Memory

Short term

Few seconds to a few minutes

-limited by the # of bits of information (7)

Memory

Long term

longer to a lifetime

-secondary, fade with time

-tertiary:part of teh consciousness (name)

Regions involved with memory

1. Memory is accessed by

2. hippocamous involved in 

3. long term memory is stored in 

1. hippocampus and amygdaloid

2. hippocampus involved in emotional overtones

3. stored in parts of cerebral cortex

-visual memories are stored in

visual association areas specific

neuoron that responds to

sound of one word

1. visual association area-what a chapula looks like

2. auditory- crounch sound it makes

3. speech center- how to say chapula

4. frontal lobe- how much they cost , whats inside them 

How to make a memory

(7)

1. amount of neurotransmitter produced increases

2. brings neurons closer to threshold (fire easier) 

3. calcium influx

4. assocaite with calmodulin 

5. calmodulin activates production of specific proteins

6. protiens chage the shape of cells

7. new cytoskeleton is created making memory permanent

sleep

-has little affect on most organs except CNS (unknown why)

-protein synthesis increases in sleep

-influences emotion, process memories, creates drives

-basic survival instincts and reproduction

parts of limbic system

(3)

Amygdaloid- links emotion to memories

hippocampus- storage of memories

fornix- white matter that connects hippocamous to hypothalamus (thirst hunger)

::major source is input is smell

::smell initiates and motivates us to find food

::detects pheromones 

special senses

olfaction

olfactory epithelium and steps

olfaction-smelling

olfactory epithelium- contians olfactory receptors

::modified neurons

::contain colia
::layer of mucus

STEPS

- molecules bind to olfactory receptors (mucus)

-binding casues action potential

-synapse on olfactory bulb

-olfactory cortex(frontal)

-hypothalamus

-limbic system

-all receptors are the same

-distinct sensitivities 

_taste 

PART?

taste buds

basal cells-

gustatory cells-

basal - make more cells

gustatory cells- have hairs that extend out of buds

::fore action potential

*lead to thalamus adn parietal cortex (TASTE CENTER)

taste discrimination

6 primary tastes

sweet, sour, bitter, umami, water

umami-aa

water-water balance

taste buds

(DIFFERENT FOODS)

all structurally the same

-taste different food?

::salt and sour- chemically gated ion channels

::sweet bitter adn umami- G proteins

*unpleasant taste fire faster

*pleasent taste fire slower

vision

assessory structures

eyelids-

eyelashes-

eyebrows-

lacrimal gland-

eyelids-libricates eye, keeps dust out

eyelashes- srop foreign matter from entering eye

eyebrows- stops sweat from entering eye

lacrimal- produces tears

::contain lysozyme
::carries O and nutrients 

1. fibrous layer(sclera)

2. Vascular layer(choroid)

-contains blood vessels

3. neural layer (retina)

-2 parts

::pigmented retina

::neural retina

*photoreceptors and supporting cells

organization of retina

outermost layer?

rods and cones?

-photoreceptors

-rods=non color vision

::highly sensitive and used under low light conditions

cones=color vision

::used in detail vision

distribution of retina

125 million rods in periphery of eye (SIDE)

6 million cones on posterior side

-area that contain only cones

::in center, fovea centralis-highest concentration of cones

::sharpest vision

-part of electromagnetic spectrum

::blue 400, green 500, red 650

(we see color b/c tht specific wavelength is entering our eye)

(plants are green b/c its absorbing every wavelength except for green and green refects into our eyes)

Cones 

-color vison adn visual acuity

-require bright light

-cone shaped, bipolar photoreceptor 

-contain iodospon

::retinal opsin

::different aa sequence

-Three types of color opsin (proteins)

::green, red, blue

hearing and balance

(3 parts)

1. external ear

::pina- elastic cartilage (helps collect sound)

::sound detected toward external auditpry meatus

(lined wiht hairs and ceruminouss glads---ear wax AKA stops foreign objects from entering)

::tympanic membrane(ear drum) sperates external ear and inner eay

::sound waves cause the ear drum to vibrate

2. Middle ear

-air filled cavity

-2 covered openings on medial side called round and oval windows

-middle ears has 3 auditory ossicles, (malleus, incus, stapes)

3. unner ear

-cochlear

::contains supporting epithelial cells and hair cells

::basilar nad tectoral membranes

::hair cells have microvilli

:mechanoreceptors

::volume is # of cells fiiring 

::Pitch is location in cochlea

balence 

(9)

1. vestibule contains epithelium called macula

2. utricle is parallel to base of skill

3. saccula is perpendicular to base of skull

4. these contain specialized hair cells

::the hair cells have microvilla called STERO CILLIA OTOLITHS (protein and calcium carbonate)

5. gelatinois masses moves in relation to gravity

6. this bends hair causing action potential 

7. bending hair toward kinocilium results in depolarization

8. bending away causes hyper polarization

9. stimulation tells brain the head position adn acceleration