Term
| Name the abdominal regions (9) |
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Definition
Superior row from L to R: L hypochondriac, epigastric, R hypochondriac
Middle row: L lumbar, umbilical, R lumbar
Inferior row: L inguinal, pubic (hypogastric), R inguinal |
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Term
| Increased intra abdominal pressure assists in what three processes? |
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Definition
| defecation, micturition, parturition |
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Term
| Does the abdominal contract or relax during inspiration? expiration? |
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Definition
-inspiration: relaxes
-expiration: contracts |
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Term
| How do the fibers of the external obliques run? what is the O and I? N and F? |
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Definition
like hands into pockets.
-O: costal margin of ribs descend toward the line alba for I
N: anterior rami of T7-T12
F: compress abdominal contents, both flex trunk, separately bend trunk to same side, |
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Term
| How do the fibers of the internal obliques run? O, I, N, F? |
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Definition
Like hands under suspenders (w/ thumbs tucked under armpits). They ascend from posterior to anterior-superior
O: thoracolumbar fascia
I: border of lower 3 or 4 ribs, line alba
N: anterior rami of T7-T12 and L1
F: compress abdominal contents, both flex trunk, separately each bends trunk and turns anterior part of abdomen to same side |
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Term
| Which way do the fibers of the transverse abdominus run? O, I, N, F? |
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Definition
horizontally across the belly
O: thoracolumbar fascia
I: linea alba
N: anterior rami of T7-T12 and L1
F: compress abdominal contents |
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Term
| What do aponeurosis connect? |
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Definition
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Term
| Abdominal viscera are either intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal. Explain each. |
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Definition
-Intraperitoneal structures are suspended from the abdominal wall by mesenteries
-retroperitoneal structures are those that lie between the parietal perineum and the abdominal wall (ex. kidneys and ureters) |
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Term
| Abdominal viscera are either intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal. Explain each. |
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Definition
-Intraperitoneal structures are suspended from the abdominal wall by mesenteries
-retroperitoneal structures are those that lie between the parietal perineum and the abdominal wall (ex. kidneys and ureters) |
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Term
| The diaphragm slopes posteriorly to what vertebral level? What attaches it to the vertebrae? |
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Definition
| L2-L3, it is attached by the crus ligament |
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Term
| Name the margins of the pelvic inlet |
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Definition
-posteriorly: sacrum
-anteriorly: pubic symphysis
-laterally: bony rim of the pelvic bone |
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Term
| The N-A-V's of the pelvic cavity change names when they inferiorly cross the what? |
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Definition
| inguinal ligament: from illiacis to femoris |
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Term
| Which thoracic intercostal nerves supply the skin and muscle of the abdominal wall? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which thoracic intercostal nerves supply the upper external oblique? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which lumbar nerve supplies the skin and muscle in the inguinal and supra pubic regions? |
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Definition
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Term
| The peritoneal cavity is subdivided into what? |
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Definition
| The greater sac and the lesser sac |
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Term
| Foramen of winslow (aka the omental foramen) is a common site for what? |
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Definition
| potential herniation: small investing can go up into the foramen, become strangulated and cause bowel obstruction |
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Term
| The large surface area of the peritoneal cavity makes it a common site for what? |
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Definition
| The spread of infectious and malignant disease. If a surgeon excising a malignant tumor releases malignant cells into the peritoneal cavity it can worsen the patient's prognosis--> iatrogenic |
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Term
| The greater omentum attaches where and drapes over what? |
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Definition
| attaches to the greater curve of the stomach and drapes over the transverse colon |
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Term
| The lesser omentum forms what site of potential herniation? |
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Definition
| the winslows foramen (omental foramen) |
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Term
| Where is the ligament of trietz located? |
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Definition
| duodenal-jejunal ligament |
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Term
| What is common of the esophageal cells of a patient with GERD. |
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Definition
| The esophagus can't handle the acid, so its cells switch to columnar squamos mucosa. "Barret's esophagus) |
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Term
| How many layers of smooth muscle does the stomach have? Name them |
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Definition
| 3: longitudinal, circular, oblique |
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Term
| WHich is the more superior part of the stomach, the fundus or antrum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first part of the small intestine? How many segments does it have? |
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Definition
| The duodenum, it has 4 segments |
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Term
| How many segment are there in the small intestine? |
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Definition
| 3: duodenum, jéjunum, ileum |
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Term
| Pancreas sits in the cavity of _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Which part of the small intestine opens into the large intestine? Which quadrant is this mostly located in? |
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Definition
| ileum, right lower quadrant |
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Term
| which duodenal ulcers are more serious and possibly fatal: posterior or anterior? |
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Definition
| posterior bc the ulcers can erode into the gastroduodenal artery of the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and cause hemorrhage |
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Term
| What are two common ways for a physician to examine the GI tract? |
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Definition
-barium sulfate
-endoscopy |
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Term
| What is the main function of the large intestine? |
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Definition
| Reabsorb water from waste that is being carried to the anus. |
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Term
| What is the taeniae coli? |
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Definition
| A band of muscle that runs superiorly along the large intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| The first part of the large intestine, it is continuous with the ascending colon at the entrance of the ileum |
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Term
| What structure has large aggregations of lymphoid tissue and is located at the base of the appendix? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can the appendix be located by surface anatomy via McBurney's point? |
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Definition
| At the junction of the lateral and middle 1/3 of a line from the ASIS to the umbilicus |
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Term
| Is the appendix located at the same place on all patients? |
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Definition
| No, it can project in different directions and varies by patient |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of appendicitis? if a girl of child bearing age comes in presenting these symptoms what is the number one thing to check for first? |
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Definition
-localized right groin tenderness, after 6-10 hrs it localized in the right iliac fossa and becomes constant
-patient develops temperature, nausea, and vomiting
-check for pregnancy (ectopic) first |
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Term
| Which segments of the colon are retroperitoneal and which are intraperitoneal? |
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Definition
retro=ascending and descending
intra=transverse |
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Term
| What sides of the ascending and descending colon are the major vessels and lymphatics located on? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the largest visceral organ in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What ligament divides the liver into right and left? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the space that separates the diaphragmatic surface of the liver from the diaphragm? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the hepatorenal recess? |
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Definition
| located on the right side between the liver and the right adrenal gland |
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Term
| Which surface of the liver are the quadrate and caudate lobes seen from? |
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Definition
-Quadrate= anterior part of the visceral surface
-caudate= posterior part of the visceral surface |
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Term
| Which sides of the liver are associated with the diaphragmatic surface? |
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Definition
| posterior, superior, and anterior |
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Term
| which side of the liver is associated with the visceral surface? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the gallbladder located in respect to the kidney? |
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Definition
| between the right and quadrate lobes |
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Term
| What forms the common hepatic duct? What does the common hepatic duct join with to form the bile duct? |
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Definition
-the right and left hepatic ducts
-joins with the cystic duct from the gallbladder |
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Term
| The bile duct joins the pancreatic duct to enter the descending part of the duodenum at the what? At what structure on the duodenum is this located? What sphincter does it pass through? |
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Definition
-ampulla of vater
-major pancreatic papilla
-sphincter of oddi |
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Term
| The major pancreatic papilla and ampulla of vater marks the transition from what to what? What is the vasculature related to these areas? |
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Definition
-Foregut (celiac trunk)
-Midgut (superior mesenteric) |
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Term
| Who are gallstones most common in? |
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Definition
| the 3 F's: fat females in their forties |
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Term
| What produces the severe pain associated with gallstones? |
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Definition
| The stones being lodged in the neck or bile duct and preventing the normal emptying, contractions ensue which produce pain |
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Term
| Where is the pain from gallstones sometimes referred? Why? |
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Definition
| Referred to the shoulder on the right side bc of the innervation of the visceral peritoneum by C3-C5 |
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Term
| What are two common substances that gallstones are composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between pre-hepatic, hepatic, and post hepatic jaundice? |
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Definition
pre: excessive breakdown of RBC's (bilirubin is end product of heme degradation)
hepatic: inability to conjugate fat soluble into water soluble bilirubin
post: obstruction of bile ducts |
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Term
| Where is the pancreas anatomically located? |
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Definition
| It extends from the duodenum on the right to the spleen on the left |
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Term
| Is the pancreas retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal? |
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Definition
| Retro, except for a small part of the tail |
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Term
| Where is the pancreatic duct anatomically located? |
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Definition
| Begins in the tail and passes toward the right through the body of the pancreas |
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Term
| The pancreatic duct joins the bile duct to form what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the accessory pancreatic duct empty? |
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Definition
| the minor duodenal papilla above the major duodenal papilla |
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Term
| What is an annular pancreas? |
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Definition
| If the ventral bud (which forms the uncinate process and part of the head) becomes bifid the segments can encircle the duodenum and constrict it. which can cause many problems which causes the fetus to fail to thrive |
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Term
| At what level of the ribs does the spleen lie? What quadrant is it located in? |
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Definition
| ribs 9 and 10, it s in the left upper quadrant |
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Term
| Name the ligament that connects the spleen to the kidney and the ligament that connects it to the stomach |
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Definition
| -splenorenal and gastrosplenic ligaments |
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Term
| The spleen is surrounded by visceral peritoneum, except for what area? |
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Definition
| the splenic hilum which is the entry point for splenic vessels |
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Term
| What are two diseases that may contribute to splenic enlargement? |
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Definition
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Term
| The aorta branches into three segments in the abdomen, what are they and what do they supply? |
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Definition
-celiac trunk: foregut
-superior mesenteric: supplies the midgut
-inferior mesenteric: supplies the hind gut |
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Term
| Which branch of the celiac trunk supplies the esophagus? This same branch supplies the surface of the stomach in conjunction with which other artery? |
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Definition
-Left gastric artery
-right gastric artery |
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Term
| which branch of the celiac trunk supplies the spleen and pancreas? |
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Definition
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Term
| The superior mesenteric artery supplies the midgut, what specific viscera does that include? |
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Definition
-jejunum
-ileum
-cecum
-ascending colon
-2/3 of the transverse colon |
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Term
| What are the three branches of the mesenteric artery and what do they supply? |
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Definition
-left colic artery: distal part of transverse colon and the descending colon
-sigmoid arteries: lowest part of descending colon and sigmoid colon
-superior rectal artery: rectum |
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Term
| Venous drainage of the spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, and the abdominal part of the GI tract (except the inferior rectum) is through what system of veins? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which two veins form the portal vein? |
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Definition
| splenic and superior mesenteric vein |
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Term
| Everything from the abdominal viscera drains via the portal vein back to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does portal hypertension cause in the portal veins? |
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Definition
| development of varicosities and shunts |
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Term
| What is the metabolic function of the liver? |
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Definition
-carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism
-drug and hormone metabolism
-bile production
-clotting proteins |
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Term
| What are the splanchnic nerves? |
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Definition
| nerves that pass from the sympathetic trunk, or sympathetic ganglia associated with the trunk, to the pre vertebral plexus and ganglia anterior to the abdominal aorta |
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Term
| Are the pelvic splanchnic nerves considered parasympathetic or sympathetic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three thoracic splanchnic nerves? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vertebral level does the lumbar splanchnic nerve arise from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do the pelvic splanchnic nerves arise from (vertebral level)? What do they innervate? |
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Definition
-S2-S4
-distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon |
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Term
| What is the abdominal pre vertebral plexus? What are the three divisions? |
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Definition
-a collection of nerve fibers that surround the abdominal aorta and its major branches
-divisions: celiac, aortic, and superior hypogastric |
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Term
| The parasympathetic innervation of the abdominal part of the GI tract, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, and liver is from what nerves? |
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Definition
-vagus
-pelvic splanchnic nerves |
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Term
| What are the two interconnected plexuses of the enteric nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What ribs are posterior to the superior parts of the kidneys |
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Definition
-XI to the left kidney
-XII to both |
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Term
| What is the O,, I, N ,F for the rectus abdominus? |
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Definition
O: pubic crest, pubic symphysis
I: costal cartilage of ribs 5-7
N: anterior rami of T7-T12
F: compress abdominal contents, flex vertebral column, tense abdominal wall |
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Term
| What is the O, I, N F of the pyramidalis |
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Definition
O: front of pubis and pubic symphysis
I: into linea alba
N: anterior ramus of T12
F: tense the linea alba |
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Term
|
Definition
O: lumbar vertebrae
I: lesser trochanter of femur
N: anterior rami of L1-L3
F: flexes thigh at hip |
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Term
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Definition
O: t12 and l1 bodies
I: pelvic brim
N: anterior rami of L1
F: weak flexion of lumbar vertebral column |
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Term
| Quadratus lumborum O, I, N, F |
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Definition
O: L5 and iliac crest
I: L1-L4
N: anterior rami T12 and L1-L4
F: depress and stabilize rib 12 and some lateral bending of trunk |
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Term
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Definition
O: iliac fossa, lateral upper surface of sacrum
I: lesser trochanter of femur
N: femoral nerve
:F: flexes thigh at hip |
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Term
| What produces the right dome of the liver? The left? |
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Definition
R: liver
L: spleen and fundus of stomach |
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Term
| What is the diaphragm primarily innervate by? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structure pulls the diaphragm inferiorly during inspiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are kidneys retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the L or R kidney lower? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define the renal capsule, adipose capsule and renal fascia. |
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Definition
renal capsule: maintains organ shape
adipose capsule: helps protect from trauma
renal fascia: dense, irregular CT that holds against back body wall |
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Term
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
What constitutes the functional portion of the parenchyma of the kidney? |
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Definition
-nephron
-renal cortex and renal pyramids |
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Term
| After going through the nephron, what is the path of urine drainage? |
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Definition
| -collecting duct-papillary duct in renal pyramid-minor calyx-major calyx-renal pelvis-ureter-urinary bladder. |
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Term
| WHat is the nerve supply to the kidney derived from? |
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Definition
| the renal plexus (sympathetic division of ANS) |
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Term
| What is the path of blood flow through the kidney? |
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Definition
| renal artery-segmental arteries-interlobar arteries- arcuate arteries- interlobar arteries- afferent arterioles- glomerular capillaries-efferent arterioles- peritubular capillaries-interlobularveins-arcuate veins-interlobular veins- renal vein |
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Term
| What do the ureters do? are the retro or intraperitoneal? |
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Definition
| transport urine from kidneys to bladder. retroperitoneal |
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Term
| Where are they adrenal glands located? Which hormones does the adrenal cortex produce? The adrenal medulla? |
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Definition
-on top of the kidneys
-cortex: mineral corticoids, glucocorticoids, and andergens
-medulla: E and NE |
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Term
| In the GI, the lymphatics of the mucosa are called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the origin and target of the greater splanchnic nerves? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the origin and target of the lesser splanchnic nerves? |
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Definition
| T10-T11, superior mesenteric ganglia, and aorticorenal ganglia |
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Term
| What is the origin and target of the least splanchnic nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the origin and target of the lumbar splanchnic nerves? |
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Definition
| L2-L4, inferior mesenteric ganglia, ganglia of the inter mesenteric and hypogastric plexuses |
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Term
| What is the origin and target of the sacral splanchnic nerves? |
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Definition
| sacral part of the sympathetic trunk, inferior hypogastric plexus and ganglia to the pelvic viscera |
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Term
| What is the origin and target of the pelvic splanchnic nerves? |
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Definition
| S2-S4, intrinsic ganglia of descending and sigmoid colon, rectum, and inferior hypogastric plexus, and ganglia to the pelvic viscera |
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Term
| What are the three major divisions of the abdominal pre vertebral plexus? |
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Definition
| celiac, aortic, and superior hypogastric |
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Term
| Which nerve and segment of the lumbar plexus innervates the abdominal muscles (IO, EO, and TA)? Which cutaneous branches are involved? |
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Definition
| iliohypogastic, T12-L1, anterior cutaneous ramus and lateral cutaneous ramus |
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Term
| Which nerve and segment of the lumbar plexus innervates the internal oblique? Which cutaneous branches are involved? |
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Definition
| ilioinguinal, L1, anterior scrotal nerves in males, anterior labial nerves in females |
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