Chapter 11 The Muscular System:

The Appendicular Musculature - pelvic girdle and lower limb

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Gluteus Maximus

-origin 

Iliac crest, posterior gluteal line, and lateral surface of ilium; sacrum, coccyx, and thoracolumbar fascia

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Gluteus Maximus

-insertion 

iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of femur 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Gluteus Maximus

-action 

extension and lateral rotation at hip; helps stabilize the extended knee; abduction at the hip (superior fibers only) 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Gluteus Maximus

-innervation 

inferior gluteal nerve 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Gluteus Medius 

-origin 

Anterior iliac crest, lateral surface of ilium between posterior and anterior gluteal lines 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Gluteus Medius 

-insertion 

greater trochanter of femur 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Gluteus Medius 

-action 

abduction and medial rotation at hip 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Gluteus Medius 

-innervation 

superior gluteal nerve 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Gluteus Minimus

-origin 

Lateral surface of ilium between enferior and anterior gluteal lines 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Gluteus Minimus

-insertion 

greater trochanter of femur 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Gluteus Minimus

-action 

 abduction and medial rotation at hip 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Gluteus Minimus

-innervation 

superior gluteal nerve 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Tensor fasciae latae

- origin 

iliac crest and lateral surface of anterior superior iliac spine

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Tensor fasciae latae

-insertion 

iliotibial tract 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Tensor fasciae latae

-action 

abduction and medial rotation at hip; extension and lateral rotation at knee; tenses fasciae latae, which laterally supports the knee 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Tensor fasciae latae

-innervation 

superior gluteal nerve 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Obturators (externus and internus)

-origin 

Lateral and medial margins of obturator foramen

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Obturators (externus and internus)

-insertion 

Trochanteric fossa of femur (externus); medial surface of greater trochanter (internus)

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Obturators (externus and internus)

-action 

Lateral rotation and abduction of hip; help to maintain stabiity and integrity of the hip

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Obturators (externus and internus)

-Innervation 

obturator nerve and special nerve from sacral plexus 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Obturators (externus and internus)

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Piriformis

-origin 

Anterolateral surface of sacrum 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Piriformis

-insertion 

greater trochanter of femur 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Piriformis

-action 

Lateral rotation and abdution of hip; help to mantain stability and integrity of the hip 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Piriformis

-innervation 

branches of sacral nerves 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Gemelli (superior and inferior)

-origin 

Ischial spine (superior gemellus) and ishial tuberosity (inferior gemellus) 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Gemelli (superior and inferior)

-insertion 

medial surface of greater trochanter via tendon of obturator internus 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Gemelli (superior and inferior)

-action 

lateral rotation and abduction of hip; help maintain stability nd integrity of hip 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Gemelli (superior and inferior)

-innervation 

nerves to obturator internus and quadratus femoris 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Quadratus femoris 

-origin 

lateral border of ischial tuberosity 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Quadratus femoris 

-insertion 

intertrochanteric crest of femur 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Quadratus femoris 

-action 

lateral rotation of hip 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Quadratus femoris 

-innervation 

Special nerves from sacral plexus

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Adductor brevis

-origin 

inferior ramus of pubis 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Adductor brevis

-insertion 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Adductor brevis

-action 

adduction and flexion at hip 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Adductor brevis

-innervation 

obturator nerve 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Adductor longus

-origin 

inferior ramus of pubis, anterior to adductor brevis 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Adductor longus

-insertion 

linea aspera of femur 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Adductor longus

-action 

adduction, flexion, and medial rotation at hip 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Adductor longus

-innervation 

obturator nerve 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Adductor magnus

-origin 

inferior ramus of pubis posterior to adductor brevis and ischial tuberosity 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Adductor magnus

-insertion 

linea aspera and adductor tubercle of femur 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Adductor magnus

-action 

whole muscle produces adduction at the hip; anterior part produces dlexion and edial rotation; posterior part produces extension 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Adductor magnus

-innervation 

obturator and sciatic nerve 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Pectineus

-origin 

Superior ramus of pubis

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Pectineus

-insertion 

pectineal line inferior to lesser trochanter of femur 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Pectineus

-action 

flexion and adduction at hip 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Pectineus

-innervation 

femoral nerve 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Gracilis

-origin 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Gracilis

-insertion 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Gracilis

-action 

flexion and medial rotation at knee; adduction and medial rotation at hip 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Gracilis

-innervation 

obturator nerve 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

iliacus 

-origin 

iliac fossa 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

iliacus 

-insertion 

femur distal to lesser trochanter; tendon fused with that of psoas major 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

iliacus 

-action 

flexion at hip and/ or lumbar interverterbral joints 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

iliacus 

-innervation 

femoral nerve 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Psoas major 

-origin 

Anterior surfaces and transverse processes of vertebrae 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Psoas major

-insertion 

lesser trochanter in company with iliacus 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Psoas major

-action 

flexion at hip and/or lumbar intervertebral joints 

Table 11-6, Fig. 11.12, Fig. 11.13, Fig. 11.14: Muscles that move the thigh

Psoas major

-innervation 

branches of the lumbar plexus 

Table 11-7, Fig. 11.15, Fig. 11.16, Fig. 11.17: Muscles that move the leg

Bceps femoris 

-origin 

ischial tuberosity and linea aspera of femur 

Table 11-7, Fig. 11.15, Fig. 11.16, Fig. 11.17: Muscles that move the leg

Bceps femoris 

-insertion 

head of fibula, lateral condyle of tibia 

Table 11-7, Fig. 11.15, Fig. 11.16, Fig. 11.17: Muscles that move the leg

Bceps femoris 

-action 

flexion at knee; extension and lateral roatation at hip 

Table 11-7, Fig. 11.15, Fig. 11.16, Fig. 11.17: Muscles that move the leg

Bceps femoris 

-innervation 

sciatic nerve; tibial portion and fibular branch 

Table 11-7, Fig. 11.15, Fig. 11.16, Fig. 11.17: Muscles that move the leg

Semimembranosus

-origin 

ischial tuberosity 

Table 11-7, Fig. 11.15, Fig. 11.16, Fig. 11.17: Muscles that move the leg

Semimembranosus

-insertion 

posterior surface of medial condyle of tibia 

Table 11-7, Fig. 11.15, Fig. 11.16, Fig. 11.17: Muscles that move the leg

Semimembranosus

-action 

flexion at knee; extenion and medial rotation at hip 

Table 11-7, Fig. 11.15, Fig. 11.16, Fig. 11.17: Muscles that move the leg

Semimembranosus

-innervation 

sciatic nerve 

Table 11-7, Fig. 11.15, Fig. 11.16, Fig. 11.17: Muscles that move the leg

Semitendinosus 

-origin 

ischial tuberosity 

Table 11-7, Fig. 11.15, Fig. 11.16, Fig. 11.17: Muscles that move the leg

Semitendinosus 

-insertion 

proximal, medial surface of tibia near insertion of gracilis 

Table 11-7, Fig. 11.15, Fig. 11.16, Fig. 11.17: Muscles that move the leg

Semitendinosus 

-action 

flexion at knee; extension and medial rotation at hip 

Table 11-7, Fig. 11.15, Fig. 11.16, Fig. 11.17: Muscles that move the leg

Semitendinosus 

-innervation 

sciatic nerve 

Table 11-7, Fig. 11.15, Fig. 11.16, Fig. 11.17: Muscles that move the leg

sartorius

-origin 

anterior superior iliac spine 

Table 11-7, Fig. 11.15, Fig. 11.16, Fig. 11.17: Muscles that move the leg

sartorius

medial surface of tibia near tibial tuberosity 

Table 11-7, Fig. 11.15, Fig. 11.16, Fig. 11.17: Muscles that move the leg

sartorius

flexion at knee; abduction, flexion, and lateral rotaion at hip 

Table 11-7, Fig. 11.15, Fig. 11.16, Fig. 11.17: Muscles that move the leg

sartorius

femoral nerve 

Table 11-7, Fig. 11.15, Fig. 11.16, Fig. 11.17: Muscles that move the leg

popliteus 

-origin 

lateral condyle of femur 

Table 11-7, Fig. 11.15, Fig. 11.16, Fig. 11.17: Muscles that move the leg

popliteus 

-insertion 

posterior surface of proximal tibial shaft 

Table 11-7, Fig. 11.15, Fig. 11.16, Fig. 11.17: Muscles that move the leg

popliteus 

-action 

medial rotation of tibia (or lateral rotation of femur) at knee; flexion at knee

Table 11-7, Fig. 11.15, Fig. 11.16, Fig. 11.17: Muscles that move the leg

popliteus 

-innervation 

tibial nerve 

Table 11-8, Fig. 11.18, Fig. 11.19, Fig. 11.20: Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes

tibialis anterior 

-origin 

lateral condyle and proximal shaft of tibia 

Table 11-8, Fig. 11.18, Fig. 11.19, Fig. 11.20: Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes

tibialis anterior 

-insertion 

tarsal and metatarsal bones 

Table 11-8, Fig. 11.18, Fig. 11.19, Fig. 11.20: Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes

tibialis anterior 

-action 

dorsiflexion at ankle; inversion of foot

Table 11-8, Fig. 11.18, Fig. 11.19, Fig. 11.20: Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes

tibialis anterior 

-innervation 

deep fibular nerve 

Table 11-8, Fig. 11.18, Fig. 11.19, Fig. 11.20: Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes

gastrocnemius muscle

-origin 

femoral condyles 

Table 11-8, Fig. 11.18, Fig. 11.19, Fig. 11.20: Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes

gastrocnemius muscle

-insertion 

calcaneus via calcaneal tendon 

Table 11-8, Fig. 11.18, Fig. 11.19, Fig. 11.20: Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes

gastrocnemius muscle

-action 

plantar flexion at ankle; flexion at knee 

Table 11-8, Fig. 11.18, Fig. 11.19, Fig. 11.20: Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes

gastrocnemius muscle

-innervation 

tibial nerves 

Table 11-8, Fig. 11.18, Fig. 11.19, Fig. 11.20: Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes

soleus muscle

-origin 

head and proximal shaft of fibula, and adjacent posteromedial shaft of tibia 

Table 11-8, Fig. 11.18, Fig. 11.19, Fig. 11.20: Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes

soleus muscle

-insertion 

calcaneus via calcaneal tendon (with gastrocnemius) 

Table 11-8, Fig. 11.18, Fig. 11.19, Fig. 11.20: Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes

soleus muscle

-action 

plantar flexion at ankle; postural muscle when standing 

Table 11-8, Fig. 11.18, Fig. 11.19, Fig. 11.20: Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes

soleus muscle

-innervation 

sciatic nerve, tibial branch 

Table 11-8, Fig. 11.18, Fig. 11.19, Fig. 11.20: Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes

Tibialis posterior 

-origin 

interosseous membrane and adjacent shafts of tibia and fibula 

 Table 11-8, Fig. 11.18, Fig. 11.19, Fig. 11.20: Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes

tibialis posterior muscle

-insertion 

tarsals and metatarsal bones 

Table 11-8, Fig. 11.18, Fig. 11.19, Fig. 11.20: Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes

tibialis posterior muscle

- action 

inversion of foot; plantar flexion at ankle 

Table 11-8, Fig. 11.18, Fig. 11.19, Fig. 11.20: Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes

tibialis posterior muscle

-innervation 

sciatic nerve 

Table 11-8, Fig. 11.18, Fig. 11.19, Fig. 11.20: Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes

Flexor digitorum longus

-action 

flecion of joints of toes 2-5; plantar flexes ankle 

Table 11-8, Fig. 11.18, Fig. 11.19, Fig. 11.20: Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes

Flexor digitorum longus

 -innervation 

tibial branch 

Table 11-8, Fig. 11.18, Fig. 11.19, Fig. 11.20: Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes

Flexor hallucis longus

-action 

flexion at joints of great toe; plantar flexes ankle 

Table 11-8, Fig. 11.18, Fig. 11.19, Fig. 11.20: Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes

Flexor hallucis longus

-innervation 

tibial branch 

Table 11-8, Fig. 11.18, Fig. 11.19, Fig. 11.20: Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes

Extensor digitorum longus 

-action 

extension of toes 2-5; dorsiflexes ankle 

Table 11-8, Fig. 11.18, Fig. 11.19, Fig. 11.20: Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes

Extensor digitorum longus 

-innervation 

deep fibular nerve 

Table 11-8, Fig. 11.18, Fig. 11.19, Fig. 11.20: Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes

Extensor hallucis longus 

-action 

extension at joints of great toe; dorsiflexes ankle 

Table 11-8, Fig. 11.18, Fig. 11.19, Fig. 11.20: Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes

Extensor hallucis longus 

-innervation 

deep fibular nerve 

Table 11-9, Fig. 11.21: Intrinsic muscles of the foot

Extensor digitorum brevis 

Table 11-9, Fig. 11.21: Intrinsic muscles of the foot

abductor hallucis 

Table 11-9, Fig. 11.21: Intrinsic muscles of the foot

flexor digitorum brevis 

Table 11-9, Fig. 11.21: Intrinsic muscles of the foot

abductor digiti minimi 

quadratus plantae 

Table 11-9, Fig. 11.21: Intrinsic muscles of the foot

Lumbricals (4) 

Table 11-9, Fig. 11.21: Intrinsic muscles of the foot

Flexor hallucis brevis 

Table 11-9, Fig. 11.21: Intrinsic muscles of the foot

adductor hallucis 

Table 11-9, Fig. 11.21: Intrinsic muscles of the foot

Flexor digiti minimi brevis 

Table 11-9, Fig. 11.21: Intrinsic muscles of the foot

Dorsal interossei (4) 

Plantar interossei (3) 

Table 11.11, Fig. 11.23: Compartments of lower limb

anterior compartment 

femoral artery, vein, and nerve

vastus intermedius

vastus medialis

vastus lateralis

rectus femoris 

anterior tibial artery and vein

tibialis anterior 

tendon of tibialis anterior 

Table 11.11, Fig. 11.23: Compartments of lower limb

Lateral compartment 

fibularis longus

tendon of fibularis longus 

Table 11.11, Fig. 11.23: Compartments of lower limb

posterior compartment 

biceps femoris and semiteninosis

sciatic nerve 

Table 11.11, Fig. 11.23: Compartments of lower limb

Medial compartment 

Adductor magnus

adductor longus 

Table 11.11, Fig. 11.23: Compartments of lower limb

Superficialposterior compartment  

gastrocnemius 

soleus

calcaneal tendon