Term
| What are the 5 major compartments of the head? |
|
Definition
-Cranial cavity: LARGEST--> brain and meninges
-Ears: most of middle and inner is contained in the temporal bone
-Nasal cavities: upper part of the respiratory tract, continuous with the sinuses
-Oral cavity: separated from the nasal cavities by the hard and soft palate
-orbits |
|
|
Term
| What is significant about the infratemporal fossa? (location and what passes through) |
|
Definition
-its between the posterior rams of the mandible and the lateral plate of the pterygoid process
-CN 5 (trigeminal, chewing muscles) passes through this fossa |
|
|
Term
| Where is the pterygopalatine fossa located and what passes through it? |
|
Definition
-posterior to the maxilla
-maxillary division of CN 5 (trigeminal) passes through |
|
|
Term
| How many cranial bones and how many facial bones are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All of the bones of the skull are attached to each other by _______(type of joint)______. Which bone is an exception to this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can the cranium be subdivided? |
|
Definition
-upper part: calvaria
-lower part: facial skeleton |
|
|
Term
| Name the bones of the calvaria |
|
Definition
-temporal
-parietal
-frontal
-sphenoid
-ethmoid
-occipital |
|
|
Term
| Name the bones of the facial skeleton |
|
Definition
-nasal bones
-palatine
-lacrimal
-zygomatic
-maxillae
-inferior nasal conchae
-vomer |
|
|
Term
| Mandible ______ part of the cranium _____ part of the facial skeleton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What passes through the foramen spinosum? on what bone is it located? |
|
Definition
the middle meningeal artery (lesion can cause extradural hematoma)
-sphenoid bone |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the foramen ovale? on what bone is it located? |
|
Definition
part of CN 5 (trigeminal), the mandibular branch
-sphenoid |
|
|
Term
| WHat passes through the carotid foramen (canal)? on what bone is it located? |
|
Definition
the internal carotid artery
-temporal bone |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the stylomastoid foramen? on what bone is it located? |
|
Definition
CN 7 (facial)
-temporal bone |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the jugular foramen? on what bone is it located? |
|
Definition
the jugular vein
-temporal bone |
|
|
Term
| Which bone forms the base of the skull and looks like a butterfly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pterygoid processes are a part of which bone? What are they a site of attachment for? |
|
Definition
-sphenoid bone
-site of attachment for jaw muscles |
|
|
Term
| On what bone is the sella turcica located? What is significant about it? |
|
Definition
-sphenoid bone
-it is where the pituitary sits
*for picture see slide 18 |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the superior orbital fissure? on what bone is it located? |
|
Definition
-Nerves that innervate the muscles of the eye (CN 3- occulomotor, CN4 trochlear, and CN 6 abducens)
-CN 5 trigeminal, ophthalmic division
-located on sphenoid |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the foramen rotundum? on what bone is it located? |
|
Definition
CN 5 trigeminal, maxillary division
-located on sphenoid |
|
|
Term
| The body of the sphenoid contains what? what plane can this best be viewed from? |
|
Definition
-the sphenoid sinuses
-the frontal plane |
|
|
Term
| The greater and lesser wings are a part of which bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What passes through the optic foramen? What bone is it located on? |
|
Definition
-ophthalmic artery and optic nerve (CN 2) pass as the exit cranial cavity and enter the orbit
-sphenoid bone |
|
|
Term
| What bone forms part of the anterior portion of the cranial floor, the medial wall of the orbits, the superior portion of the nasal septum and most of the superior side walls of the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On what bone is the crista galli located and what is its function? |
|
Definition
| on the ethmoid bone and attaches to the membranes that cover the brane |
|
|
Term
| On what bone is the cribiform plate located? What is significant about it? |
|
Definition
| The ethmoid bone, it is where the sensation of smell comes from |
|
|
Term
| The lateral masses of the ethmoid bone contain what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone forms what? |
|
Definition
| the upper part of the nasal septum |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the superior and middle nasal concha or turbinates of the ethmoid bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat bone forms the sides and roof of cranial cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the temporal bone helps form the zygomatic arch? |
|
Definition
| the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which meets the temporal process of the zygomatic bone to form the arch |
|
|
Term
| On what bone is the mandibular fossa located? What is significant about it? |
|
Definition
-temporal bone
-where TMJ occurs (therefore site of TMJ syndrome) |
|
|
Term
| On what bone is the petrous portion located? What passes through? |
|
Definition
-the temporal bone
-CN 8 (auditory/vestibulocochlear) |
|
|
Term
| What part of the occipital bone sits on the atlas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the external occipital protuberance a site of attachment for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On what bone are the superior and inferior nuchal lines located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the spinal cord passes superiorly through the _________/_______ on the __________ bone to become the brainstem |
|
Definition
-foramen magnum
-occipital |
|
|
Term
| What are the three processes of the zygomatic bone? what does each articulate with? |
|
Definition
-maxillary process: articulates with zygomatic process of the maxilla
-frontal process: articulates with zygomatic process of the frontal bone
-temporal process: articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone |
|
|
Term
| What bone is considered the cheek bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What other bone besides the sphenoid forms part of the lateral wall of the orbit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of the lateral surface of the mandible provides attachment for what muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of the ramus of the mandible? What are its two processes? |
|
Definition
-quadrangular
-condylar and coronoid processes |
|
|
Term
| What are the alveolar processes of the mandible for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two foramen on the mandible? What runs through them? |
|
Definition
the mandibular and mental
-mental foramen: mental nerve and vessels |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 movements of the mandible? |
|
Definition
-protrusion
-retraction
-elevation
-depression |
|
|
Term
| What muscles are involved in protrusion of the mandible? |
|
Definition
| lateral pterygoid assisted by medial pterygoid |
|
|
Term
| what muscles are involved in retraction of the mandible? |
|
Definition
| -temporalis, masseter, geniohyoid, digastric |
|
|
Term
| what muscles are involved in elevation of the mandible? |
|
Definition
| temporalis, masseter, and medial pterygoid |
|
|
Term
| what muscles are involved in depression of the mandible? |
|
Definition
digastric, geniohyoid, and mylohyoid muscles
-also gravity |
|
|
Term
| Which foramen is located on the maxillae? what processes? what passes through the foramen? |
|
Definition
-the infraorbital foramen : infraorbital nerves and vessels
-alveolar processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dense connective tissue-membrane-filled spaces between the cranial bones of fetuses and infants |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 major functions of the fontanels? |
|
Definition
-enable the fetal skull to modify its size and shape as it passes through the birth canal
-permit rapid growth of the brain during infancy |
|
|
Term
| What are the major fontanels? |
|
Definition
| -anterior, posterior, anterolaterals, and posterolaterals |
|
|
Term
| What does the lamboid suture unit? |
|
Definition
| the parietal and occipital bones |
|
|
Term
| what does the sagittal suture unite? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the coronal suture unite? |
|
Definition
| the frontal bone with both parietal bones |
|
|
Term
| what does the squamous suture unite? |
|
Definition
| the parietal and temporal bones |
|
|
Term
| What CN are the muscles of facial expression innervated by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Orbicularis oculi O,I,N,F |
|
Definition
O= medial palpebral ligament
I= lateral palpebral raphe
N= Facial nerve (CN 7)
F= closes the eyelids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O= maxilla, lateral to nose
I=aponeurosis across dorsum of nose and alar cartilage of nose
N= CN 7, facial
F= compresses nasal aperture and draws cartilage downward laterally opening nostril |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O= nasal bone and lateral nasal cartilage
I= skin of forehead between eyebrows
N= CN 7, facial
F= draws down the medial angle of the eyebrows producing transverse wrinkles over the bridge of your nose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O= mandible inferior to incisors
I= skin of chin
N= CN 7, facial
F= raises and protrudes lower lip as it wrinkles the skin on the chin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O= fascia over the masseter muscle
I= skin at the corner of the mouth
N= CN 7, facial
F= retracts the corner of the mouth |
|
|
Term
| Zygomaticus major O,I,N,F |
|
Definition
O= posterior part of lateral surface of zygomatic bone
I= skin at the corner of mouth
N= CN 7, facial
F= draws the corner of the mouth upward and laterally |
|
|
Term
| Zygomaticus minor O,I,N,F |
|
Definition
O= anterior part o the lateral surface of the zygomatic bone
I= upper lip just medial to the corner of the mouth
N= facial nerve CN7
O= draws the upper lip upward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O= from muscles in area, maxilla and mandible in midline
I= forms eclipse around mouth
N= CN 7 facial
F= closes and protrudes lips |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O= posterior parts of maxilla and mandible
I= blends with orbicularis oris into lips
N= facial nerve CN 7
F= presses cheeks against teeth, compresses distended cheeks |
|
|
Term
| occipitofrontalis (frontal belly) O,I,N,F |
|
Definition
O= skin of eyebrows
I= into galea aponeurotic a
N= facial CN 7
F= wrinkles forehead, raises eyebrows |
|
|
Term
| occipitofrontalis (occipital belly) O,I,N,F |
|
Definition
O= lateral part of superior nuchal line and mastoid process of temporal bone
I= into galea aponeurotica
N= CN 7 facial
F= draws scalp backward |
|
|
Term
| Where do the deep temporal nerves originate from? |
|
Definition
| Mandibular branch V3 (the third part of CN V) |
|
|
Term
| What do the zygomaticotemporal nerves originate from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The maxillary and middle temporal arteries are branches of what major artery? |
|
Definition
| The external carotid artery |
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of mastication? |
|
Definition
| CN 5, trigeminal the mandibular branch |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 muscles of mastication? |
|
Definition
-masseter
-temporalis
-medial and lateral pterygoid |
|
|
Term
| What is the function, innervation, and blood supply to the temporal is muscle? |
|
Definition
-powerful elevator of the mandible
-deep temporal nerve from V3 (mandibular branch)
-blood supply from deep temporal arteries |
|
|
Term
| THe muscles that move the mandible (mastication) arise from where and insert where? |
|
Definition
| generally: O=skull, I= mandible |
|
|
Term
| What is the function and innervation of the masseter muscle? |
|
Definition
-elevates mandible
-CN V3 (mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve) |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about the articular surfaces of the TMJ? |
|
Definition
| unlike most synovial joints where the articular surfaces are covered by hyaline cartilage those of the TMJ are covered by fibrocartilage |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the lateral pterygoid? O and I? |
|
Definition
protracts mandible
from sphenoid to condyle of mandible |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the medial pterygoid? o and I? |
|
Definition
elevates and protracts the mandible
sphenoid bone to the angle of mandible |
|
|
Term
| together what do the pterygoid muscles do? |
|
Definition
| move jaw side to side to grind food |
|
|
Term
| What are the three branches of mandibular nerve V3? |
|
Definition
-nerve to medial pterygoid
-anterior branch
-posterior branch |
|
|
Term
| Where does the posterior branch of V3 go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which nerve carries taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and parasympathetic innervation to the salivary glands? where does this nerve originate? |
|
Definition
-chorda tympani
-facial nerve CN 7 |
|
|
Term
| Which nerve carries parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland? WHere does it originate? |
|
Definition
-lesser petrosal
-glossopharyngeal nerve CN 9 |
|
|
Term
| Which nerve is responsible for Bell's Palsy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHich nerve is one of the largest branches of V3 and receives sensory information from the skin over the mandible? |
|
Definition
-inferior alveolar nerve
-dental anesthesia |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest branch of the external carotid artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHere does the maxillary artery originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 4 things for which the maxillary artery is the major source of blood |
|
Definition
-nasal cavity
-roof of the oral cavity
-all teeth
-dura mater in the cranial cavity |
|
|
Term
| Name 5 branches of the maxillary artery |
|
Definition
-middle meningeal
-inferior alveolar
-deep auricular
-anterior tympanic
-accessory meningeal |
|
|
Term
| Small emissary veins connect the pterygoid plexus in the infra temporal fossa to the ____________/_________ in the cranial cavity. What are 2 significant facts about this route of blood flow? |
|
Definition
-cavernous sinus
-they are a route by which infections from the teeth can spread to the cranial cavity
-there are no valves in the veins of the head and neck and anesthetic injected under pressure into the veins of pterygoid plexus can back flow into tissue or into the cranial cavity |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest of the 3 salivary glands in the head? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 things produced by the parotid gland? |
|
Definition
| a watery secretion and amylase |
|
|
Term
| What is significant about tumors of the parotid gland? |
|
Definition
| they are usually benign and they usually have a relationship to the facial nerve (facial nerve becomes irritated, lots of pain) |
|
|
Term
| can stones develop in the parotid gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve passes through the parotid gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what innervates the parotid gland? |
|
Definition
| the auricotemporal branch of the mandibular nerve V3 (exits skull through foramen ovale) |
|
|
Term
| Innervation of the face develops from ___________ arches 1 and 2. What develops from each arch? |
|
Definition
-pharyngeal
-first arch: trigeminal CN 5 (V1 ophthalmic, V2 maxillary, V3, mandibular)
-second arch: facial nerve (CN7) |
|
|
Term
| What foramen does the facial nerve pass through? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 terminal groups of branches of the facial nerve? |
|
Definition
-temporal
-zygomatic
-buccal
-marginal mandibular
-cervical |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary artery of the face? what are its two terminal branches? |
|
Definition
the external carotid
-transverse facial and maxillary |
|
|
Term
| what branch of the internal carotid artery supplies the face? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What artery is responsible for the pulse that can be felt just anterior to the masseter muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major vein draining the face? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F there are no valves in the facial vein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 groups of lymph nodes on the face? |
|
Definition
| the submental, submandibular, and pre-auricular(and parotid) |
|
|
Term
| What composes the scalp? (think of the mnemonic) |
|
Definition
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurotic layer
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the scalp anterior to the ears? |
|
Definition
| branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN 5) |
|
|
Term
| what innervates the scalp posterior to the ears? |
|
Definition
| cervical nerves from C2 and C3 |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main arteries that supply the scalp? |
|
Definition
| the external carotid and the ophthalmic (which is a branch of the internal carotid) |
|
|
Term
| Which vein drains the lateral area of the scalp? the area posterior to the ear? the posterior scalp? |
|
Definition
-superficial temporal
-posterior auricular
-occiptal |
|
|
Term
| What is the lymphatic drainage in the occipital region of the scalp? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphatics from the upper part of the scalp drain in two directions, what are they? |
|
Definition
-posterior to the vertex of the head into the MASTOID nodes
-anterior to the vertex of the head to the PRE-AURICULAR and PAROTID nodes |
|
|
Term
| What bones form the roof of the orbit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bones form the lateral wall of the orbit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bones form the floor of the orbit? |
|
Definition
| maxilla, zygomatic, and sphenoid |
|
|
Term
| what bones form the medial wall of the orbit? |
|
Definition
| maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, and sphenoid |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the space between the eyelids when they are open called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the layers of the eyelids from anterior to posterior (5) |
|
Definition
-skin
-subcutaneous layer
-voluntary muscle
-orbital septum
-tarsus and levator palpebrae superioris
-conjunctiva |
|
|
Term
| In the eyelid, what accounts for the accumulation of fluid when an injury occurs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat muscle closes the eyelid? what cranial nerve innervates it? |
|
Definition
-obicularis oculi
-CN 7 (facial) |
|
|
Term
| What is the thin membrane which covers the posterior surface of the eyelids and is reflected on to the anterior surface of the eyeball? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gives form to and supports the eyelids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which glands secrete fluid to keep the eye lids from adhering to each other? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which nerve innervates the levator palpebrae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the diameter of an eyeball? What fraction of eyeball is inside the orbit and protected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which glands are found at the base of the eyelashes? What is formed when these become obstructed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensory innervation of the eyelid all is from what nerve? |
|
Definition
| branches of the trigeminal nerve |
|
|
Term
| Motor innervation of the eyeball is from what nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nerve innervates the levator palpebrae superioris? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loss of innervation of the _________/_________ from CN ____ causes an inability to close the eyelid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| loss of innervation of the _______/___________/_________ by CN _____ causes an inability to open the superior eyelid causing ____________ |
|
Definition
-levator palpebrae superioris
-CN 3
-ptosis |
|
|
Term
| loss of innervation of the ________/_________ muscle by ________ fibers causes a partial ptosis |
|
Definition
-superior tarsal
-sympathetic |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the bactericidal enzyme found in tears? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What passes through the optic canal? on what bone is it located? |
|
Definition
optic nerve and ophthalmic artery
-sphenoid |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the superior orbital fissure? on what bone is it located? |
|
Definition
-superior and inferior branches of CN's III, IV, and VI
- sphenoid |
|
|
Term
| WHat passes through the inferior orbital fissure? what does it separate? What are the borders? |
|
Definition
-maxillary nerve of CN V
-infraorbital vessels
-separates the lateral wall of the orbit from the floor
-borders are the greater wing of the sphenoid, the maxilla, palatine, and zygomatic bones |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the infraorbital foramen? |
|
Definition
| a branch of the maxillary nerve and vessels |
|
|
Term
| What is the layer of fascia that encloses a major part of the eyeball called? What are its attachments? |
|
Definition
-fascial sheath
-posteriorly attached to the sclera at the point of entrance of the optic nerve
-anteriorly attached to the sclera
-as the muscles approach the eyeball the fascia surrounding each muscle blends with the fascial sheath |
|
|
Term
| Describe the suspensory ligament |
|
Definition
-a specialized lower part of the fascial sheath
-sling-like
-made of the fascial sheath and contributions from the two inferior ocular muscles and the medial and lateral ocular muscles |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main parts of the external (outer) ear? |
|
Definition
| auricle, external auditory canal, and eardrum (tympanic membrane) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main parts of the middle ear? |
|
Definition
-auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes)
-auditory tube (pharyngotympanic) |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the inner ear? |
|
Definition
-semicircular ducts
-utricle
-saccule
-cochlea |
|
|
Term
| What do the ceruminous glands in the external ear produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THe auditory tube leads to the ______________. what does it help to do? |
|
Definition
-nasopharynx
-helps to equalize pressure on both sides of eardrum |
|
|
Term
| THe mucous membrane lining the _________/_______cells is continuous with the mucous membrane throughout the middle ear. THerefore infections in the middle ear can spread easily to the _________ area. |
|
Definition
-mastoid air cells
-mastoid |
|
|
Term
| What are the two muscles of the middle ear? what is their function? |
|
Definition
-stapedius m inserts onto stapes. it prevents very large vibrations of stapes from loud noises
-tensor tympani m attaches to malleus. limits movement of malleus and stiffens eardrum to prevent damage |
|
|
Term
| What part of the inner ear is a series of cavities in the petrous portion of the temporal bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea which contain receptors for equilibrium? |
|
Definition
| semicircular canals and vestibule |
|
|
Term
| of the semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea which contains receptors for hearing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the bony labyrinth is line with __________ and contains a fluid called __________. This fluid is chemically similar to ______ and surrounds the ___________/____________ |
|
Definition
-periosteum
-perilymph
-CSF
-membranous labyrinth |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the membranous labyrinth? |
|
Definition
-utricle
-saccule
-ampulla
-3 semicircular ducts
-cochlea |
|
|
Term
| WHat are the boundaries of the temporal fossa? |
|
Definition
-Superiorly limited by the temporal lines
-laterally by the temporal fascia
-anteriorly by the frontal process of the zygomatic bone
-inferiorly by the zygomatic arch |
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the temporal fossa? |
|
Definition
| the temporal is muscle and CN V2 |
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the infratemporal fossa? |
|
Definition
-sphenomandibular ligament
-medial and lateral pterygoid muscles
-maxillary artery
-CN V
-branches of CN VII (facial)
-glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) |
|
|
Term
| What are the borders of the infratemporal fossa? |
|
Definition
-roof: inferior surfaces of the greater wing of the sphenoid and temporal bone
-lateral: medial surface of the ramus of the mandible
-medial: anteriorly by the lateral plate of the pterygoid process and by the pharynx and two muscles of the soft palate
-anterior: posterior surface of the maxilla |
|
|
Term
| WHat forms the walls of the pterygopalatine fossa? |
|
Definition
-anterior: the posterior surface of the maxilla
-medial: lateral surface of the palatine
-posterior wall and roof: parts of the sphenoid |
|
|
Term
| How many foramina and fissures provide apertures through which structures enter and leave the pterygopalatine fossa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the pterygopalatine fossa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two nerves going to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal? |
|
Definition
-greater petrosal nerve (branch of the facial nerve)
-deep petrosal nerve (branch of the internal carotid plexus) |
|
|
Term
| The nerve of the pterygoid canal joins the pterygopalatine ganglion and carries preganglionic _____________ and post ganglion ____________ fibers. |
|
Definition
-parasympathetic
-sympathetic |
|
|
Term
| WHat does the greater petrosal nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
-carries parasympathetic innervation to all glands above the oral fissure
-carries 2/3 of taste from the soft palate |
|
|
Term
| What does the deep petrosal nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
| carries postganglionic sympathetic fibers for blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| A lesion anywhere along the course of the parasympathetic fibers that leave the brain as part of the facial nerve and are carried to the lacrimal gland along branches of the ophthalmic nerve (V1) results in ____/_____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the maxillary artery a major branch of? |
|
Definition
| The external carotid artery in the neck |
|
|
Term
| WHat are primary brain injuries? |
|
Definition
-shearing deceleration forces within the brain (usually not repairable)
-penetrating injuries |
|
|
Term
| What are secondary injuries of the head? |
|
Definition
-sequelae of the initial trauma: scalp laceration, fracture of the cranial vault, disruption of intracerebral arteries and veins, edema, infection
-usually can be treated |
|
|
Term
| What is an extradural hemorrhage? |
|
Definition
| -tearing of the branches of the middle meningeal artery. blood collects between the periosteal layer of the dura and the calavaria. |
|
|
Term
| what is a subdural hematoma? |
|
Definition
| -develops between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater. |
|
|
Term
| what causes a subarachnoid hemorrhage? |
|
Definition
| ruptured intracerebral aneurysm |
|
|
Term
| What is the best scale to access a patient that is alert and those in a coma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 treatments of head injury? |
|
Definition
-prevent swelling
-IV corticosteroids
-surgical removal |
|
|
Term
| Which side of the neck is higher, posterior or anterior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three compartments of the neck and their contents |
|
Definition
-vertebral: cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, cervical nerves and muscles
-visceral: thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, parts of respiratory and digestive tracts
-vascular: blood vessels and vagus nerve |
|
|
Term
| Posteriorly the inferior limit of the neck can be approximated by what? |
|
Definition
| a line between the acromion and spinous process of CVII |
|
|
Term
| What form the superior borders of the neck? |
|
Definition
| inferior margins of the mandible and bone features on the posterior aspect of the skull |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the upper part of the lower airway called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three divisions of the pharynx? |
|
Definition
-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx |
|
|
Term
| What is the position of the larynx and trachea in respect to the digestive tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do the cartilage rings go all the way around the trachea? |
|
Definition
| no, its smooth muscle on the posterior side |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the anterior triangle? |
|
Definition
| sternocleidomastoid muscle, inferior border of the mandible, and midline of the neck |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the posterior triangle of the neck? |
|
Definition
| posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid, anterior border of the trapezius, and midline 1/3 of the clavicle |
|
|
Term
| Sounds produced by the ______ are modified in the _______ and _________/________ to produce speech |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happened at the level of CIII/CIV with respect to the common carotid artery? |
|
Definition
| at the superior border of the thyroid cartilage at this level the common carotid bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries |
|
|
Term
| What happens at the level of CV/CVI in the neck? |
|
Definition
| marks the lower limit of the pharynx and larynx and the superior limit of the trachea and esophagus |
|
|
Term
| What cranial nerve descends through the neck and into the thorax and abdomen where it innervates viscera? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic fibers in the head are carried out of the brain via which four cranial nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THe anterior rami of which cervical nerves form the cervical plexus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The major branches from the cervical plexus supply what? |
|
Definition
-the strap muscles
-the diaphragm (phrenic nerve)
-skin on the anterior and lateral parts of the neck
-skin on the upper anterior thoracic wall
-skin on the inferior parts of the head |
|
|
Term
| which cervical nerves form the brachial plexus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a common chamber for the digestive and respiratory tracts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be accessed through the oral cavity by intubation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be accessed through the nasal cavity by a feeding tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normally the ______/______ and ________ act as valves to prevent food and liquid from entering the lower part of the respiratory tract? |
|
Definition
| soft palate and epiglottis |
|
|
Term
| the superficial fascia in the neck contains a thin sheet of muscle called the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 layers of the deep cervical fascia ad what do they surround? |
|
Definition
-investing layer surrounds all structures in the neck
-prevertebral layer surround the vertebral column and the deep muscles of the back
-pretracheal layer encloses the viscera of the neck
-carotid sheaths receive a contribution from the other layers and surround the two major neurovascular bundles on either side of the neck |
|
|
Term
| What are the three fascial spaces of the neck that provide a conduit for the spread of infections from the neck to the mediastinum? |
|
Definition
-pretracheal space
-retropharyngeal space
-third space (fascial space within the pre vertebral layer) |
|
|
Term
| What muscle does the external jugular vein pass superficial to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the external and anterior jugular veins drain to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two muscles divide the neck into anterior and posterior triangles? |
|
Definition
| trapezius and sternocleidomastoid |
|
|
Term
| what are the boundaries of the anterior triangle? |
|
Definition
-median vertical line of the neck
-inferior margin of the mandible
-anterior margin of the SCM |
|
|
Term
| what are the boundaries of the posterior triangle? |
|
Definition
-middle 1/3 of the clavicle
-anterior margin of trap
-posterior margin of SCM |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the strap muscles? |
|
Definition
| position the larynx and the hyoid bone |
|
|
Term
| What are the vessels of the anterior triangle? (4) |
|
Definition
-common carotid
-external and internal carotid
-internal jugular vein |
|
|
Term
| What are the origins of the right common carotid and the left common carotid? |
|
Definition
right: brachiocephalic trunk
left: begins as a branch of the aorta |
|
|
Term
| At what anatomical landmark do the common carotids divide into external and internal carotid arteries? |
|
Definition
| near the thyroid cartilage (adam's apple) in the carotid triangle |
|
|
Term
| What is the carotid sinus |
|
Definition
| located at the dilation of the carotid bifurcation, contains receptors that monitor BP |
|
|
Term
| what innervates the carotids? |
|
Definition
| glossopharyngeal nerve (CN 9) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the carotid body? |
|
Definition
| contains an accumulation of receptors that are responsible for detecting changes in blood chemistry oxygen content. innervated by CN 9 and 10 |
|
|
Term
| What does the internal carotid artery supply? |
|
Definition
| the cerebral hemispheres, the eyes, and the forehead |
|
|
Term
| The internal jugular vein begins as a continuation of the ________/_______. It exits at the _________/_______ with CN's ____/____/_____ and enters the _________/________ |
|
Definition
sigmoid sinus
jugular foramen
9,10,11
carotid sheath |
|
|
Term
| what does the internal jugular vein drain to? |
|
Definition
| R or L brachiocephalic vein |
|
|
Term
| What do the ansa cervalis loops of nerve fibers from C1-C3 innervate? |
|
Definition
| muscles in the anterior triangle of the neck |
|
|
Term
| What is the first branch of the external carotid and what does it supply? |
|
Definition
| the superior thyroid artery, supplies the thyroid |
|
|
Term
| What is the inferior thyroid artery a branch of? |
|
Definition
| the thyrocervical trunk from the subclavian |
|
|
Term
| Describe the recurrent laryngeal nerve. What is it a branch of? What is its path to enter the larynx? |
|
Definition
-branch from the vagus
-innervates the thyroid
-loops around the subclavian on the right and the aortic arch on the left to enter the larynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a thyroid insufficiency due to the lack of iodine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sternocleidomastoid O,I,N,F |
|
Definition
O= manubrium and clavicle
I= mastoid process and superior nuchal line
N= CN XI and rami of C2 and C3 (C4)
F= individually will tilt head toward shoulder on the same side, rotating the head to turn face to the opposite side. Together: draw head forward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O= C7-T12 spinous processes, ligamentun nuchae
I= clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
N= CN 11
F= elevation, adduction, and depression of scapula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O= transverse processes of C1-C4
I= upper part of medial border of scapula
N= Dorsal scapular nerve and C3,C4
F= elevates scapula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O= ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII-TIV
I= mastoid process, superior nuchal line
N= posterior rami of middle cervical nerves
F= together: draw head backwards, individually: draw and rotate head to one side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O= cervical vertebrae
I= ribs
N= anterior rami of Cervical nerves
F= elevation of ribs |
|
|
Term
| What major vein passes through the posterior triangle? |
|
Definition
| the external jugular vein |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 of the major arteries in the posterior triangle? |
|
Definition
| the first part of the subclavian and the thyrocervical trunk |
|
|
Term
| What nerves pass through the posterior triangle? |
|
Definition
-accessory nerve
-branches of the cervical plexus
-parts of the brachial plexus |
|
|
Term
| What are the anterior and posterior borders of the root of the neck? |
|
Definition
-anterior: top of the manubrium, the sternum, and superior margin of the clavicle
-posterior: top of the thoracic vertebra T1 and superior margin of the scapula to the coracoid process |
|
|
Term
| Where do the right and left subclavian arteries branch from? |
|
Definition
R: begins as one of the two terminal branches of the brachiocephalic trunk
L: begins as a branch of the arch of the aorta |
|
|
Term
| What is the first branch of the subclavian artery? what is significant about the branches of the subclavian? |
|
Definition
-vertebral artery
-all subsequent branches of the subclavian artery arise from the vertebral artery |
|
|
Term
| how does the vertebral artery travel? |
|
Definition
| up through the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th branches of the subclavian? |
|
Definition
| thyrocervical, internal thoracic, costocervical |
|
|
Term
| What are the nerves of the root of the neck? |
|
Definition
-phrenic
-vagus
-recurrent laryngeal (branches of vagus)
-cervical part of the sympathetic trunk |
|
|
Term
| what contributes to the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglion? |
|
Definition
-superior: C1-C4
-middle: C5-C6
-inferior: C7-T1 |
|
|
Term
| What is the major lymphatic duct of the neck? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If lymph nodes are enlarged and sore it is indicative of __________. If lymph nodes are enlarged and not sore it is indicative of ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the innervation and function of the constrictor muscles of the pharyngeal wall? |
|
Definition
-CNX
-function to constrict pharynx |
|
|
Term
| What is the innervation and function of the longitudinal muscles of the pharyngeal wall? |
|
Definition
-Innervation: stylopharyngeus CN IX, salpingopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus CN X
-function to elevate the pharynx |
|
|
Term
| Where does the nasopharynx extend from and to? what passes through? |
|
Definition
-from conchae to soft palate
-passageway for air only |
|
|
Term
| where does the oropharynx extend from and to? what is it a passageway for? |
|
Definition
from soft palate to epiglottis
common passageway for food and air |
|
|
Term
| where does the laryngopharynx extend from and to? what passes through? what does it end as? |
|
Definition
-from epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
-common passageway for food and air
-ends as esophagus inferiorly |
|
|
Term
| Which nerves form the pharyngeal plexus? |
|
Definition
| CN IX, X, and branches from the external and superior laryngeal branch of the vagus |
|
|
Term
| The larynx is suspended from the ________ bone above and attached to the _______below by membranes and ligaments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 functions of the larynx? |
|
Definition
| part of the respiratory tract and an instrument to produce sound |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 unpaired cartilages in the larynx?? |
|
Definition
| circoid (ring attached to top of trachea), thyroid (adams apple), and epiglottis |
|
|
Term
| What are the false and true vocal cords in the larynx? |
|
Definition
false= ventricular folds
true= vocal folds |
|
|
Term
| What are the arteries of the larynx? |
|
Definition
| superior and inferior laryngeal arteries |
|
|
Term
| what are the nerves of the larynx? |
|
Definition
-superior laryngeal nerves
-recurrent laryngeal nerve |
|
|
