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Anatomy
Chapter 1: Foundations: An Introduction to Anatomy
214
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/30/2011

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Term
microscopic anatomy (fine anatomy), aka cadaver anatomy
Definition
considers structures that cannot be seen without magnification
Term
cytology
Definition
analyzes the internal structure of cells
Term
Histology
Definition
examines tissues
Term
gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy)
Definition
considers relatively large structures and features visible to the unaided eye
Term
surface anatomy
Definition
the study of general form (morphology) and superficial anatomical markings
Term
Regional anatomy
Definition
considers all of the superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body, such as the head, neck, or trunk
Term
Systemic anatomy
Definition
considers the structure of major organ systems (e.g. cardiovascular system)
Term
How many organ systems are in the human body?
Definition
There are 11 organ systems in the human body.
Term
Developmental anatomy
Definition
examines the changes in form that occur during the period between conception and physical maturity. Involves the studies of microscopic and gross anatomy
Term
embryology
Definition
the study of the early developmental processes
Term
When do the most extensive structural changes occur in the body?
Definition
Within the first two months of development
Term
Comparative anatomy
Definition
considers the anatomical organization of different types of animals. Observed similarities may reflect evolutionary relationships
Term
clinical anatomy
Definition
focuses on anatomical features that may undergo recognizable pathological changes during illness
Term
surgical anatomy
Definition
studies anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures
Term
radiographic anatomy
Definition
involves the study of anatomical structures as they are visualized by s-rays, ultrasound scans, or other specialized procedures performed on an intact body
Term
cross-sectional anatomy
Definition
subspecialty of gross anatomy. can be seen by the use of CT and MRI
Term
pathology
Definition
study of disease
Term
diagnosis
Definition
decision about the nature of an illness. often a process of elimination. All diagnostic procedures presuppose an understanding of the normal structure and function of the human body
Term
Which four elements account for over 99% of the total number of atoms in the human body?
Definition
Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen
Term
homeostasis
Definition
the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment suitable for the survival of body cells and tissues
Term
disease
Definition
a failure to maintain homeostatic conditions
Term
irritability
Definition
organisms respond to changes in their immediate environment
Term
integumentary system
Definition
protection from environmental hazards; temperature control
Term
skeletal system
Definition
support, protection of soft tissues; mineral storage; blood formation
Term
muscular system
Definition
locomotion, support, heat production
Term
nervous system
Definition
directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating activities of other organ systems
Term
endocrine system
Definition
directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems
Term
cardiovascular system
Definition
internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases
Term
lymphoid system
Definition
defense against infection and disease
Term
respiratory system
Definition
delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood
Term
digestive system
Definition
processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water
Term
urinary system
Definition
elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products; control of pH
Term
reproductive system
Definition
production of sex cells and hormones
Term
metabolism
Definition
all chemical operations underway in the body. normal metabolic operations require the absorption of materials form the environment
Term
catabolism
Definition
the breakdown of complex molecules into simple ones
Term
anabolism
Definition
the synthesis of complex molecules from simple ones
Term
respiration
Definition
the absorption, transport, and use of oxygen by cells
Term
excretion
Definition
the removal process of waste products
Term
digestion
Definition
complex foods are broken down into simpler components that can be absorbed easily
Term
supine
Definition
laying face up in the anatomical position
Term
prone
Definition
laying face down in the anatomical position
Term
anterior/ventral
Definition
refers to front of body
Term
posteror/dorsal
Definition
refers to the back of the body
Term
cranial/cephalic
Definition
toward the head
Term
caudal
Definition
toward the tail
Term
superior
Definition
above
Term
inferior
Definition
below
Term
medial
Definition
toward the midline
Term
lateral
Definition
away from the midline
Term
distal
Definition
away from an attached base
Term
superficial
Definition
at, near, or relatively close to the body surface
Term
deep
Definition
toward the interior of the body; farther from the surface
Term
transverse/horizontal section
Definition
separates superior and inferior portions of the body; sections typically pass through head and trunk regions
Term
sagittal section
Definition
separates right and left portions
Term
midsagittal section
Definition
the plane passes through the midline, dividing the body in half and separating right and left sides
Term
parasagittal section
Definition
misses the midline, separating right and left portions of unequal size
Term
frontal/coronal section
Definition
separates anterior and posterior portions of the body; coronal usually refers to sections passing through the skull
Term
ventral body cavity/coelom
Definition
contains organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems
Term
thoracic cavity
Definition
enclosed by the chest wall and the diaphragm. top of ventral cavity
Term
abdominopelvic cavity
Definition
enclosed by the abdominal wall and pelvis. bottom of ventral cavity
Term
viscera
Definition
internal organs that project into the moist, internal chambers of the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
Term
left and right pleural cavities
Definition
within the thoracic cavity. separated by the mediastinum. each pleural cavity contains a lung. cavity lined with a serous membrane lining called a pleura.
Term
visceral pleura
Definition
covers the outer surfaces of the lung
Term
parietal pleura
Definition
covers the opposing mediastinal surface and the inner body wall of the pleural cavity
Term
pericardial cavity
Definition
small chamber that surrounds the heart
Term
pericardium
Definition
serous membrane covering the heart
Term
visceral pericardium
Definition
layer covering the heart
Term
parietal pericardium
Definition
the opposing surface to the heart
Term
pericardial lining
Definition
slippery; prevents friction between the heart and adjacent structures in the mediastinum
Term
peritoneal cavity
Definition
internal chamber of the abdominopelvic cavity that is lined by the peritoneum (a serous membrane)
Term
parietal peritoneum
Definition
lines the body wall of the peritoneal cavity
Term
visceral peritoneum
Definition
covers the enclosed organs in the peritoneal cavity
Term
mesenteries
Definition
double sheets of peritoneum which support organs such as teh stomach, small intestine, and portions of the large intestine. provide support and stability while permitting limited movement for organs
Term
abdominal cavity
Definition
extends from the inferior surface of the diaphragm to an imaginary plane extending form the inferior surface of the lowest spinal vertebra to the anterior and superior margins of the pelvic girdle.
Term
organs of the abdominal cavity
Definition
liver, stomach, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, small intestine, most of the large intestine. these organs project partially or completely into the peritoneal cavity
Term
pelvic cavity
Definition
portion of the ventral body cavity inferior to the abdominal cavity. enclosed by the bones of the pelvis
Term
organs of the pelvic cavity
Definition
last segments of the large intestine, urinary bladder, various reproductive organs (female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus. male: prostate gland, seminal glands)
Term
abdominopelvic quadrant
Definition
one of four divisions of the abdominal surface
Term
abdominopelvic region
Definition
one of nine divisions of the abdominal surface
Term
CT, CAT (computerized axial tomography)
Definition
an imaging technique that reconstructs the three dimensional structure of the body
Term
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
Definition
An imaging technique that employs a magnetic field and radio waves to portray subtle structural differences
Term
radiologist
Definition
a physician who specializes in performing and analyzing diagnostic imaging procedures
Term
ultrasound
Definition
an imaging technique that uses brief bursts of high frequency sound reflected by internal structures
Term
x-rays
Definition
high energy radiation that can penetrate living tissues
Term
Levels of organization
Definition
1) Chemical or Molecular levels
-atoms in combination
-complex protein molecule
-protein filaments
2) cellular level
-heart muscle cell
2)Cellular level
-heart muscle cell
3) tissue level
-cardiac muscle tissue
4) organ level
-the heart
5) organ system level
Term
5 qualities of an organism
Definition
1) Responsiveness
2)Growth differentiation
3) Reproduction
4) Movement
5) Metabolism and excretion
Term
cephalon
Definition
area of the head
Term
cervicis
Definition
area of the neck
Term
thoracis
Definition
the chest
Term
brachium
Definition
the segment of the upper limb closest to the trunk; the arm
Term
antebrachium
Definition
the forearm
Term
carpus
Definition
the wrist
Term
manus
Definition
the hand
Term
abdomen
Definition
the abdomen
Term
pelvis
Definition
the pelvis (in general)
Term
pubis
Definition
the anterior pelvis
Term
inguen
Definition
the groin (crease between thigh and trunk)
Term
lumbus
Definition
the lower back
Term
gluteus
Definition
the buttock
Term
femur
Definition
the thigh
Term
patella
Definition
the kneecap
Term
crus
Definition
the leg, from knee to ankle
Term
sura
Definition
the calf
Term
tarsus
Definition
the ankle
Term
pes
Definition
the foot
Term
planta
Definition
plantar region of the foot (sole)
Term
epidermis
Definition
Part of the integumentary system. part of cutaneous membrane that covers surface; protects deeper tissues
Term
dermis
Definition
Part of the integumentary system. part of cutaneous membrane that nourishes epidermis; provides strength; contains glands.
Term
hair follicles
Definition
Part of the integumentary system. produce hair; innervation provides sensation
Term
hairs
Definition
Part of the integumentary system. provide some protection for head
Term
sebaceous glands
Definition
Part of the hair follicle in integumentary system. secrete lipid coating that lubricates hair shaft and epidermis
Term
sweat glands
Definition
Part of the integumentary system. produce perspiration for evaporative cooling
Term
nails
Definition
Part of the integumentary system. protect and stiffen distal tips of digits
Term
sensory receptors
Definition
Part of the integumentary system. provide sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, pain
Term
subcutaneous layer
Definition
Part of the integumentary system. stores lipids; attaches skin to deeper structures
Term
bones, cartilages, and joints
Definition
Part of the integumentary system. support, protect soft tissues; bones store minerals
Term
axial skeleton (skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum, supporting cartilages and ligaments)
Definition
Part of the integumentary system. protects brain, spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of thoracic cavity; supports the body weight over the lower limbs
Term
appendicular skeleton (limbs and supporting bones and ligaments)
Definition
Part of the integumentary system. provides internal support and positioning of the limbs; supports and moves axial skeleton
Term
skeletal muscles
Definition
Part of the muscular system. provide skeletal movement; control entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts, and exits of digestive and urinary tracts; produce heat; support skeleton; protect soft tissues
Term
axial muscles
Definition
Part of the muscular system. support and position axial skeleton
Term
appendicular muscles
Definition
Part of the muscular system. support, move, and brace limbs
Term
tendons, aponeuroses
Definition
Part of the muscular system. harness forces of contraction to perform specific tasks
Term
central nervous system (CNS)
Definition
Part of the nervous system. acts as control center for nervous system; processes information; provides short-term control over activities of other systems
Term
brain
Definition
Part of the nervous system. performs complex integrative functions; controls both voluntary and autonomic activities
Term
spinal cord
Definition
Part of the nervous system. relays information to and from brain; performs less complex integrative functions; directs many simple involuntary activities
Term
special senses
Definition
Part of the nervous system. provide sensory input to the brain relating to sight, hearing, smell, taste, and equilibrium
Term
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Definition
Part of the nervous system. links CNS with other systems and with sense organs
Term
pineal gland
Definition
Part of the endocrine system. may control timing of reproduction and set day-night rythms
Term
pituitary gland
Definition
Part of the endocrine system. controls other endocrine glands; regulates growth and fluid balance
Term
Thyroid gland
Definition
Part of the endocrine system. controls tissue metabolic rate; regulates calcium levels
Term
parathyroid glands
Definition
Part of the endocrine system. regulate calcium levels (with thyroid)
Term
thymus
Definition
Part of the endocrine system. controls maturation of lymphocytes
Term
suprarenal glands
Definition
Part of the endocrine system. adjust water balance, tissue metabolism, cardiovascular and respiratory activity
Term
kidneys
Definition
Part of the endocrine system. control red blood cell production and elevate blood pressure
Term
pancreas
Definition
Part of the endocrine system. regulates blood clucose levels
Term
gonads
Definition
Part of the endocrine system. testes and ovaries
Term
testes
Definition
Part of the endocrine system and male reproductive system. produce sperm and hormones
Term
ovaries
Definition
Part of the endocrine system and female reproductive system. produce oocytes and hormones
Term
heart
Definition
Part of the cardiovascular system. propels blood; maintains blood pressure
Term
blood vessels
Definition
Part of the cardiovascular system. distribute blood around the body
Term
arteries
Definition
Part of the cardiovascular system. blood vessels which carry blood from heart to capillaries
Term
capillaries
Definition
Part of the cardiovascular system. blood vessels which permit diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids
Term
veins
Definition
Part of the cardiovascular system. blood vessels which return blood from capillaries to the heart
Term
blood
Definition
Part of the cardiovascular system. transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, and blood cells; delivers nutrients and hormones; removes waste products; assists in temperature regulation and defense against disease
Term
lymphatic vessels
Definition
Part of the lymphoid system. carry lymph (water and proteins) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of the cardiovascular system
Term
lymph nodes
Definition
Part of the lymphoid system. monitor the composition of lymph; engulf pathogens; stimulate immune response
Term
spleen
Definition
Part of the lymphoid system. monitors circulating blood; engulfs pathogens and recycles red blood cells; stimulates immune response
Term
thymus
Definition
Part of the lymphoid system. controls development and maintenance of one class of lymphocytes (T cells)
Term
nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses
Definition
Part of the respiratory system. filter, warm, humidify air; detect smells
Term
pharynx
Definition
Part of the respiratory system. conducts air to larynx; a chamber shared with the digestive tract
Term
larynx
Definition
Part of the respiratory system. protects opening to trachea and contains vocal cords
Term
trachea
Definition
Part of the respiratory system. filters air, traps particles in mucus; cartilages keep airway open
Term
bronchi
Definition
Part of the respiratory system. filters air, traps particles in mucus; cartilages keep airway open (same function as trachea) through volume changes
Term
lungs
Definition
Part of the respiratory system. responsible for air movement during movements of ribs and diaphragm; include airways and alveoli
Term
alveoli
Definition
Part of the respiratory system. act as sites of gas exchange between air and blood
Term
mouth
Definition
Part of the digestive system. receptacle for food; works with associated structures (teeth, tongue) to break up food and pass food and liquids to pharynx
Term
salivary glands
Definition
Part of the digestive system. provide buffers and lubrication; produce enzymes that begin digestion
Term
pharynx
Definition
Part of the digestive system. conducts solid food and liquids to esophagus; chamber shared with respiratory tract
Term
esophagus
Definition
Part of the digestive system. delivers food to stomach
Term
stomach
Definition
Part of the digestive system. secretes acids and enzymes
Term
small intestine
Definition
Part of the digestive system. secretes digestive enzymes, buffers, and hormones; absorbs nutrients
Term
liver
Definition
Part of the digestive system. secretes bile; regulates nutrient composition of blood
Term
gallbladder
Definition
Part of the digestive system. stores and concentrates bile for release into small intestine
Term
pancreas
Definition
Part of the digestive system. secretes digestive enzymes and buffers; contains endocrine cells
Term
large intestine
Definition
Part of the digestive system. removes water from fecal matter; stores wastes
Term
kidneys
Definition
Part of the urinary system. form and concentrate urine; regulate blood pH and ion concentrations; perform endocrine functions
Term
ureters
Definition
Part of the urinary system. conduct urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
Term
urinary bladder
Definition
Part of the urinary system. stores urine for eventual elimination
Term
urethra
Definition
Part of the urinary system. conducts urine to exterior
Term
epididymis
Definition
Part of the male reproductive system. accessory organ. acts as site of sperm maturation
Term
ductus deferens (sperm duct)
Definition
Part of the male reproductive system. accessory organ. conducts sperm from the epididymis and merges with the duct of the seminal gland
Term
seminal glands
Definition
Part of the male reproductive system. accessory organ. secretes fluid and enzymes
Term
urethra
Definition
Part of the male reproductive system. accessory organ. conducts semen to exterior
Term
prostate gland
Definition
Part of the male reproductive system. accessory organ. secretes fluid and enzymes
Term
urethra
Definition
Part of the male reproductive system. accessory organ. conducts semen to exterior
Term
penis
Definition
Part of the male reproductive system. external genetalia. contains erectile tissue; deposits sperm in vagina of female; produces pleasurable sensations during sexual activities.
Term
scrotum
Definition
Part of the male reproductive system. external genetalia. surrounds the testes and controls their temperature
Term
uterine tubes
Definition
Part of the female reproductive system. deliver oocyte or embryo to uterus; normal site of fertilization
Term
uterus
Definition
Part of the female reproductive system. site of embryonic development and exchange between maternal and embryonic bloodstreams
Term
vagina
Definition
Part of the female reproductive system. site of sperm deposition; acts as birth canal at delivery; provides passageway for fluids during menstruation
Term
clitoris
Definition
Part of the female reproductive system. external genitalia. contains erectile tissue; produces pleasurable sensations during sexual activities.
Term
labia
Definition
Part of the female reproductive system. external genitalia. contain glands that lubricate entrance to vagina
Term
mammary glands
Definition
Part of the female reproductive system. produce milk that nourishes newborn infant
Term
frons
Definition
forehead
Term
nasus
Definition
nose
Term
oculus
Definition
eye
Term
auris
Definition
ear
Term
bucca
Definition
cheek
Term
mamma
Definition
breast
Term
umbilicus
Definition
navel
Term
manus
Definition
hand
Term
hallux
Definition
great toe
Term
digits (phalanges)
Definition
fingers or toes (digital or phalangeal)
Term
tarsus
Definition
ankle
Term
crus
Definition
leg
Term
pollex
Definition
thumb
Term
palma
Definition
palm (of hand)
Term
antebrachium
Definition
forearm
Term
antecubitis
Definition
front of elbow
Term
brachium
Definition
arm
Term
axilla
Definition
armpit
Term
mentis
Definition
chin
Term
oris
Definition
mouth
Term
cephalon
Definition
head
Term
facies
Definition
face
Term
cranium
Definition
skull
Term
frons
Definition
forehead
Term
planta
Definition
sole of foot
Term
calcaneus
Definition
heel of foot
Term
sura
Definition
calf
Term
popliteus
Definition
back of knee
Term
lumbus
Definition
loin
Term
olecranon
Definition
back of elbow
Term
dorsum
Definition
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