Articulation

A point where bones meet

Arthrology

The study of joints

Arthroscopy

The examination of a joint by an inciscion in and/or around the joint

Arthroplasty

Replacing a joint with a prosthesis

Arthritis

Inflamation of joints

Rheumatiod Arthritis

An autoimmune disease that causes the inflamation of synovial joints.

Osteoarthritis

Digenerative joint disease from cumulative wear and tear

Gouty Arthritis

High uric acid levels in blood cause spiky percipitate in synovial joints

bursitis

Inflamation of bursas

tendonitis

Inflammation of tendons

Synostosis

Original connective tissue between bones have been ossified. (ex. the joints of baby skull been become ossified and become one bone)

Synarthrosis

Bones are held together by connective tissue giving little or no movement

amphiarthrosis

only slight movement allowed

diarthrosis

freely moveable joint

fibrous joint

Cartilaginous joint

2 adjacent bones held together by cartilage which crosses the space between 2 bones

Suture

Fiborus joint only found in skull

syndesmosis

Fibrous joint held together by a ligament. Slightly moveable.  Found between radius and ulna.

Gomphosis

Periodontal joint, holds tooth in socket. Allows very little movement when chewing

Synchondrosis

Cartilaginous joint found in the epiphesial plate and various other places. Allows little movement

Articular capsule

Outer fibrous capsle in the synovial joint, also contains inner synovial membrane

extracapsular ligaments

ligaments in knee

Lyme Disease

caused by a bacterium, Borreliaburgdorferi, and spread by infected ticks

Crepitus

crunching noise made when roughened articular surfaces rub together.  Thought that 30% of people with OA have an abnormal gene that makes a weaker form of collagen (differing from the normal collagen protein by just one of its 1000 a.a.)… may lead to premature cartilage breakdown and OA

Strain vs. Sprain

Strain is less serious and is an overstretching of muscles. Sprain is a tear of a ligament

Subluxation

Partial dislocation

Luxation

Total dislocation

herniated disk

When an intervertebral disc slips out of proper alignment and into the spinal cord

Nucleus pulposus

Intevertebral joint

joints between vertebrae

flexion

Bending that decrease the angle of a joint

Extension

Bending that increases the angle of a joint

hyperextension

Extension beyond anatomical position

Plantar flexion

Flexing foot like tippy toes

Dorsi Flexion

flexing foot towards body

abduction

movement away from midline

adduction

Movement towards midline

Circumduction

combination movement where the distal end of a body part moves in a circle

medial rotation

Rotation toward the midline

Lateral rotation

Rotation away from the midline

pronation

turning hands so palms are facing posterior

supination

rotationg palms so the are facing anterior

inversion

medial movement of soles of feet towards each other

Eversion

Spreading feet away from each other

protraction

pushing body part forward

retraction

Pushing body part backward

elevation

superior movement

depression

inferior movement

oppositon

thumb touching other fingers

repostion

moving thumb away from other fingers

Muscle Fascicle

bundle of muscle cells

hyperplasia

increased cell production of normal tissue or organ

hypertrophy

increase in size of muscle cells

atrophy

decrease in the mass of the muscle

regeneration

renewal, restoration, and growth

intercalated discs

cardiac mucsles have these, gap junctions

fusiform

cell type of smooth muscles

thermogenesis

deep fascia

dense connective tissue around muscle organ

endomysium

connective tissue around a muscle fiber

perimysium

connective tissue around a fasicle

epimysium

connective tissue around a muscle organ, continuous with deep fasciae

tendon

connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

thermogenesis, movement, protection and stability, protein storage pool, communication

functions of the muscle tissue

muscle organ > muscle fascicle > muscle fiber > myofibrils > myofilaments

heirarchy of organization in a muscle organ

aponeurosis

sheet like tendon

sarcolemma

outermembrane of muscle cell

sarcoplasmic reticulum

weaves around each myofibril, stores calcium ions in relaxed muscles

sarcoplasm

cytoplasm of muscle cell

transverse (T) tubules

invaginations of the sarcolemma into the center of the cell

myofibrils

complex organelles that run length wise through skeletal muscle cell composed of myofilaments

myofilaments

little thread of protein arranged in a very distinct pattern

sarcomere

compartments of myofilaments

thick myofilaments

composed of myosin protein. myofibrils have approx 1500 of these

Thin Myofilamments

myofibrils have approx 3000 of these. Composed of a few proteins actin, troponin, and tropomyosin

myosin

Protein in thick filaments

actin

protein in thin filaments

terminal cisternae

enlarged part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that surround the t tubules

triad

2 terminal cisternae of SR and t tubule

disuse atrophy

muscle losing mass because of disuse

denervation atrophy

when muscle loses great mass because of loss of neural innvervation in muscle causing muscle to stop contracting

DOMS

Delayed onset muscle soreness

Stiffness, tenderness, and swelling 12 to 48 hrs after strenuous workout

calsequestrin

calcium binds to this in the SR

fixator

stabalize origin of the prime mover

synergist

contract to give extra pull/help to the agonist and stabilize nearby joints

antagonist

stretches and yeilds to prime mover

agonist

contracts to cause the desired action

belly of muscle

thick mid-region of muscle

insertion

attachment of muscle that moves

origin

attachment of muscle that does not move

glycosomes

organelle that contain glycogen and are located in sarcoplasm

myoglobin

in sarcoplasm, protein that binds to oxygen

M line

middle of sarcomere

H zone

part of sarcomere that contains only thick myofilaments

A-band

in sarcomere, contains entire length of thick filaments and includes zone of overlap that includes thick filaments

I band

in sarcomere, region of only thin filaments

z disc

protein plate that seperates one sarcomere from the next

sarcomere

compartment of myofilaments: functional unit of muscle cell

muscular dystrophy

a group of muscle diseases that hamper locomotion and weaken musculoskeletal system