Atrium

Ventricle

1 recieve blood

2. pump blood out

Heart position

1. general

2. 4 corners

the superiot portion is just under the transverse thoracic plane and the heart is shifted slightly to the left, the left border is just medial to the left midclavicular line

4 corners

1. upper right- 3rd costal cartilage

2. lower right- 6th costal cartilage

3. upper left-2nd costal cartilage

4. lower left (apex of the heart)- 5th intercostal space

Pericardium

1. Fibrous Pericardium

2. Serous Pericardium

1.)  Outer lining of the cavity of the heart (not a sereus membrane) very strong connective tissue membrane, very stiff, doesn't flex or expand (if this fills with fluid, it will put pressure and damage the heart)

2.)1. parietal- linning the inside of the cavity that the heart is in (fused together w/ the fiberous pericardium, lining the fiberous pericardium)

2. visceral- surface of the heart

1. the pericardial sac is made of

2. pericardial cavity

1. Fiberous pericardium and the parietal pericardum

2. space inbetween the parietal and visceral serous pericardium

very slick and smooth, unlike the fiberous membrane

creates lube for heart to beat and move around

3 layers to the heart

superficial to deep 1-3

1.Epicardium

2.Myocardium

3. Endocardium

1.Epicardium

2.Myocardium

3. Endocardium

1.Epicardium = same as the visceral pericardium 

2.Myocardium (cardiac muscle- thin around the atrium, thicker around ventricles and thickest around the left ventricle) (Ventricle pressures are greater on left side, but volumes are the same on each side)

3. Endocardium- simple squamous epithelium thatlines all the chambers of the heart and the valves of the heart, it's continous with the inner lining of the vessels (arteries and veins, endothelium-simple squamous epithelium that lines the inside of the vascular system)

Phrenic nerve

- route ?

1. interventricular sulcus

2. coronary sulcus

1. seperates the right and left ventricles from each other (anteior surface and goes to posteior surface) 

2. seperayes the 2 atria from the 2 ventricles

1. Interatrial septum

2. Interventricular septum

1. internal wall seperating 2 atria from each other

2. internal wall seperating 2 ventricles from each other

1. Atrioventricular valves (AV valves)

1. Right?

1. Left?

2. Semilunar valves

2

1.) valve between the atrium and ventricle

right-tricuspid valve

Left-bicuspid or mitral valve

2.) 1. aortic- between left ventricle and aorta

2. Pulmonic- between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Flow of blood through heart

12

superior vena cava- drains the body superior to the diaphram 

inferior vena cava- drains the body inferior to the diaphram

1. SVC and IVC

2. Right atrium

3.tricuspid valve

4. right ventricle

5. pulmonary valve

6. pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arterys to lungs (de02)

7. Pulmonary veins to heart fromluungs (02)

8. left atrium

9. Mitral or bicuspid valve

10. Left ventricle

11. Aortic valve

12. Aorta (to superiot and inferior body)

1. right border of the heart

2. Left border of the heart

1. right atrium, (the SVC, R. atrium and IVC form a verticle line that is to the right of the sternum) and right auricle superiorly

2. formed by the left ventricle (which forms the Apex) and superiorly the left auricle

 centrally- right ventricle

right-  right atrium, right auricle

left-left ventricle, left auricle

*cant see the left atrium(only see this posteiorly)

Pulmonary trunk goes anterior to the Aorta initially

-PT-comes from the R ventricle

-Aorta-comes from the left ventricle

- Left Atrium(only see posteriorly) 

-see more of the Left ventricle and less of the right ventricle seperated by the interventricular sulcus

-coronary sulcus seperating the atria from ventricles

Coronary Sinus

1. location

2. function

1-Located in the Coronary sulcus or groove

2- primary venous structure returning blood from the heart to the right atrium

1) Left atrium

1.seen from

2) Left Auricle

1. -only seen from the posterior surface

-forms the base of the heart (not inferior)

2. not the same as atrium it's an extention of the atrium, the lumens are continuous.

Right Atrium

1. Inside structures

2. vessels going into it

1. -Pectinate muscles on inner wall and inner wall of right auricle

-Oval Fossa-(on the interatrial septum)

2. SVC, IVC, Coronary Sinus-(drains heart)

-fetal bypass located in the interatrial septum

- baby gets 02 from mom

-blood goes from the right atrium directly into the left atrium

- After birth this hole closes normally and your left with the Oval Fossa

Connective tissue that supports the 4 valves of the heart

-ring structures

Left Atrium inside

1.Structures

1. -no pectinate muscle (smooth), but the left auricle does have the pectinate muscle

-

  Atrioventricular valves (bi and tricuspid)

1. components assosciated with

2. how they function

1.) 1. Papillary muscles- cardiac muscle extending from inner wall of the ventricle

2. Tendinous cords or Corda tendinae- tendons extending from papillary muscles

3. Valve cusp (mitral or bicusoid has 2 cusps, tricuspid has 3 cusps)

2.)When the ventricles contract the blood that goes up against the valve (pressure change), causes the valve to close and prevents a backflow of blood from the ventrical to atrium

Semilunar Valves of aorta and pulmonary trunk

1. how do they function

1. A backflow of blood catches the cusps and the cusps meet in the midline to prevent a back flow of blood into their respective ventricles

Coronary arterys

1. loacation

2. how they function

1. branch from the ascending aorta at the level of the aortic semilunar valve

2. -when the valve is open it covers the opening to the coronary arteries,

-when the valve is closed from backflow of blood and myocardium is relaxed, the coronary arteries fill with blood and the blood goes to the heart muscle (myocardium)

 Arteries over the heart

1. Describe

2. Branches 

1.) alot of arterial anastimosis, but the anastimosis are more structural or anitomical than funtional

2.) 1. Right coronary artery

2. Left Coronary Artery

-

 Right coronary artery

-branches and locations

1.right marginal branch- inferior border of heart

2. posterior interventricular or(decending) branch-Main trunk-in the posterior aspect of the coronary sulcus (posterior side of heart)

Left Coronary artery

-branches and locations

1. circumflex branch- goes to the left and posterior in the coronary sulcus

2. anterior interventricular (descending) branch- main branch located in the anterior interventricular sulcus

Heart venous system

1. Coronary sinus

2. Middle cardiac vein

3. Small cardiac vein

4. Great cardiac vein

1. in the posterior aspect of heart in the coronary sulcus and drains into the right atrium

2. accompanies the posteror interventricular artery in the posterior aspect of the coronary sulcus (posterior side of heart)

3. accompanies the right marginal branch- inferior border of heart

4. accompanies the anterior interventricular (descending) branch- main branch located in the anterior interventricular sulcus

is similar to the thickness of all other apects of the wall of the left ventricle, (very thick)

-(right ventricle-thin walls except for septum)

Heart muscle contraction

1. ANS function

2. innervation

-does not require innervation to contract (has its own intrinsic ability to contract)

1. ANS-regulates the heart rate

parasympathetic-slows down the heart rate

sympathetic- increases the heart rate

2. parasympathetic- from vagus

sympathetic- from sympathetic chain

SA Node or Sinuatrial Node

1. description and location 

2. ANS's affect

1. pace maker, located in the wall of the right atrium

2. Stimulate or not stimulate the SA node to speed or slow heart

1. gets its conduction from the SA node and then the charge goes down through the Interventricular septum to the right and left Atrioventricular bundles that terminate on the perkinge fibers or the right and left ventricle

*ventricles contract at the same time

atriums contract t the same time