxin and inhibin)
-FSH- initiates growth of follicles that secrete estrogen |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of abortion? |
|
Definition
| the delivery of loss of the products of conception before the 20th week of pregnancy |
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