Term
| Two Anatomic Divisons of the Nervous System |
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Definition
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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Term
| What does the Central Nervous System consist of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the central nervous system responsible for? |
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Definition
| integrating, processing, and coordinating sensory data and motor commands |
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Term
| Other functions of the central nervous system include what? |
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Definition
| intelligence, memory, learning, and emotions |
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Term
| What does the peripheral nervous system consist of |
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Definition
| all the neural tissue outside of the central nervous system. |
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Term
| What does the peripheral nervous system do? |
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Definition
| delivers sensory info to the central nervous system and sends motor commands to peripheral tissues and organs |
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Term
| What does the peripheral nervous system include? |
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Definition
cranial nerves (attached to brain)
spinal nerves (attached to spinal cord) |
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Term
| What is peripheral nervous system divided into? |
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Definition
| afferent and efferent divisons |
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Term
| What does the afferent divison do? |
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Definition
| delivers sensory info into the central nervous system from tissue receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory structures that detect changes in internal enviroment, or respond to stimuli |
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Term
| What are examples of receptors? |
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Definition
eyes
dendrites
neurons
specialized cells |
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Term
| What does the efferent divison do? |
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Definition
| carries out motor commands from the central nervous system to muscles, glands, and adipose tissues |
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Term
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Definition
responds to command and
carries out motor commands from central nervous system to muscles, glands, and adipose tissue |
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Term
| What is the somatic nervous system (SNS) |
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Definition
| controls skeletal muscle contractions (the ones you think about) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
automatic responces controlled subconsciously
(reflexes; hot stove) |
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Term
| Structures of nerons include... |
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Definition
A. Cell body (soma)
B. Dendrites
C. Axon
D. Synapse
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Term
| What does the cell body (soma) contain? |
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Definition
| nucleus and cytoplasm and what is around nucleus which is perikaryon |
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Term
| What does perikaryon contain? |
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Definition
| clusters of RER and free ribosomes called nissle bodies which give gray matter its color |
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Term
Can central nervous system neurons divide?
If so how? |
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Definition
No it cannot divide (no centrioles)
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Term
| Where are adult stem cells active? |
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Definition
| only in the nose to replace smell receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| extend out from cell body |
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Term
| Are dendrites highly branched? |
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Definition
| yes, they each also have dendritic spines |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How much surface area do dendrites cover? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| long cytoplasmic process capable of propagating electrical impulse (action potiental) |
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Term
| What does the axon include? |
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Definition
A. axoplasm
B. axolemma
C. axon hillock
D. collaterals
E. telodendria
F. synaptic terminals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| plasma membrane of axon covered in either interstitial fluid or processes of neuroglia |
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Term
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Definition
| connects initial segment of axon to cell body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| site where one neuron communicate w/ another through the release of neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| sends messages by releasing neurotransmitters in synaptic vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
| recieve the message (can be a neuron or different type of cell) |
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Term
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Definition
| the cell bodies produce neurotransmitters moved along neurotubules in axon by "molecular motor" |
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Term
| What is axoplasmic transport? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| from the cell body to the synapse |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| small, can't tell axons from dendrites |
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Term
| Where are anaxonic located |
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Definition
brain and special sense organs
* also poorly understood |
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Term
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Definition
| one dendritic process, small cell body in middle and one axon on other end |
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Term
| Where are bipolar neurons located? |
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Definition
in sense organs where they relay info from sensory receptors to othe neurons
* also very rare |
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Term
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Definition
| dendrites and axon are continuous w/ cell body off to the side |
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Term
| Where are unipolar neurons found? |
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Definition
| in the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| two ir nire dendrites and one axon |
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Term
| Where are multipolar neurons most common? |
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Definition
| the central nervous system |
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Term
| What are the functional classifications of neurons? |
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Definition
Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Interneurons |
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Term
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Definition
(also called afferent neurons) delievers info from sensory receptors to the central nervous system
* unipolar |
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Term
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Definition
| monitors external enviroment and our position in it |
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Term
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Definition
| monitors internal conditions and status of organ systems |
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Term
| What are two types of sensory receptors? |
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Definition
interoceptors
exteroceptors |
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Term
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Definition
monitors internal organ system and provides sensations of taste, deep pressure, pain
*deep pressure-like having a baby |
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Term
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Definition
| info at external enviroment through touch, temp, pressure, sight, smell, hearing |
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Term
| Motor neurons (efferent neurons) |
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Definition
| carry info from CNS to effectors in tissues, organs |
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Term
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Definition
| axons going away from central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
innervate peripheral effectors other than skeletal muscles
*requires 2 different neurons
preganglionic and postganglionic |
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Term
Interneurons
(associations neurons) |
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Definition
| between motor neurons and sensory neurons in the brain, spinal cord, and some autonomic ganglia distribute sensory info and coordinate motor commands |
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Term
| Are interneurons more complex or less? |
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Definition
More complex because there are more interneurons involved
*involved in the higher functions(memory, planning, and learning) |
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Term
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Definition
| line the central canal along the spinal cord and ventricles in part of the brain that is filled with serebrospinal fluid |
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Term
| What do ependymal cells form? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| largest and most numerous in the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
1.maintain the blood brain barrier
2. have suction cup feet and wrap around capillaries to exchange nutrients
3. provide framework
4.repair damaged neural tissue
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Term
| What neuroglia are found in the central nervous system? |
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Definition
ependymal cells
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia |
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Term
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Definition
| ends of the processes wrap around the axolemma of neurons forming layers of plasma membrane celled myelin. |
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Term
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Definition
| areas of myelinated axon(white matter) |
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Term
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Definition
| gap of axon without myelin between internodes |
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Term
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Definition
| areas of cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons that have a gray color |
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Term
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Definition
least common, small, capable of movement
"clean up crew" |
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Term
| Neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
Ganglia
Satellite cells
Schwann cells
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Term
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Definition
| clusters of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system |
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Term
| satellite cells(amphicytes) |
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Definition
| regulate enviroment around neurons, surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
| form sheths around peripheral axons |
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Term
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Definition
| outer surface of schwann cell |
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Term
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Definition
Lack of O2 due to pressure can cause the axon to become unexcitable
*rubber band around wrist
also cannot recover |
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Term
| In the PNS recovery is more difficult b/c |
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Definition
more axons invloved
astrocytes produce scar tissue and chemicals that prevent regrowth of axon |
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Term
| How does action potential begin? |
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Definition
| All begins with the cell at resting potiental |
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Term
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Definition
| sum of chemical forces and electrical forces across the membrane |
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Term
| How action potential is produced? |
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Definition
| First Na+ gates open the when the cell is approx 30 mv then the channel closes the K+ channel opens causing repolarization |
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Term
| Passive channels (leak channels) |
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Definition
| always open but can change permeability based on changs in protein shape |
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Term
| Active channels (gated channels) |
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Definition
open in response to stimuli
if closed they can't reopen |
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Term
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Definition
a change in the transmembrane potiental that can be spread from the site of stimulation
*caused by the opening of gated channels |
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Term
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Definition
| a shift in resting potential that makes it more positive |
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Term
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Definition
| a shift in resting potential making the cell more negative |
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Term
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Definition
| when stimulis is removed and cell is restored to resting potential |
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Term
| If depolarization is large enough what does it cause? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cascade of transmembrane potiental that affects the entire excitable membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| membrane won't respond to additonal depolarization until hyperpolarization or resting potiental has been reached |
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Term
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Definition
| basic mechanism where an action potiental moves along unmylenated axon in steps |
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Term
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Definition
| action potiental skips pasted the internodes |
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Term
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Definition
type A fibers
type B fibers
type C fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| mylenated; senses information about position, balance, or pressure |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What do type B & C fibers do? |
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Definition
| deliver info on temp, pain, touch, and carry instructions to smooth and cardiac muscles |
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Term
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Definition
movement of action potentials from one location to another
*nerve impulse passes from presynaptic to postsynaptic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes connected by gap junctions called connexons
*in eyes and PNS ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
| may or may not cause cell to release neurotransmitters to stimulate action potential in the postsynaptic cell |
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Term
| excitatory neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| cause depolarization and promotion of action potential |
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Term
| Inhibitory neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| cause hyperpolarization and surpress action potiental |
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Term
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Definition
in brain precise, control of movement
*destructions of dopamine causes parkinsons |
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Term
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Definition
consists of endorphins, enkephalins, endomorpins, dynorphins
Relieves pain |
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Term
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Definition
| graded depolarization cause by arrival of neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| graded hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| additon of stimuli in rapid succession (poking over and over) to stimulate action potiental |
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Term
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Definition
| simultaneus stimuli have cumliative effect on membrane potiental |
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Term
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Definition
hollow tube that is filled with fluid
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Term
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Definition
prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
mesencephalon
midbrain (middle) |
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Definition
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Term
rhombencephalon
hindbrain (back) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| in each cerebral hemisphere sepreated by septum pellucidum |
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Term
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Definition
| in diencephealon; connected to lateral ventricles by interventricular foramen |
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Term
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Definition
| connected to third ventricle by aqueduct of midbrain; filled with CSF |
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Term
| How is the brain supported? |
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Definition
Cranium
Cranial meninges
CSF
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Term
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Definition
superficial layer
delievers blood to dural sinuses that empty into jugluar veins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| deepest layer; sticks tp surface of brain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| dura mater that extends into crainal cavity to provide additional support and stabilization |
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Term
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Definition
| collecting veins located in dural folds |
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Term
| Three largest dural folds |
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Definition
falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
falx cerebelli |
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Term
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Definition
| dural fold in longitudinal fissure |
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Term
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Definition
| seperate cerebellar hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| divide the two cerebellar hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
act like seat belts that hold the brain in position
CSF cushions agianst jolts and shocks |
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Term
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Definition
surrounds and bathes the central nervous system
*brain floats in it |
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Term
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Definition
| combo of specialized ependymal cells and permeable capillaries that produce CSF in ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| starts in choroid plexus then goes to ventricles and central canal where diffusion occurs across ependymacellsl |
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Term
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Definition
| runs through internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| leaves through dural sinus that empty into jugular veins |
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Term
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Definition
| neural tissue is isolated from general circulation b/c endothelial cells of capillaries are extensively bound by tight junctions restricting permibility |
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Term
| What is the blood brain barrier created by? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| controls higher thinking, conscious thought, sensation, intellect, memory, and complex movement |
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Term
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Definition
| surface of cerebrum; highly folded |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| divides frontal lobe from temporal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| divides frontal lobe from parietal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
-association fibers
-commissural fibers
-projection fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| connect axon within one cerebral hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| connect cerebral cortex to dienchephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| masses of gray matter that lie within the cerebrum near the lateral ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| surface of precentral gyrus antierior to central sulcus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| interprest incoming data or coordinate motor responses |
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Term
| somatic sensory association area |
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Definition
| monitors primary sensory cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| monitors and interprests activites in the visual cortex (the meaning of what you see) |
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Term
| Somatic motor association area |
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Definition
| coordinates learned movements; patterns of stimulation stored here |
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Term
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Definition
| recieve info from amny association areas and direct complex motor or analytical activites |
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Term
General interpretive area
(wernicke or gnostic area) |
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Definition
| recieves info from all association areas; involved in personality by intergrating info and occessing visual and auditory memories |
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Term
Speech center
(broca or motor speech area) |
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Definition
| regulates breathing patterns and speech by coordinating respitory muscles, throat muscles, and muscles of mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| coordinates relay of info from association areas to entire cortex; responsible for abstract intellect like prediction of consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| severing attachment between prefrontal lobe and rest of brain to "cure" mental illness association w/ violence or antisocial behavior |
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Term
| Hemispheric lateralization |
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Definition
| specilization of each hemisphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| has general interppretive and speech centers; responsible for language based on skills like reading, writing, and analytical tasks like math |
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Term
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Definition
| analyzes sensory info and relates to enviroment; responsible for idenification by touch, smell, taste, sight or feel |
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Term
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Definition
| adjusts postural muscles that coordinate rapid, automatic adjustment to maintain balance and equilibrum |
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Term
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Definition
| folds of cerebellar surface |
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Term
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Definition
| separates anterior and postier lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| band of cerebellar cortex that seperates cerebellar hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
| cells of cerebellarcortex whose extensively branched dedrites recieve info (gray matter) |
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Term
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Definition
"tree of life"
branching array of cerebellar white matter |
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Term
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Definition
| link cerebellum to rest of brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| intergrates sensory info with motor output at subconscious level |
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Term
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Definition
-epithalamus
-thalamus
-hypothalamus
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Term
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Definition
roof; contains chorid plexus and pineal gland(secrets melatonin)
regulates day/night cycles and reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| forms lateral walls and acts as a filter |
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Term
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Definition
| part of limbic system; emotion and motivation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| relay info from basal nuclei to cerebral cortex about touch, pressure, temperature and position |
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Term
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Definition
| relays visual info from optic tract to occipital lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| feedback loops with limbic system and parietal lobes; affects emotion and integration of sensory info |
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Term
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Definition
floor; contains centers that can be stimulated by sensory info from brain to spinal cord
**No blood brain barrier |
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Term
| hypothalamus subconsciously controls |
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Definition
| skeletal muscles association with rage, pleasure, pain, and sexural arrousal |
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Term
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Definition
| autonomic center in charge of controlling heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| nervous and endocrine functions by releasing regulatory hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| superior and inferior collicui which recieve visual and auditory info and controls eye, head, neck, and upper trunk reflexes(sudden sounds) |
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Term
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Definition
| red brm abundance of blood vessels; recieves info from cerebrum and cerebellum and effect subcouncious upper limb movement and background muscle tone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| reticular activating system (RAS) |
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Definition
| part of reticular formation; alertness attentiveness and maintain consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| continuous with spinal cord; passes info from brain to spinal cord and controls autonomic reflexes and visceral functions |
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Term
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Definition
| has nuclei with two centers; cardiovasular center and respirtory rhythmicity centers |
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Term
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Definition
nuclei and tracts that establish emotional states link conscious intellect of cerebral cortex with autonomic functionof brain stem, and facilitate memory
*makes you want to do things |
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Term
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Definition
| regulate heart rate, links emotions with memories |
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Term
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Definition
means seahorse; important in learning
*long term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| connects hippocampus to the hypothalamus |
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Term
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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Definition
| report of electrical activity in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| concentrating, under stress, or tension adult |
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Term
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Definition
| sometimes during sleep or most often in children or intensly frustrated adults |
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Term
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Definition
| deep sleep, infants, awake adults with tumor or damage to the brain |
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