Term
| What is the regional approach to anatomy? |
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Definition
| Considers the organization of the body as major segments or parts based on form and mass |
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Term
| What are three ways a student can study the deep structures in regional anatomy? |
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Definition
| CT scans, MRI's, and prosections |
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Term
| What plane is a CT scan taken and viewed in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe supination and pronation of the hand |
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Definition
Palm up = supination
Palm down = pronation
*in anatomical position |
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Term
| Of what is the axial skeleton comprised? |
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Definition
| Skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, ear ossicles |
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Term
| Of what is the appendicular skeleton comprised? |
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Definition
| Upper and lower limbs, pelvic and pectoral girdles |
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Term
| Name the two types of fibers that make up cartilage and when they are embedded in. |
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Definition
| Collagen and elastic fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate |
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Term
| Where are the chondrocytes of cartilage found? |
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Definition
| With spaced called lacunae in the matrix |
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Term
| What surrounds cartilage? |
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Definition
| Perichondrium, a denser irregular connective tissue |
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Term
| What does cartilage lack? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the three types of cartilage |
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Definition
| Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage |
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Term
| Describe hyaline cartilage and where it can be found |
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Definition
| Most abundant, but weakest. Reduces friction and absorbs shock. Affords flexibility and support at joints. |
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Term
| Describe fibrocartilage and where it can be found |
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Definition
| LACKS PERICHONDRIUM. Contains bundles of collagen fibers in its matrix and is the strongest of the three. Found in the intervertebral disks. |
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Term
| Describe elastic cartilage and where it can be found |
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Definition
| Contains threadlike network of elastic fibers. Provides strength and elasticity and maintains the shape of certain organs. Ex's ear, nose, and vocal cartilage |
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Term
| What are the two types of bone and what is the difference between them? |
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Definition
| Spongy and compact. Spongy bone contains trabeculae (which surrounds RM filled spaces) and compact bone's basic structure is the osteon |
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Term
| Where does hemopoiesis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is energy stored in the bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone |
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Definition
| The epiphysis is one end of a long bone and contains the metaphysics which contains the epiphyseal plate. The diaphysis is the shaft |
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Term
| Give an example of each of the 5 basic types of bone. |
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Definition
Long-humerus
Short- trapezoid (wrist bone)
Flat- sternum
Irregular- vertebrae
Sesamoid- patella |
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Term
| What is remodeling? What are the functions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts? |
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Definition
Remodeling is the ongoing replacement of old bone by new bone
-Osteoclasts- break down old bone
-Osteoblasts- form new bone |
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Term
| What occurs in men and women who lack estrogen or estrogen receptors? |
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Definition
| They grow taller than normal |
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Term
| What types of cells provide the template for osteogenesis or ossification? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name and describe the two types of bone formation. |
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Definition
*Intramembranous- the formation of bone directly from or within fibrous connective tissue membranes
*Endochondrial- the formation of bone from hyaline cartilage models (typically long bones) |
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Term
| What do "hot spots" and "cold spots" indicate on a bone scan? |
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Definition
*hot- increased metabolic activity--> abnormal healing, abnormal growth, or cancer
*cold- decreased metabolism --> decalcified bone, fracture, infection |
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Term
| Name and describe the three types of joints. |
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Definition
*Fibrous- Bones held closely by fibrous CT, little or no movement. Ex's sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
*Cartilaginous- Bones tightly connected by fibro or hyaline cartilage, allows little or no movement. Ex's symphysis pubis, interverebral joints
*Synovial-has a synovial cavity separating bones, freely movable. Ex's: knee |
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Term
| Joints transmit what sensation? |
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Definition
| Propioception- the awareness of movement and position of body in space |
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Term
| What type of tissue is the epidermis composed of? The dermis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| No blood vessels or lymphatics, skin is supplied with afferent (free) nerve endings |
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Term
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Definition
| Collegen and elastic fibers, hair follicles, arrector muscles, sebaceous glands, part of sweat glands, capillary beds |
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Term
| Is the subcutaneous tissue a part of the skin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the tension lines of the skin indicate? |
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Definition
Predominate direction of the collagen fibers
*Important for surgery--incisions along them have less tendency to gape |
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Term
| What is the "rule of nines" |
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Definition
| Method for determining the extent of a burn. For example the front of the arm counts for 4.5%, the whole arm counts for 9%, and two whole arms count for 18% of total body burn |
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Term
| What is the wrapping, packing, and insulating material of the deep structures of the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Briefly describe the three types of muscle |
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Definition
Skeletal= striated and multi-nucleated
Smooth= non-striated and mono-nucleated
Cardiac= striated and mono-nucleated |
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Term
| What do the intercalated discs of cardiac muscle do? |
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Definition
| Synchronize heart contractions |
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Term
| What is mean by "tonic contraction"? |
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Definition
| Even when relaxed, muscles always have tone but do not necessarily produce movement. Ex: gluteus |
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Term
| Differentiate between isotonic and isometric contractions. Give the two types of isotonic. |
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Definition
Isotonic= moving of a muscle. Concentric= shortening and eccentric= lengthening
Isometric=static |
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Term
| What are capillaries made of? |
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Definition
| Simple squamos epithelial cells |
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Term
| What do the vaso vasorum do? |
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Definition
| Supply blood to the cells of the walls of arteries and veins |
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Term
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Definition
| Communications between multiple branches of an artery, detours for blood flow in case the usual pathway is obstruct. HEART AND BRAIN |
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Term
| What are vascular (venous) sinuses? |
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Definition
| Veins with very thin walls with no smooth muscle to alter their diameters. Ex: coronary sinus of the heart |
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Term
| What causes varicose veins? |
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Definition
| Leaky venous valves which allow back flow or pooling of blood |
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Term
| Which two structures drain lymph and from where do they drain it? |
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Definition
| *Thoracic duct= left side of the head, neck, chest, left UE, and entire body below the ribs. drains via left subclavian vein *Right lymphatic duct= upper right side of the body, drains via right subclavian vein |
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Term
| What does the PNS consist of? |
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Definition
| cranial and spinal nerves |
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Term
| What is contained in the gray matter of the spinal cord? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is contained in the white matter of the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| Nerve tracts (myelin sheath made of lipids enhances speed of spreading signal) |
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Term
| What are the names of the meninges? |
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Definition
| Pia (innermost), arachnoid (middle), and dura (outer) mater |
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Term
| Where is the CSF located? |
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Definition
| In the subarachnoid space |
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Term
| What are arachnoid granulations? |
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Definition
| They project into the sinuses of dura mater and serve as sites where CSF diffuses into blood stream |
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Term
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Definition
| In the choroid plexus (4 ventricles of the brain that contain specialized cells for formation of CSF) |
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Term
| What do dural sinuses do? |
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Definition
| Provide route for CSF removal from the brain |
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Term
| What are the two functional subdivisions of the nervous system? |
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Definition
*Somatic- innervates skin and skeletal muscle, responds to external enviro
*Visceral- innervates organ systems (smooth muscle and glands), responds to internal enviro |
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Term
| Can the brain or spinal cord damaged axons recover? |
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Definition
| If damaged, they PROBABLY will not recover |
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Term
| Name and describe the two subdivisions of the PNS |
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Definition
*Somatic= Voluntary, neurons from cutaneous and special sensory receptors to CNS AND motor neurons to skeletal muscle tissue
*Autonomic= involuntary, sensory neurons fro visceral organs to CNS, motor neurons to smooth and cardiac muscle and glands |
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Term
| What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
*Sympathetic- (flight or fight) speeds up heart rate
*Parasympathetic- slows down heart rate and reestablishes homeostasis |
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Term
| Where do cranial nerves exit? |
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Definition
| The cranial cavity, but they are a part of the PNS, not CNS. |
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Term
| Which CN does not arise from the brain? |
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Definition
| CN X1 arises from the spinal cord |
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Term
| Where do spinal nerves exit? |
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Definition
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Term
| Anterior root of spinal nerve gives rise to which fibers? Posterior? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are myotomes and dermatomes? |
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Definition
| Areas of skeletal muscle and skin, respectively, that are innervated by the fibers from a single spinal nerve |
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Term
| What does the denticulate ligament do? |
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Definition
| It comes from the pia mater and holds the spinal cord in place |
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Term
| What are spinal ganglia and what is another name for them? |
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Definition
| They contain sensory info. DRG= dorsal root ganglia |
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Term
| What constitutes the brachial plexus? |
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Definition
| C5-T1 and it innervates the upper extremity |
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Term
| What constitutes the lumbar plexus? |
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Definition
| L1-L4 and it innervates the lower extremities |
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Term
| How many cervical nerves are there? |
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Definition
| 8, but only 7 Cervical vertebrae |
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Term
| What is a crushing injury? |
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Definition
| damages or kills axons distal to the injury site, but neuronal cells usually cells usually survive. |
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Term
| What is a cutting injury? |
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Definition
| Require surgical intervention because regeneration of the axon requires apposition of the cut ends |
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Term
| What is anterograde degeneration? |
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Definition
| Degeneration of axons detached from the cell body |
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Term
| What is a compression injury? |
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Definition
| Prolonged ischemia. "saturday night syndrome" |
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Term
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Definition
| the hypothalamus and the brain stem |
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Term
| What is the major difference between the motor neurons of the ANS and the SNS? |
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Definition
| ANS neurons are not myelinated after the ganglion, SNS are. |
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Term
| Where are the nerves of the symp NS located? para? |
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Definition
-Right agains the vertebral column
-Away from the spinal cord |
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Term
| Where are the preganglionic bodies of the symp NS located? |
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Definition
| T1-L2, thoracolumbar divison |
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Term
| What is the location structure of the para NS? |
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Definition
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Term
| Specifically where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the para NS located? |
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Definition
*4 cranial nerves= III (occulomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus).
*S2-S4 |
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Term
| Parasympathetic sacral nerve fibers form what? |
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Definition
| The pelvic splachnic nerves |
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