Term
| What consists of CNS? WHat is it involved in? |
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Definition
| Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the brain, spinal cord (also the retina). It is involved in processing and final decision making. |
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Term
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Definition
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- consists of peripheral ganglia and nerves |
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Term
What are Cranial Nerves?
What are spinal nerves associated with? serve? |
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Definition
| (mostly stay in head)Cranial Nerves and their associated ganglia serve the head region (generally) while Spinal Nerves and associated ganglia serve the neck, trunk and extremities. |
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Term
| What does somatic refer to? |
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Definition
| Somatic(skeletal muscle skin(body wall)) refers to neurons that supply body wall structures: skin and skeletal muscles |
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Term
| What does automatic refer to? |
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Definition
Autonomic refers to sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons that supply visceral areas (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands).
*Cranial nerves are more complex and some contain somatic, autonomic and/or “special” fibers (e.g. afferents for vision, hearing, etc) |
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Term
| What do higher centers in the CNS do? |
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Definition
| Generally, higher centers in the CNS provide input to the PNS neurons as well as receive and process input from the PNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Efferents are also called “motor” components. Efferents to skeletal muscle are called “somatic motor”; efferents to visceral structures are called “visceral motor” and are the sympathetic and/or parasympathetic neurons of the autonomic nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Afferents are often called “sensory” but it should be noted that sensory implies conscious perception (and much afferent input is processed in the CNS without ever reaching consciousness).(inbound information) |
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Term
| What are somatic afferents and visceral afferents? |
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Definition
Somatic afferents are from the body wall (e.g. skin); visceral afferents are from viscera (this is sparse innervation – mainly pain fibers.
The “special senses” (afferents) are served by cranial nerves. |
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Term
| Basic info about Neurons: |
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Definition
Post-mitotic cells (generally don’t divide)
Transmit information via nerve impulses
Nucleus located in the cell body
Axon extends for long distances to target
Axon terminals release neurotransmitters
Dendrites receive information from
other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| The perikaryon (cell body) is the synthetic center of the neuron where most of the protein synthesis occurs. |
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Term
| What are the cellular processes radiating form the cell body? |
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Definition
| The cellular processes radiating from the cell body are called dendrites and most, but not all, neurons have these. They are specialized to receive synapses from other neurons. |
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Term
| What the longest process of the neuron? |
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Definition
| The axon is typically the longest process of the neuron - it can be many mm to over a meter in length. |
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Term
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Definition
| Axon terminals are the specialized endings of the axon that contact target cells at synapses (with other neurons, muscle, or glands). |
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Term
| What are the three types of neurons? |
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Definition
Bipolar and unipolar cells are typical of afferent or sensory neurons.
Efferent neurons as well as interneurons (the most numerous type of neuron) are typically multipolar in sha |
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Term
What do sensory neurons do?
What do motor neurons do? |
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Definition
Sensory Neurons (Afferent) - conduct impulses to the CNS from specialized receptors.
Motor neurons (Efferents) - conduct impulses away from CNS towards target tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interneurons - Over 99% of all neurons are in this class! They conduct inpulses/information between neurons. |
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Term
| What is group or cluster of neurons in CNS called? |
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Definition
| In the CNS, a group or cluster of neuron cell bodies (typically with similar function) is referred to as a nucleus, and a group of axons that travel for some distance together is called a tract. |
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Term
| What are great and white matter? Difference? |
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Definition
| The terms grey and white matter are used to describe CNS tissue and refer to areas containing mainly neuron cell bodies (grey) vs. those containing mainly axons (white). |
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Term
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Definition
| In the PNS, the term ganglion is used to refer to a cluster of neuron cell bodies, while a group or bundle of axons is referred to as a nerve. |
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Term
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Definition
| A region where many nerve fibers mix and resort is termed a nerve plexus |
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Term
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Definition
| CNS neurons are within the skull or the vertebral canal of the vertebrae (spine) |
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Term
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Definition
| The cerebral cortex is the largest part of the CNS and the locus of our higher processes. Predominately grey matter. |
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Term
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Definition
| The corpus callosum is the large white matter axonal connection between the left and right “cerebral hemispheres” – the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain. (where two halfs of brain talk) |
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Term
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Definition
The brain stem contains phylogenetically older control centers (e.g. breathing) as well as the nuclei of the cranial nerves.
-midbrain
-pons
-medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| The cerebellum is the region devoted to coordination of movement. (fine motor tuning) |
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Term
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Definition
Frontal
(contains primary motor cortex,prefrontal working memory and Broca’s speech areas
**prefontal self control |
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Term
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Definition
Parietal
(contains primary somatosensory cortex)
-know if poked in arm or leg |
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Term
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Definition
Occipital
(contains primary visual cortex) |
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Term
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Definition
Temporal(wrapped around ear)
(contains primary auditory cortex; important for memory)
**initial memory areas |
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Term
| WHat is peripheral nervous system? |
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Definition
Carries efferent (motor) information to muscles and organs from the CNS
Carries afferent information to CNS from sensory receptors |
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Term
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Definition
CRANIAL NERVES
12 Pairs
Originate from Brain
Lead to Head, Neck, Trunk
Mostly Mixed Nerves
Special Senses represented
Designated by Number (I-XII)
or Name |
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Term
Olfactory nerves?
Optic nerve
Oculomotor nerve? |
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Definition
Cranial nerves:
Olfactory(I):
-smell
Optic(II):
-vision
--------------
Oculomotor nerve(III):
-motor- eye movements
-parasympathatic constriction of pupil
Trochlear(IV) eye movement
Abducens(VI): eye movement |
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Term
Facial:?
Vestibulocochlear?
Glossopharyngeal? |
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Definition
Cranial Nerves:
Facial(VII): all facial expressions
Vestibulocochlear(VIII): balace(vestibular) Head position and movement.
-Hearing(cochlear)
Glossopharyngeal:(IX)
-Some taste fibres & other sensory fibres libibg throat.
-Parasympathetic involved with blood pressure |
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Term
Vagus?
Accessory(XI)
Hypoglossal? |
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Definition
Vagus:(X) Main parasympathetic feed:
Motor to larynx, pharynx & soft palate for swallowing
Accessory(XI): Motor Sternocleidomastoid & Trapezius(leaves head)
Hypoglossal:(XII) Tonge muscles. |
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Term
| Spinal nerves? How many? Orgin point? Communication direction? |
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Definition
31 pairs
originate from spinal cord
mixed nerves 2 way communication.
-8PR. Cervical(C1-C8) -12PR thoracic(T1-T12)
-5PR. Lumbar(L1 to L5)
-5PR Sacral(S1 to S5) - 1PR coccygeal(C0) |
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Term
| What do spinal nerves innervate? |
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Definition
| Skin and skeletal muscles of the body wall. |
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Term
| How is the spinal system organized? |
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Definition
The spinal system
is segmentally organized.
Nerves from upper cord regions innervate upper regions of the body/upper limbs while lower spinal cord regions provide innervation to lower regions of the trunk and lower extremity. |
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Term
| Where are cell bodies of motor neurons located? What are they called? |
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Definition
| Cell bodies of the motor neurons are located in the anterior (ventral) horn of the spinal cord. These are the final output neurons and are called "lower motor neurons". |
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Term
| Where do axons of the somatic motor system exit? |
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Definition
| Their axons leave the spinal cord and form the ventral roots which course into spinal nerves that exit the vertebral column at the intervertebral foramina. |
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Term
| What happens to nerve after exiting the vertebral column? |
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Definition
| At that point the spinal nerve splits into dorsal and ventral rami. The dorsal rami innervate back (intrinsic musculature and skin) while the typically larger ventral rami innervate the anterior side of the body and the extremities |
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Term
| Where are upper motor neurons located? |
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Definition
| Upper motor neurons are located in the CNS in motor centers such as the primary motor regions of the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
| Where are upper motor neurons axons located? |
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Definition
| Their axons course down the spinal cord in white matter tracts and synapse on lower motor neurons located in the ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord or brain stem. |
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Term
| What are signs of lower motor neuron injury? |
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Definition
| Lower motor neuron injury can occur with damage to peripheral nerves (e.g. knife cut or prolapse of an intervertebral disk). Signs of lower motor neuron damage are: flaccid paralysis of muscles, hypotonicity, loss of the stretch reflex. |
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Term
| What What are signs of upper motor neuron injury? |
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Definition
| Upper motor neuron injury can occur from spinal cord damage or stroke in higher CNS regions. Signs of upper motor neuron injury include loss of voluntary movements, spasticity, rigor, and exaggerated/aberrant reflexes (e.g. Babinski sign). |
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Term
| Where are somatic afferent system |
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Definition
| The Afferent System The neuron cell bodies are located in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), also called spinal ganglia. They are the primary afferent (sensory, input) neurons that relay information into the CNS. |
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Term
| What do somatic afferent nerves innervate? |
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Definition
| These neurons innervate somatic structures (skin, muscle spindles, tendons) as well as visceral structures (e.g. sensation to walls of the gut, heart, bladder etc.). |
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Term
| What do spinal ganglia nerves convey? |
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Definition
| Some spinal ganglia neurons convey exteroceptive sensations from skin (pain, temperature, touch and pressure), others convey proprioceptive sensations from muscles, tendons and joints (these are usually subconscious providing information about joint position and tendon/muscle tension) |
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Term
| Explain DRG neurons. Where is peripheral and central branch located? |
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Definition
| DRG neurons are typically pseudounipolar: They have a stem axon which bifurcates into two long axonal branches. The peripheral branch DRG axon is located in spinal nerves and their named branches. The central branch DRG axon is found only in the dorsal roots which enter the spinal cord and may ascend to higher levels. |
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Term
| WhHow is somatic affect system organized? What are dermatomes? |
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Definition
| The somatic afferent system is segmentally organized - dermatomes represent the sensory territory on the body surface of DRG neurons from a given spinal nerve level. All spinal nerves except for C1 have a dermatome. |
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Term
| How are dermatomes on the back innervated? |
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Definition
| The dermatomes on the back are innervated by sensory axons traveling in the dorsal rami of spinal nerves; dermatomes on the anterior side and all extremities are served by sensory axons traveling in the ventral rami of spinal nerves. |
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Term
| Afferents enter the spinal cord via the dorsal (posterior) roots and then take one of two main pathways to reach higher levels of the CNS. What are they? |
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Definition
| The left pathway shown is for touch and is often called the “dorsal column” or “medial lemniscal” system. The pathway on the right is called the “anterolateral” pathway and conveys information about pain and temperature |
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Term
| What do the synapses in the spinal cord enable? |
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Definition
| The synapses in the spinal cord between the afferent neurons and the efferent neurons enable rapid withdrawal of the extremity from danger. In some cases, reflex arcs can be monosynaptic - but the vast majority of the time, several interneurons are involved. |
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Term
What is the enteric nervous system?
Where are the intrinsic neurons of the gut located? |
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Definition
The Enteric Nervous
System: The 3rd part
of the peripheral NS
These intrinsic neurons
of the gut are located in two layers:
the myenteric plexus
and the submucosal plexus. |
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Term
| How does this some regulate gut motility? |
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Definition
| This system is capable of regulating gut motility in the absence of any other input. However, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system feeds into the enteric nervous system and modulates it. A very diverse assortment of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides have been localized to the enteric neurons of the gut. |
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Term
| What does the The Autonomic Nervous System do? |
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Definition
The general visceral motor division of the PNS
Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Functions independently
Functions continuously
Functions without conscious control
Regulates visceral functions, maintains homeostasis
Heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, urination
Is regulated by visceral reflexes |
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Term
| What does sympathetic (ANS) do? |
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Definition
Sympathetic
-Prepares for energy-expending,
stressful or emergency situations
(Fight or Flight) |
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Term
| What does Parasympathetic do? |
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Definition
Parasympathetic - Active under ordinary,
restful conditions (Rest and Digest)
The parasympathetic division is simpler and less extensive than the sympathetic division. |
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Term
| Automatics are always what? |
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Definition
Autonomics are always a two neuron relay!
The cell body of the 1st neuron is in the CNS - its axon is the preganglionic fiber. It synapses with the 2nd neuron.
The cell body of the second neuron is located in an autonomic ganglion - its axon is the postganglionic fiber.(synapses on target) |
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Term
| General principles of 2 neuron hook scheme? (part 1) |
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Definition
| 1st neuron is in the CNS and its axon leaves the CNS and is called the preganglionic fiber. That axon makes a synapse on the 2nd neuron innervates direct to targets. ( Cardiac muscle, gland cells, and smooth muscle) (no skeletal, no skin) |
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Term
| General principles of 2 neuron hook scheme? (part 2) |
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Definition
| 2nd neuron provides the postganglionic fiber (axon) that ultimately synapses with the target tissue. |
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Term
| Both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at their endings. WHat does the sympathetic release? |
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Definition
The postganglionic axons of the sympathetic nervous system are called “adrenergic” because they use noradrenalin as the transmitter at their synapses with target tissues.
-decent size axon |
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Term
| Both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at their endings. WHat does the parasympathetic release? |
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Definition
The postganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons release acetylcholine at their target synapses and are called “cholinergic”.
-pregaganglionic fiber(vagus nerve) really long. |
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Term
Sympathetic
or Thoracolumbar
Division of ANS: |
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Definition
-Preganglionic fibers from intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord
-Arise only from T1-L2/3 cord levels(contain somatic motor neurons and preganglionic sympathetic outflow)
-Preganglionic fibers exit via ventral roots (always contain somatic motor neurons) and enter sympathetic chain |
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Term
paravertebral” sympathetic anatomy:
Where are the post ganglia fibers located? |
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Definition
Most of the second order neurons (that provide postganglionic fibers) are located in the sympathetic chain ganglia (also called the “paravertebral” ganglia). These ganglia extend as a chain from the neck to the pelvic cavity on both sides of the vertebral column.
* The other pathway involves displaced or “prevertebral” ganglia (also called “preaortic ganglia” in some texts). |
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Term
| What are the fine connections between the spinal nerve and the sympathetic chain? |
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Definition
Note the fine connections between the spinal nerve and the sympathetic chain, which are the grey and white communicating rami.
-rami connect ventral roots to chain of ganglia. Go up and down entire vertebral column. |
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Term
| What are the three larger ganglia in superior(upper) end of spy pathetic chain in the neck region? |
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Definition
The superior cervical ganglion is the upper-most extension of the sympathetic chain;
the middle cervical ganglion is intermediate.
the inferior cervical ganglion is at the lower cervical vertebral level. |
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Term
| What is name for all three? |
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Definition
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Term
The “displaced” prevertebral/preaortic sympathetic ganglia
(part 1) |
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Definition
Unpaired, not segmentally arranged
Occur only in abdomen and pelvis
Lie anterior to the vertebral column
Main ganglia-Celiac, superior mesenteric & inferior mesenteric |
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Term
The “displaced” prevertebral/preaortic sympathetic ganglia
(part 2) |
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Definition
| The celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric ganglia are “displaced” away from the main sympathetic chain to a position anterior to the aorta (“prevertebral” or “preaortic” position). These ganglia are functionally the same as those in the sympathetic chain but they are in an unusual location! |
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Term
| What are are postgaglionic sympathic fiber targets? |
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Definition
Eye
submandbular and sublingual glands
parotoid gland
Heart
Bronchial tree
Stomach
Celia plexus
Small intestine
Large instestin
Ductus Deferens |
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Term
| What are are pregaglionic sympathic fiber targets?(not sure if need to know) |
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Definition
Infereior mesenteric plexus
small intestine
celeiac |
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Term
| How do Preganglionic sympathetic fibers enter the sympathetic chain? |
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Definition
| All Preganglionic sympathetic fibers enter the sympathetic chain using a white communicating ramus which branches from spinal nerves T1-L3. ONLY the T1-L3 spinal nerves have a white communicating ramus! |
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Term
| After synapsing in the sympathetic chain, postganglionic fibers reenter? |
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Definition
After synapsing in the sympathetic chain, postganglionic fibers reenter the spinal nerves via a gray communicating ramus.
ALL spinal nerves have a gray communicating ramus (but not all have a white ramus). |
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Term
Courses taken by
Preganglionic Sympathetic
Fibers:(part 1) |
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Definition
A preganglionic sympathetic fiber can enter the sympathetic chain and either:
1) ascend to higher levels of the chain before synapsing, 2) synapse immediately |
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Term
Courses taken by
Preganglionic Sympathetic
Fibers:(part 2) |
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Definition
3) descend to lower levels of the chain before synapsing with a neuron in the chain..
4) In the case of the abdominal viscera, the preganglionic axons do not synapse in the sympathetic chain at all. Instead they leave the sympathetic chain and travel to one of the “displaced” or prevertebral ganglia via the splanchnic nerves and synapse there. |
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Term
| Sympathetic Pathways to the Body Wall and Extremities |
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Definition
| The simplest scheme occurs at the T1-L3 level for sympathetics that will innervate structures in the “body wall” and extremities: The preganglionic axon that enters the sympathetic chain via a white communicating ramus synapses with a neuron in the sympathetic chain. |
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Term
| Sympathetic Pathways to the Body Wall and Extremities |
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Definition
| The postganglionic axon leaves the sympathetic chain via a gray communicating ramus and re-enters the spinal nerve. Those postganglionic sympathetic fibers then travel with the spinal nerve and leave the nerve at various places that contain targets. |
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Term
| In order to reach sympathetic targets in the head (for example: alivary glands, sweat glands, smooth muscle in the eye, smooth muscle associated with arteries in the head region): WHere do they enter chain? how does it work? |
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Definition
| the preganglionic sympathetic fibers enter the sympathetic chain (at thoracolumbar levels only) and ascend in the chain without synapsing immediately. |
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Term
| When fibers at higher level what happens? |
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Definition
| When these fibers get to a higher appropriate level, they synapse with a neuron in the cervical part of the sympathetic chain and then the postganglionic sympathetic fibers leave the chain ganglia and follow vasculature into the head. |
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Term
| How do vasculature and postganglionnic fibers interact as far as blood vessels? |
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Definition
| Vasculature throughout the body is innervated. Postganglionic fibers also leave the sympathetic chain at all levels and “catch a ride” or follow vasculature through the body, innervating the smooth muscle in its walls as needed. |
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Term
| What is sympathetic pathway to thoracic organs? |
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Definition
| For the heart: the cervical sympathetic ganglia (and the 1st 4 thoracic sympathetic ganglia) are used. Postganglionic sympathetic fibers leave the sympathetic chain directly and form a cascade of axons in the cardiac plexus. |
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Term
| Sympathetic Pathways to Abdominal Organs |
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Definition
Abdominal viscera – The splanchnic nerve scheme is used.
This differs slightly from the “standard” sympathetic chain ganglia scheme because the second order neurons are displaced from the chain (and are located in the “prevertebral” sympathetic ganglia). The splanchnic nerves which connect the sympathetic chain with the prevertebral sympathetic ganglia contain PREGANGLIONIC sympathetic fibers that have not yet synapsed with a 2nd order neuron. |
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Term
| Greater splanchnic nerves carry what? |
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Definition
| Greater splanchnic nerves carry preganglionic fibers to the celiac ganglion where they synapse. Postganglionic fibers from neurons in the celiac ganglion serve the foregut and its derivatives (stomach, duodenum, liver, pancreas, spleen) |
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Term
| Lesser splanchnic nerves carry what? |
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Definition
| Lesser splanchnic nerves carry preganglionic fibers to the superior mesenteric ganglion where they synapse. The postganglionic fibers from this ganglion serve the midgut derivatives (part of duodenum, jejunum, ilium, cecum, ascending and transverse colon) |
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Term
| The lumbar splanchnics carry what? |
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Definition
| The lumbar splanchnics carry preganglionic fibers to the inferior mesenteric ganglion where they synapse. Postganglionic fibers from the inferior mesenteric ganglion innervate hindgut derivatives (descending colon, sigmoid and rectum and pelvic viscera). |
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Term
| Sympathetic Pathways to Pelvic Organs? |
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Definition
| In the case of the pelvic organs, the preganglionic fibers synapse in a displaced ganglia (reaching there via a splanchnic nerve) and the postganglionic fibers follow a plexus of fibers to reach genital tissue and excretory targets. |
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Term
| The Adrenal Medulla is Directly Innervated by? |
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Definition
| Sympathetic innervation of the adrenal medulla. The adrenal medulla contains chromaffin cells that are “modified sympathetic neurons”. It is unique in that it gets direct preganglionic sympathetic innervation. The adrenal medulla functions as part of the sympathetic nervous system and releases adrenalin when it is stimulated by the preganglionic fibers. |
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Term
| Preganglionic fibers from the cranial division run via:? |
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Definition
Preganglionic fibers from the cranial division run via:
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Facial nerve (VII)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Vagus nerve (X) (75% of innervation) |
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Term
| Preganglionic fibers from the Spinal division are from ? |
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Definition
| Preganglionic fibers from the Spinal division are from the S2-4 spinal cord |
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Term
| The parasympathetic portions of cranial nerves III, VII and IX go where? |
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Definition
The parasympathetic portions of cranial nerves III, VII and IX remain in the head region. Those preganglionic axons which arise from neuronal cell groups in the brain stem synapse with specific ganglia located in the head. The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers then pass a short distance to innervate their targets (glands, smooth muscle).
Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons in the head are found in the: ciliary ganglia (III |
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Term
| Where are parasympathetic postganglionic neurons in the head are found? |
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Definition
| Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons in the head are found in the: ciliary ganglia (III), ptergopalatine and submandibular ganglia (VII) and the otic ganglia (IX) |
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Term
| Vagus nerve provides what ? |
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Definition
| The vagus nerve (X) provides the main parasympathetic preganglionic feed to much of the rest of the body. It does not project to a parasympathetic ganglion in the head; instead the postganglionic parasympathetic neurons are located in the walls of its target organs. Among the important targets of the vagus: heart, bronchi, stomach & intestines. |
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Term
| Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers arise from ? |
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Definition
| Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers arise from the S2-S4 spinal cord regions in an intermediolateral cell column and exit via ventral roots. They course to small postganglionic parasympathetic pelvic ganglia that are are located in or close to the walls of the organs that they innervate and synapse. |
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Term
| The postganglionic axons then go on to innervate what? |
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Definition
| The postganglionic axons then go on to innervate important targets such as the excretory sphincters of the urethra and rectum as well as the sex organs/erectile tissue of genitalia that are responsible for erection. |
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Term
Visceral Sensory Neurons:
What do they monitor?
Where are they located? |
|
Definition
General visceral sensory neurons monitor:
Stretch, temperature, chemical changes, irritation, PAIN
Cell bodies are located in the dorsal root ganglia
Visceral pain – often perceived to be somatic in origin - “Referred pain” |
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Term
| Sensory innervation of viscera.? |
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Definition
| Afferent information (sensory input) from visceral regions is conveyed by spinal ganglion (DRG) neurons. The peripheral branch axons of spinal ganglion neurons reach viscera by following autonomics or vasculature. The visceral afferents are not considered part of the autonomic nervous system (which is purely efferent), but they travel along with the autonomics to reach body cavities. |
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Term
| Why is pain at higher CNS level result in confusion?(part 1) |
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Definition
Pain from viscera is typically “referred” to the body wall and
perceived as pain in one or more dermatomes.
REFERENCE of PAIN to the body wall is the result of “confusion” at higher CNS levels that consciously perceive pain. This results because visceral afferents enter the spinal cord at the same segmental level as somatic afferents from the same spinal ganglion. |
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Term
| Why is pain at higher CNS level result in confusion?(part 2) |
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Definition
| Because the bulk of the sensory information from a given spinal ganglion comes from the body wall (e.g. skin), the occasional and rare signal emitted from the relatively few spinal ganglion neurons that innervate viscera, is initially not localized correctly. Instead, the signal (pain) is perceived in the brain as coming from the skin area innervated by most of the neurons in that particular spinal ganglion (dermatome region). |
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Term
| Why is pain at higher CNS level result in confusion?(part 3) |
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Definition
| Thus, pain from the heart is “referred to” (perceived as) pain in the anterolateral chest wall and pain radiating down the medial side of the left arm and hand. Similarly, appendix pain is felt as pain in the skin of the umbilical region. |
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Term
| Autonomic Dysreflexia - Hyperreflexia |
|
Definition
Affects quadriplegics and paraplegics
Over-activity of the Autonomic Nervous System causing an abrupt onset of excessively high blood pressure.
Persons at risk for this problem generally have spinal cord injury levels above T5. |
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Term
| What can Autonomic Dysreflexia - Hyperreflexia lead to? |
|
Definition
| Autonomic dysreflexia which mainly impacts individuals with spinal cord injury can develop suddenly and is potentially life threatening. If not treated promptly and correctly, it may lead to seizures, stroke, and even death. It is due to sudden strong stimulation of the visceral afferents below the level of injury (e.g. bladder hyperextension due to catheter block) without higher CNS toning or dampening down of the reflex. This can cause massive sympathetic discharge throughout the body |
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Term
| Autonomic Dysfuntion in Raynaud’s Disease |
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Definition
Disorder of the ANS characterized by abnormal constriction of blood vessels in extremities
Provoked by exposure to cold or by emotional stress |
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Term
| Autonomic Dysfuntion in Raynaud’s Disease: more detail |
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Definition
In people with Raynaud's disease, small arteries to the fingers or toes can go into vasospasm. This constricts the vessels dramatically and temporarily limits blood supply. The affected body part can turn white or blue and feel cold or numb until the attack subsides. With severe Raynaud's, prolonged or repeated episodes have been know to cause sores or tissue death (gangrene).
Vasospasm attacks can be triggered by exposure to cold (even just putting hands into cold water) or stress. While fingers and toes are most often affected, the nose, lips, ears, nipples can also be involved. |
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Term
| Autonomic Dysfunction in Achalasia Cardia |
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Definition
Defect in the autonomic innervation of the esophagus
Hyperactive lower esophageal sphincter which fails to relax on swallowing |
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Term
| Other Disorders linked to ANS dysregulation |
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Definition
Hypertension – high blood pressure
Others
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Panic disorder
Asthma
Hypotension issues: Vasovagal syncope
Irritable Bowel and other GI issues
Erectile Dysfunction |
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Term
| What is chewing muscle nerve? |
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Definition
Trigeminal (V): Cranial Nerve
-Sensory face and head: |
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Term
| How are spinal nerves orgnaized? |
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Definition
-Formed when posterior or dorsal root axons meet with anterior or ventral root axon.
-get to together and form spinal nerve
-spinal nerve split into two rami
*dorsal ramus to back
*ventral ramus to anterior side of body |
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Term
| 69 What are the pre ganglionic fibers going to displaced fibers called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is vertebrate parallel to hip bones? |
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Definition
| L4 spine level: A line drawn between the high points of the iliac crests defines the level of the L4 vertebral spine - an important landmark! (spinal taps and anesthetic procedures) |
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Term
| What is vertebrae at base of spine? |
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Definition
| C7 vertebral spine (the vertebrae prominens): to palpate it, flex your head and feel the large spine at base of your neck; you can count spines from here |
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Term
| What are the vertebrates for superio angle of scaupal and inferior angel of scapula? |
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Definition
Superior angle of scapula - at the T2 vertebral level
Inferior angle of scapula- at the T7 vertebral level |
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Term
| What is area for epidural anesthesia? |
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Definition
| Gluteal Fold comes to top. Opening to sacral bone. area of epidural anesthesia. |
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Term
| How many vertebrae? How many of each kind? |
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Definition
| There are 33 vertebrae: 7C (cervical), 12 T (thoracic), 5L (lumbar), 5 S (sacral-these are fused!), 4 Cx (coccygeal - these are fused into the structure called the coccyx) |
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Term
Names of C1 and C2?
What is curvature of normal spine? |
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Definition
Atlas=C1
Axis =C2
Two curvatures. |
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Term
| What are occipital condyles? |
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Definition
| The occipital condyles: articulates with head bone. Sit on Atlas(C1). |
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Term
| Explain superior and inferior nuchal lines of the occipital bone?(no answerO |
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Definition
| superior and inferior nuchal lines of the occipital bone. |
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Term
| What is mastoid process of the temporal bone? (no answer) |
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Definition
| mastoid process of the temporal bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ribs: The 12 thoracic vertebrae articulate with ribs; some extrinsic as well as intrinsic back muscles insert onto ribs. |
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Term
| How is scapula connected? |
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Definition
| Scapula: This bone does NOT directly articulate with the vertebral column but rather is connected to it by the extrinsic back muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| right side little digit near spinal chord. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How to distinguish Cervical vertebrae? Which are unique? |
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Definition
| Cervical vertebrae are distinguished because all have a hole in the transverse process through which the vertebral artery passes (foramen transversarium). The atlas (C1) and the axis (C2)(tooth projecting called denz) are unique. |
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Term
| How to distinguish thoracic vertebrae? |
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Definition
| Thoracic vertebrae have specialized articulation regions for ribs. |
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Term
| How to distinguish lumbar vertebrae? |
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Definition
| Lumbar vertebrae are large with heavy bodies; they also have an extra set of processes - the mammillary processes which are located between the spine and the transverse processes |
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Term
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Definition
| C1 vertebra (the Atlas): has no spine but has anterior and posterior arches, large superior articular facets for articulation with the occipital condyles of the skull (at the atlanto-occipital articulation). |
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Term
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Definition
| C2 (the Axis): has the dens (odontoid or tooth-like process) which articulates with the homologue of the "body" of the atlas (its anterior arch) --- forming the atlanto-axial joint. |
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Term
| How to distinguish saccral vertebrae? |
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Definition
| The 5 sacral vertebrae are fused forming this bone. Note the sacral hiatus (the lower opening into the sacral (vertebral) canal). The sacral bone is ridged on the posterior side but has a smooth anterior surface. The sacral foramina are openings for sacral spinal nerves (analogous to the intervertebral foramen at superior levels of the vertebral column). |
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Term
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Definition
| Coccyx. The coccygeal vertebrae (4) are fused forming this tail-like process. |
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Term
| What ligament has important potential splinting action? |
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Definition
| Anterior longitudinal ligament: Lies on the anterior side of the bodies of lumbar vertebrae; it continues the length of the vertebral column. |
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Term
| What has to be worried about when ligamentum lava are injured? |
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Definition
| The ligamentum flava stay relatively taut during extension except in severe, violent hyperextension (whip-lash type injuries). In that case, the elasticity of the ligaments is overridden and they may buckle inward - a situation that may injure the underlying spinal cord! |
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Term
| WHere is ligamentum flava? |
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Definition
| Ligamentum flava run from lamina to lamina, covering most of the space between these vertebral regions. The ligamentum flava contain elastic fibers that give them a yellow color. During flexion, the vertebra tend to move apart and the ligamenta flava stretch to accommodate this. |
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Term
| What two ligaments strap the denz in place? |
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Definition
| Cruciform ligament and alar(check) ligament of denz |
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Term
| How many intervertebral disks exist? |
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Definition
| There are only 23 intervertebral disks (none between the skull and C1, none between C1-2, and none in the sacral or coccygeal regions). The L5-S1 disk is the lowest IV disk) |
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Term
| What are two parts of interverterbral disks? |
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Definition
| The two parts of an intervertebral disk are the outer annulus fibrosis (arranged in concentric layers of parallel fibers that crisscross those of the next layer) and the inner nucleus pulposus. |
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Term
| What happens when disks prolapse? |
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Definition
| DISK PROLAPSE: Intervertebral disks can prolapse (herniate) and cause painful clinical problems. In disk prolapse, a tear or weakness of the annulus fibrosis occurs, resulting in a bulging out of the nucleus pulposus. |
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Term
| What direction does it prolapse? |
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Definition
| This typically occurs the POSTEROLATERAL DIRECTION (Where the annulus is the thinnest and thus weakest). At this position, the protruding material may impinge on and compress spinal nerves that are exiting the vertebral column via the intervertebral foramen. |
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Term
| Where does spinal chord end? |
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Definition
T12-L1
-nerves continue down passed spinal chord. Only dorsal or ventral roots. |
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Term
| What is second number rule? |
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Definition
| Only works on cervical and lumbar levels. If nerve effected my posterolateral disk prolapse the second number is the nerve being impinged. C5-6 prolapsed -> nerve 6 impinged. |
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Term
| Trapezius : Orgin, insertion, nerve( dont need to know entirety for test but good to know) |
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Definition
Origin: superior nuchal line of occipital bone, nuchal ligament and spines of all thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: spine of scapula and acromion, lateral portion of clavicle
Nerve: cranial nerve XI - the spinal accessory nerve. |
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Term
| Trapezius : Function, arterial supply |
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Definition
| Function: elevates, retracts and superiorly rotates scapula to face the glenoid cavity skyward (this is needed for full aBduction of the arm to occur); the trapezius can also depress the scapula (when just the inferior fibers are used) Arterial supply: superficial branch of transverse cervical artery |
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Term
Latissimus Dorsi (“broadest” back muscle): What does it control?
Orgin, insertion, nerve, fuction, arterial supply? |
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Definition
Latissimus Dorsi (“broadest” back muscle): controls shoulder to elbow portion of arm.
Origin: iliac crest, spines of T7-L5, thoracolumbar fascia, inferior 3-4 ribs.
Insertion: floor of intertubercular (bicipital) groove of humerus
Nerve: thoracodorsal nerve.
Function: adducts, extends and medially rotates the humerus (e.g. picture the power stroke of swimming)
Arterial supply: thoracodorsal artery |
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Term
| WHat do rhomboid minor and major do? |
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Definition
Retract scapulae closer to spine
Rhomboids- Major and Minor
Origin: vertebral spines:
Rhomboid Minor from C7-T1, Rhomboid Major from T2-5. Insertion: medial border of the scapula (the rhomboid minor inserts more superiorly than the major).
Nerve: dorsal scapular n.
Function: adduct and rotate scapula
Arterial: deep branch of transverse cervical a. |
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Term
| What is levitator scapulae? |
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Definition
Allows one to shrug shoulders
Levator Scapulae: Origin: transverse processes of C1-C4 Insertion: scapula at its superior angle
Nerve: dorsal scapular n.
Function: elevates scapula (or inclines neck if scapula is fixed)
Arterial supply: deep branch of transverse cervical a. |
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Term
| The Posterior Serratus Muscles: |
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Definition
The Posterior Serratus Muscles: These are the deepest of the extrinsic muscles of the back. They are very thin muscles that assist respiration.
The superior group extends from the spinous process of C7-T3 and inserts on the superior border of ribs 2-5.
The inferior group originates from the spinous processes of T11-L2 and inserts on the inferior border of the lower 3-4 ribs. |
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Term
| What is most superficial layer of back muscle? |
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Definition
| The most superficial layer (splenius group - located on the back of the neck) has fibers passing superolaterally. |
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Term
| What is most intermediatel layer of back muscle? |
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Definition
| The intermediate layer (erector spinae group) has fibers running longitudinally. |
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Term
| What is most deep layer of back muscle? |
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Definition
| The deep layer (transversospinalis group) has fibers that run superomedially. |
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Term
| All intrinsic back muscles are innervated by what? |
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Definition
| dorsal rami of spinal nerves |
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Term
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Definition
Splenius Capitis: Origin: lower half of ligamentum nuchae, spines of C7-T3
Insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral part of occipital bone
Nerve: dorsal rami (no name)
Function: together they extend head, acting alone (one side only) it laterally tilts the head.
Arterial supply: superficial branch of transverse cervical |
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Term
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Definition
Splenius Cervicis (Note this muscle is mostly covered by the splenius capitus):
Origin: spines of T3-T6 Insertion: transverse processes of upper 3-4 cervical vertebrae
Nerve: dorsal rami Function: acting together they extend the neck, acting alone it laterally tilts the neck (and thus the head). |
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Term
| How many Semispinalis muscles? |
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Definition
| Semispinalis muscles – These span about 6 vertebrae and are represented in only the upper half of the vertebral column (T10 and superior). |
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Term
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Definition
This is a large muscle and distinguished anatomically by a number of imperfect tendinous intersections that are present in its medial part.
Origin: tips of transverse processes of upper thoracic and lower cervical vertebrae
Insertion: occipital bone between the nuchal lines The large dorsal rami of spinal nerves C2 (greater occipital nerve) and C3 pierce this muscle.
Done at T10: |
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Term
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Definition
Generally, these muscles span 2-5 vertebrae, originating from a transverse processes and inserting on the base of a vertebral spine(s)
A main origin for the heavy lumbar portion of the multifidi group is the sacrum and mammillary processes of lumbar.
**best developed in lower lumbar region |
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Term
| Rotatores muscles: (part1) |
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Definition
| The rotatores longus muscles cross 1 entire vertebrae. They originate from a transverse process and insert on the spinous process of a more superior vertebrae. |
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Term
| Rotatores muscles: (part2) |
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Definition
| The rotatores brevis: arise from a transverse process of one vertebrae and insert into the base of the spinous process immediately superior to it. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is located at the base of the posterior neck. The 4 suboccipital muscles are visible when the trapezius, splenius capitus and semispinalis capitis muscles are reflected. |
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Term
| 2 nerves are associated with the suboccipital region |
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Definition
| : C1, the suboccipital n, is located within the triangle and C2, the greater occipital n, exists inferior to this region. |
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Term
| All 4 suboccipital muscles are innervated by ? |
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Definition
| All 4 suboccipital muscles are innervated by the suboccipital nerve (the dorsal ramus of C1) The greater occipital nerve (the dorsal ramus of spinal nerve C2) is a sensory nerve to the scalp. |
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Term
| Oblique Capitus Superior: |
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Definition
Oblique Capitus Superior: Origin: transverse process of the atlas C1
Insertion: occipital bone
Oblique Capitus Inferior Origin: spine of axis (C2)
Insertion: transverse process of the atlas (C1
) Innervation: Both oblique muscles are innervated by the suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C1).
These muscles function to laterally rotate the head; the oblique capitus superior also aids in extension of the head. |
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Term
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Definition
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor:
Origin: posterior tubercle of atlas C1
Insertion: occipital bone
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major is located inferior and lateral to the minor.
Origin: axis (C2) spine
Insertion: occipital bone Both muscles function to extend and laterally rotate the head; both are innervated by the suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C1) |
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