Term
| What are the boundaries of the thigh region of the LE? |
|
Definition
| between the inguinal ligament and the knee |
|
|
Term
| What constitutes the ankle region of the LE? |
|
Definition
| malleoli and talocrurual joint between the malleoli |
|
|
Term
| What is the major function of the LE? Where is the COG located? |
|
Definition
-Support the body weight
-COG is anterior to the edge of SII and is slightly posterior to the hip joints anterior to the knee and ankle |
|
|
Term
| What are dorsiflexion and plantar flexion? |
|
Definition
-dorsiflexion: shove heel into the ground
-plantarflexion: go up on your toes |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 compartments of thigh muscles and their action? |
|
Definition
-Medial: adductor muscles
-Anterior: extensor muscles of the knee
-Posterior: extensor of the hip and flexor of the knee |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 major flexor muscles of the hip? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three compartments of leg muscles and their actions? |
|
Definition
-lateral: evert the foot
-anterior: dorsiflex the foot and extend the digits
-posterior: plantar flex the foot and flex the toes |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 major entry points between the lower limb and the abdomen, pelvis, and perineum? |
|
Definition
-gap btwn the inguinal ligament and pelvic bone
-greater sciatic foramen
-obturator canal
-lesser sciatic foramen |
|
|
Term
| Which muscles pass through the gap between the inguinal ligament and the pelvic bone? |
|
Definition
| -psoas major, iliacus, and pectineus |
|
|
Term
| What nerves pass through the gap between the inguinal ligament and the pelvic bone? |
|
Definition
| femoral and femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerves and the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh |
|
|
Term
| What vessels pass through the gap between the inguinal ligament and the pelvic bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ligament divides the greater and lesser sciatic foramen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What supplies the innervation to the LE? |
|
Definition
-lumbar plexus (L1-L4)
-sacral plexus (L4-S5) |
|
|
Term
| Name the dermatomes of the LE |
|
Definition
-L1: over inguinal ligament
-L2: lateral side
-L3: medial side
-L4: great toe
-L5: lateral side digit 2
-S1: little toe
-S2: back of the thigh
-S3: skin over gluteal fold
-S4&5: perineum |
|
|
Term
| What are the myotomes of the LE? |
|
Definition
-flexion of the hip is L1 and L2
-extension of the knee is L3 and L4
-knee flexion is L5-S2
-plantar flexion is S1 and S2 |
|
|
Term
| What does the patellar tendon reflex test? Calcaneal tendon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve innervates the gluteal muscles? |
|
Definition
| superior and inferior gluteal nerves |
|
|
Term
| What nerve innervates the anterior compartment? |
|
Definition
-Femoral nerve
-EXCEPTION: tensor fascia lata innervated by the superior gluteal nerve |
|
|
Term
| WHat nerve innervates the medial compartment? |
|
Definition
-Obturator
-EXCEPTION: pectineus is innervated by the femoral and part of the adductor magnus which is innervated by the tibial division of the sciatic |
|
|
Term
| What nerve innervates the posterior compartment? |
|
Definition
-Tibial part of the sciatic nerve
-EXCEPTION: the short of the biceps femurs which is innervated by the common fibular division of the sciatic nerve |
|
|
Term
| What nerve innervates the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg and muscles associated with the dorsal surface of the foot? |
|
Definition
| common fibular part of the sciatic nerve |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the common fibular nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the skin does the femoral nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
| -anterior thigh, medial side of the leg and medial side of the ankle |
|
|
Term
| What part of the skin does the obturator nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
| the medial side of the thigh |
|
|
Term
| What part of the skin does the tibial part of the sciatic nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
| -innervates the lateral side of the ankle and foot |
|
|
Term
| What part of the skin does the common fibular nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
| the lateral side of the leg and the dorsum of the foot |
|
|
Term
| What vein in the LE is often used for transplant? |
|
Definition
| the saphenous greater vein |
|
|
Term
| What 3 bones make up the bony pelvis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the bony pelvis is associated with the hamstring muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the bony pelvis provides attachment for the muscles of the medial compartment? (adductor longus, brevis, magnus, pectinous, and gracilis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the bony pelvis supports the body weight when you're sitting? |
|
Definition
| the medial part of the ishial tuberosity |
|
|
Term
| What is the nonarticular part of the acetabulum called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the articular surface of the acetabulum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What goes on at the ace tabular notch? |
|
Definition
| vessels and nerves pass through |
|
|
Term
| What type of fracture is associated with appreciable blood loss? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for when the angle of inclination between the long axis of the femoral next and the femoral shaft is decreased ? Increased? |
|
Definition
-decreased: coxa vara
-increased: coxa valga |
|
|
Term
| What type of femoral fracture is usually repaired with a plate and pin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of femoral fracture may disrupt vessels and may need operation or total hip replacement to repair? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Except for the ________ the head of the femur is covered by hyaline cartilage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the acetabular ligament due inferiorly? |
|
Definition
| bridges across the acetabular notch as the transverse acetabular ligament and converts the notch into a formaen |
|
|
Term
| What artery contributes the blood supply to the head of the femur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHere does the ligament of the head of the femur attach? |
|
Definition
| at one end to the fovea and at the other to the acetabular fossa |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 stabilizing ligaments of the hip joint? What do they do when the hip is extended? |
|
Definition
-pubofemoral anterior inferior
-ishiofemoral ligament posterior
-ilifemoral ligament (Y lig)
-become taut when the hip is extended |
|
|
Term
| What are 6 vessels that supply the hip? |
|
Definition
-obturator artery
-medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries
-superior and inferior gluteal arteries, and perforating branch of the deep artery of the thigh |
|
|
Term
| Name three nerves that innervate the hip |
|
Definition
-femoral
-obturator
-superior gluteal nerve |
|
|
Term
| What two bones make up the proximal group of tarsal bones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the talus sit on top of? What does it articulate with? |
|
Definition
-sits on top of the calcaneus
-articulates with the tibia and fibula and also the navicular on the medial side of the foot |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest of the tarsal bones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the calcaneus project anteriorly to articulate with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is classified as the intermediate tarsal bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the navicular bone articulate with? |
|
Definition
| Behind with the talus and in front and on the lateral side with the distal tarsal bones |
|
|
Term
| The navicular bone has a prominent rounded tuberosity for the attachment of what muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the nickname for the navicular bone? |
|
Definition
| The keystone bone bc it connects the talus with mid foot and forefoot |
|
|
Term
| What bones are classified as distal tarsal bones? |
|
Definition
| cuboid and cuneiforms (3) |
|
|
Term
| What does the cuboid articulate with?? |
|
Definition
| articulates behind the calcaneus and in front with the bases of the lateral two metatarsals |
|
|
Term
| What do the cuneiforms articulate with? |
|
Definition
| articulate with the navicular and in front with the bases of the medial three metatarsals |
|
|
Term
| Which metatarsal is where stress fractures are often seen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of joint is the ankle? What bones are involved? |
|
Definition
| Synovial, involves the talus of the foot and the tibia and fibula |
|
|
Term
| What are the ligaments involved with stabilizing the ankle? (5) |
|
Definition
-medial ligament parts
-tibionavicular
-tibiocalcaneal
-posterior tibiotalar
-anterior tibiotalar |
|
|
Term
| Which side of the ankle is more stable, medial or lateral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ligament is the first to break when the ankle is rolled? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The inter tarsal joints perform what actions?> |
|
Definition
| invert, evert, supinate, and pronate the foot |
|
|
Term
| What action does the subtalar joint allow? |
|
Definition
| gliding and rotation which are involved in inversion and eversion of the foot |
|
|
Term
| What action does the talocalcaneonaviulcar joint allow? |
|
Definition
| gliding and rotation movements (similar to the subtalar, are involved in inversion and eversion) |
|
|
Term
| What action does the calcaneocuboid joint allow? |
|
Definition
| sliding and rotating movements involved with inversion and eversion |
|
|
Term
| What constitutes the longitudinal arch of the foot? |
|
Definition
| formed between the posterior end of the calcaneus and the heads of the metatarsals (highest on the medial side) |
|
|
Term
| What do the intrinsic muscles of the foot do? |
|
Definition
| modify the actions of the long tendons and generate fine movements of the toes |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the intrinsic muscles of the foot? |
|
Definition
-innervated by the medial and lateral plantar branches of the tibial nerve
-EXCEPT for the extensor digitorum which is innervated by the deep fibular nerve |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the extensor digitorum brevis? |
|
Definition
| extension of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe and extension of toes II to IV |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the abductor hallucis? |
|
Definition
| abducts and flexes great toe at metatarsophalangeal joint |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the flexor digitorum brevis? |
|
Definition
| flexes the lateral 4 toes at the interphalangeal joint |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the abductor digiti minimi? |
|
Definition
| abducts little toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the quadrates plantae? |
|
Definition
| assists flexor digitorum longus tendon in flexing toes II to V |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the lumbricals? |
|
Definition
| Flexion of metatarsophalangeal joint and extension of interphalangeal joint |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the flexor hallucis brevis? |
|
Definition
| flexes metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the adductor hallucis? |
|
Definition
| adducts great toe at the metatarsophalaneal joint |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the flexor digiti minima brevis? |
|
Definition
| flexes little toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the dorsal interossei? |
|
Definition
| abduction of toes II to IV at metatarsophalangeal joints; resist extension of metatarsophalangeal joint and flexion of the interphalangeal joints |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the plantar interossei? |
|
Definition
| adduction of toes III to V at the metatarsophalangeal joints, resist extension of the metatarsophalangeal joints and flexion of the interphalangeal joint |
|
|
Term
| What are the arteries of the foot? |
|
Definition
| Posterior tibial )which breaks into the lateral and medial plantar artery) and the plantar arch |
|
|
Term
| What do the tibial nerves innervate? |
|
Definition
all intrinsic muscles of the foot
-EXCEPT for the extensor digitorum brevis which is innervated by the deep fibular |
|
|
Term
| What is Norton's neuroma? |
|
Definition
| an enlarged common plantar nerve between the third and fourth toes. When a person enters the push off phase of walking the nerve is sandwiched between the groun and the deep transverse metatarsal ligament |
|
|
Term
| Stenosis and occlusions in the lower aorta, iliac, femoral, tibial, and fibular vessels is called what? |
|
Definition
| PVD, peripheral vascular disease |
|
|
Term
| When a person with PVD experiences a cramp like sensation with walking what is it called? |
|
Definition
| intermittent claudication |
|
|
Term
| What are the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve? What do they innervate? |
|
Definition
-Tibial nerve: innervates all muscles in posterior compartment of leg, all intrinsic muscles in the sole of the foot (EXCEPT first two dorsal interossei), skin on posterolateral side of lower leg and medial side of ankle, foot, and little toe
-Common fibular: innervates all muscles of the anterior and lateral compartment of the leg, first two dorsal interosseis in the sole of the foot, skin over lateral aspect of leg and ankle |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest synovial joint in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the articulations of the knee? |
|
Definition
-femur and tibia
-patella and femur |
|
|
Term
| What are the two sets of articular surfaces of the knee? |
|
Definition
| tibial and femoral condyles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| c shaped cartilages located medial and lateral in the knee joint |
|
|
Term
| What is formed and reinforced by tendons of surrounding muscles of the knee? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two components of the synovial membrane of the knee? |
|
Definition
| infra patellar fat pad and the bursa |
|
|
Term
| What is the patellar ligament a continuation of? |
|
Definition
| The quadriceps femoris tendon |
|
|
Term
| What does the anterior cruciate ligament prevent? |
|
Definition
| Prevents anterior displacement |
|
|
Term
| What does the posterior cruciate ligament prevent? |
|
Definition
| Prevents posterior displacement |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the popliteus muscle? |
|
Definition
| prevents excessive rotation at the knee |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 arteries that supply the knee? |
|
Definition
-genicular branch of the femoral artery
-lateral circumflex femoral artery
-popliteal artery
-circumflex fibular artery |
|
|
Term
| What 4 nerves supply innervation to the knee? |
|
Definition
-obturator
-femoral
-tibial
-common fibular |
|
|
Term
| What are two typical symptoms of DJD at the knee? |
|
Definition
-pain which is worse in the morning and at the end of a day's activity
-pain that is aggravated by extremes of movement, unaccustomed exercise |
|
|
Term
| What is the Lachman's test used for? |
|
Definition
| Testing anterior instability |
|
|
Term
| What type of joint is the tibifibular joint? How much movement does it allow? |
|
Definition
| synovial, allows very little movement |
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the popliteal fossa? |
|
Definition
-tibial and common fibular nerves
-popliteal artery and vein |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the anterior compartment muscles of the leg? |
|
Definition
| dorsiflex ankle, extend toes, invert foot |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg? |
|
Definition
| -plantar flex the ankle, flex the toes, and evert the foot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O= medial and lateral femoral condyle
I= via calcaneal tendon to posterior surface of the calcareous
N= tibial nerve
F= plantar flexes foot and flexes knee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O= proximal tibia, posterior fibluar head, tendionous arch between tibial and fibular attachments
I=via calcaneal tendon to posterior surface of calcaneous
N= tibial nerve (S1, S2)
F=plantar flexes the foot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O= lateral supracondylar line of femur
I= via calcaneal tendon to posterior surface of calcaneus
N= tibial nerve (S1,S2)
F= plantar flexes the foot and flexes the knee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O= lateral femoral condyle
I= posterior surface of proximal tibia
N= Tibial nerve (L4-S1)
F= stabilizes and unlocks knee joint (preventing and allowing lateral rotation) |
|
|
Term
| Flexor Hallucis Longus O,I,N,F |
|
Definition
O= posterior surface of fibula
I= plantar surface of distal phalanx of great toe
N= Tibial (S2,S3)
F= flexes great toe |
|
|
Term
| Flexor digitorum longus O,I,N,F |
|
Definition
O= medial side of posterior surface of tibia
I= plantar surfaces of bases of distal phalanges of the lateral four toes
N= Tibial nerve (S2,S3)
F= flexes lateral four toes |
|
|
Term
| Tibialis posterior O,I,N,F |
|
Definition
O= posterior surface of tibia, fibula, and interosseus membrane
I= tuberosity of navicular and adjacent region of medial cuneiform
N= Tibial nerve (L4,L5)
F= inversion and plantar flexion of foot, support of medial arch during walking |
|
|
Term
| What does the popliteal artery bifurcate into? |
|
Definition
| anterior tibial and posterior tibial arteries |
|
|
Term
| What does the anterior tibial artery supply? |
|
Definition
| passes through upper aperture of interosseous membrane and enters and supplies the anterior compartment of leg |
|
|
Term
| What does the posterior tibial artery supply? What are two major branches of it? |
|
Definition
| the posterior and lateral compartments of the leg, two major branches are the circumflex fibular artery and the fibular artery |
|
|
Term
| What are the two cutaneous branches of the tibial nerve? |
|
Definition
| sural and medial calcaneal branches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O= upper lateral surface of fibula
I= undersurface of lateral sides of medial cuneiform and base of metatarsal 1
N= superficial fibular nerve (L5,S1,S2)
F= eversion and plantarflexion, supports arches of foot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O= lower lateral surface of fibula
I= lateral tubercle at base of metatarsal V
N= superficial fibular nerve (L5,S1,S2)
F= Eversion of foot |
|
|
Term
| What does the superficial fibular nerve originate from? What does that originate from? |
|
Definition
| -common fibular which originates from the sciatic nerve |
|
|
Term
| Tibialis anterior O,I,N,F |
|
Definition
O= lateral surface of tibia and IOM
I= medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform and adjacent surface on base of metatarsal I
N= deep fibular nerve (L4,L5)
F= dorsiflexion and inversion of foot, support of medial arch |
|
|
Term
| Extensor hallucis longus O,I,N,F |
|
Definition
O= medial surface of fibula and IOM
I= dorsal surface of base of distal phalanx of great toe
N= deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)
F= extension of great toe and dorsiflexion of foot |
|
|
Term
| Extensor digitorum longus O,I,N,F |
|
Definition
O= medial surface of fibula and lateral tibial condyle
I= via dorsal digital expansions into bases of distal and middle phalanges of lateral four toes
N= deep fibular nerve (L5,S1)
F= extension of lateral four toes and dorsi flexion |
|
|
Term
| Fibularis tertius O,I,N,F |
|
Definition
O= distal medial fibula
I= dorsomedial surface of base of metacarpal 5
N= deep fibular nerve (L5,S1)
F= dorsiflexion and eversion of foot |
|
|
Term
| What does the anterior tibial artery originate from? in what compartment? |
|
Definition
| -popliteal artery in the posterior compartment |
|
|
Term
| What does the anterior tibial artery give rise to? |
|
Definition
| the anterior medial malleolar artery and the anterior lateral malleolar artery |
|
|
Term
| What nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the leg? |
|
Definition
| deep fibular nerve (l4,L5,S1) |
|
|
