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| Structures in the nucleus that carry the hereditary factors (genes) |
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| The nucleus is bound by a double-layered porous membrane called... |
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| found on the nuclear envelope they permit easy passage of protein and RNA molecules |
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| Separates cell contents from the surrounding environment. Its main structural building blocks are phospholipids (fats) and gobular protein molecules, but some of the externally facing proteins and lipids have carbohydrate side chains attached to them that are important in cellular interactions |
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| greatly increase the surface area of the cell available for absorption or passage of materials and for the binding of signaling molecules. |
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| the fluid cytoplasmic material |
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| Tiny spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein; actual sites of protein synthesis; floating free or attached to a membranous structure (the rough ER0 in the cytoplasm |
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| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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| is studded with ribosomes (tubules of the rough ER provide an area for storage and transport of the proteins made on the ribosomes to other cell areas; external face synthesizes phospholipids and cholesterol) |
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| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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| has no function in protein synthesis (rather it is a site of steroid and lipid synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification) |
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| Stack of flattened sacs with bulbous ends and associated small vesicles; found close to the nucleus; plays a role in packaging proteins or other substances for export from the cell or incorporation into the plasma membrane and in packaging lysosomal enzymes |
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| Various-sized membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases); function to digest worn out cell organelles and foreign substances that enter the cell; have the capacity of total cell destruction if ruptured |
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| Small lysosome-like membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals |
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| Generally rod-shaped bodies with a double membrane wall; inner membrane is thrown into folds, or cristae; contain enzymes that oxidize foodstuffs to produce cellular energy (ATP); often referred to as "powerhouses of the cell" |
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| Paired, cylindrical bodies lie at right angles to each other, close to the nucleus; direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division; form the bases of cilia and flagella |
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| Literally, cell skeleton. An elaborate series of rods running through the cystol, supporting cellular structures and providing the machinery to generate various cell movements. |
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| One of three types of rods in the cytoskeleton of a cell; hollow tubes made of spherical protein that determine the cell shape as well as the distribution of cellular organelles. |
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| are stable proteinaceous cytoskeltal elements that act as internal guy wires to resist mechanical forces acting on cells |
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| Thin strands of the contractile protein actin. |
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| impermeable junctions prevent molecules from passing through the intercellular space. |
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| Anchoring junctions bind adjacent cells together and help form an internal tension-reducing network of fibers |
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| communicating junctions allow ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to the net for intercellular communication. |
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| Tight Junctions between epithelial cells lining the digestive tract keep digestive enzymes and microorganisms in the intestine from seeping into the bloodstream. |
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| Importance of Tight Junctions |
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| are abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress, such as skin and heart muscle. |
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| present in electrically excitable tissues, such as the heart and smooth muscle, where ion passage from cell to cell helps synchronize their electrical activity and contraction. |
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| present in electrically excitable tissues, such as the heart and smooth muscle, where ion passage from cell to cell helps synchronize their electrical activity and contraction. |
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| the tendency of molecules or ions to move from an area where they are in higher concentration to an area where they are in lower concentrations, that is, down or along their concentration gradient. |
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| The difference in the concentration of a particular substance between two different areas. |
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| diffusion of a solvent such as water through a specific channel protein or through the lipid bilayer |
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| Active (Transport) process |
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| (1) Membrane transport processes for which ATP is required, e.g., solute pumping and endocytosis. (2) “Active transport” also refers specifically to solute pumping. |
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| Cells retain their normal size and shape(same solute concentration as inside cells) |
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| Cells lose water by osmosis and shrink (contains a higher concentration of solutes than are present inside teh cells) |
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| Cells take on water by osmosis until they become bloated and burst ( contains a lower concentration of solutes than are present in cells) |
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| the type of endocytosis in which teh cell engulfs some relatively larege or solid material |
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| cell drinking (important in your digestive system) |
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| Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis |
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Definition
These proteins can be enzymes (green spheres)
These are smaller molecules but very specific |
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| Aerobic cellular respiration |
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| anaerobic cellular respiration |
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| Ribosomes, Rough ER, Golgi Apparatus |
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| Organelles involved in protein synthesis |
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| what is the master blueprint for protein synthesis |
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-DNA serves as master blueprint for protein synthesis
-Genes are segments of DNA carrying instructions for a polypeptide chain
-Triplets of nucleotide bases form the genetic library
-Each triplet specifies coding for an amino acid |
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| carries the genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
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| bind to amnio acids base pair with the codons of mRNA at the ribosome to begin the process of protein synthesis |
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| a structural component of ribosomes |
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| transfer of information from the strand of DNA to RNA |
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Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase |
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| the series of events that parcel out the relicated DNA of the moether cell to two daughter cells. |
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| the period of a cell's life when it is carrying out its normal metabolic activities and growing. |
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| nuclear envelope dissapears |
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| The chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cell precisely in line with the exact center of the cell |
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| begins abruptly as the centromeres of the chromosomes split, and each chromatid now becomes a choromosome in its own right. |
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| Cleavage furrow shows up... two nuclei begin forming |
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