Stomach

1) Location

2) R. surfaces associated with what?

3) Protection?

4) relation of esophagus, what circumvents esophagus

5) Fundus

6) Body

7) R and L sides are...attach to what?? Posterior?

8) Exiting path

9) inner wall is what?....has what?  What happens if stomach is empty...and full?

10) what parts of the stomach does the angular incisure divide

1) Upper L quadrant

2)R surface associated with L lobe of liver, 

3) Partially protected by ribs and costal cartilage

4) Esophagus passes through respiratory diaphragm and becomes continuous with R superior stomach=Cardia= small area of stomach tissue that circumvents opening of esophagus into stomach.

5) Fundus= superior to cardiac notch. and farthest right

6) (majority of stomach) Body= from fundus and cardia down to pyloric antrum.

7) R side is lesser curve attaching to lesser omentum.

L side, inferior surface, is greater curve, which attaches to greater omentum.

posterior-omental foramen

8) Pylorus antrum narrows into canal, then pyloric sphrincter.

9) Inner wall= mucous membrane.

Has Rugae= longitudinal folds when stomach is empy and dissapear when stomach is full or distended.

10) the  body from the Pylorus

4 layers of stomach

1) outer layer

2) layers of muscle in comparison to other digestive organs

3) list layers of muscle

4) other two layers

1) it is Intraperitoneal so outer layer is serosa

2) Muscularis layer- Muscle is thicker than other digestive organs there is a third muscle layer

3) longitudinal, circular, oblique layers = helps with mixing.

4)submucosa and mucosa

Pyloric Sphincter

1) Where?

2) function

3) innervation

4) normally remains...

5) problems

1) in stomach, inferior R portion (thickening of muscle)

2)regulate digestive food to pass into duodenum in regulated manner

3) vagal stimulation opens sphincter

4) closed

5) pylorospasm-causes gastrointestinal distress 

pyloric stenosis- dangerous issue, in babies causes projectile vomiting

Lower esophageal sphincter

1) part of...

2) normally remains...

3) function

4) disease

1) part of esophagus

2) normally closed

3) relaxes to allow bolus to pass into stomach cavity

4) GERD= disorder of relaxed esophageal sphincter allows reflux up= heartburn

Hiatal Hernias:

1) define hernia

2) sliding hiatal hernia

3)Paraesophafeal hiatal hernia

1) Structure passes through potential weakening.

2) associated with stomach cardia, which slides through opening in respiratory diaphragm,  into thoracic cavity.

3) herniated fundus of stomach slides up through opening of diaphragm, parallel to esophagus

Pancreas

1) length, location

2) importance

3) outer layer, what happen with trauma?

4) Gland function porportions & products

5) relationship with...

1) 6-7¨long, retroperitoneal, posterior to stomach

2) vital organ, double gland

3) thin connective tissue capsule (beware with trauma, because suturing isn´t very viable)

4) Endocrine (1% of organ secretes insuline, glucadon into blood, no duct) & Exocrine (MAJORITY of organ, secretes pancreatic juice through duct system to lumen of digestive system organ

5)relationship with duodenum

Duodenum

1) Location in relation to midline

2) height boundaries

3) superior part

4) next 3 parts

5) Becomes intraperitoneal at...

1) To the R of midline and vertebral column, crosses to left as makes a junction with jejunum (intestine #2)

2) descends L1 to L3/ superior L4

3) initial part intraperitoneal, then switches and continues as retroperitoneal

4) Descending, Horizontal, Ascending

5) duodenojejunal flexure/junction at midline or L of midline. Jejunum is intraperitoneal

Pancreatic Duct

1) Function

2) Combines with what? then those 2 turn into? and enters what, at what intersection?

1) Delivers exocrine pancreatic juice (active enzyme for all major groups).(*not insuline)

2) combines with common bile duct from liver and gallbladder and those two turn into the hepatopancreatic ampulla (widening) enters descending (part 2) duodenum at major duodenal papilla to mix with stomach content that passes through pyloric sphincter.

Components of Pancreas

1) appearance

2) 4 parts and orientation

3) tail approaches...

4) endocrine function requires...

5) addendum seen posteriorly

6) what vessels parallel pancrease? En route to where? seen where?

7) hepatic portal vein.  Seen where? en route to where?  drains what? formed by what two veins?

1) lumpy appearance

2) head, neck (R) &  body, tail (L); obliquely oriented: body to tail ascend as they cross midline

3) tail approaches hylus of spleen

4)  blood supply

5) uncinate process

6) splenic a and v parallel pancreas in route to/from spleen, seen on posterior aspect

7) hepatic portal v. to liver, drains digestive organs and spleen within abdominal cavity, formed by splenic vein and SMV (sup mesenteric v).

Spleen:

1) peritoneal location

2) vascularization and trauma

3) related/touching organs

4) protection, anterior and posterior

5) posterior, lateral surface

6) medial surface and contents and relation of pancreas

7) superior border associated with...

8) inferior border associated with...

9) anterior border associated with...

1) intraperitoneal, upper L quadrant

2) highly vascular: trauma results in splenectomy

3) related to stomach, tail of pancreas, kidney

4)completely protected by skeletal tissue, anterior: ribs 6-8; posterior: ribs 8-10

5) diaphragmatic surface: smooth, curved, rests on diaphragm.

6) visceral surface: hylus (splenic vessels). 

Tail of pancreas extends all the way  (with splenic vessels) to L to reach splenic hylus.

7) Gastric Greater curvature (L side)

8) L kidney

9)colic area or large bowel: Splenic flexure or L colic flexure of large bowel

Splenic flexure or L colic flexure

1) what is it?

2) where is it located (specifically!)

1) The junctional point btwn transerse colon and descending colon of large bowel. 

2) anterior border of spleen