Splenius capitus

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action, innervation

neck

deep superficial

origin: lower ligamentum nauche C7-T3

insertion: lateral nauchal line of occipital bone and mastoid process of temporal bone

does bilateral contraction of the head and neck, unilateral contaction, lateral flexion and roatation of the head and neck to the contracting side

inntervated by dorsal rami

splenius cervicis

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action, innervation

neck

deep superficial

origin: T3-T6

insertion: transverse process of C1-C3/C4

does bilateral contraction of the head and neck, unilateral contaction, lateral flexion and roatation of the head and neck to the contracting side

inntervated by dorsal rami

innervated by the suboccipital nerve (dorsal rami of C1)

includes: obliquos capitis inferior and superior, rectus capitis posterior major and minor

obliquos capitis superior

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action

suboccipital triangle

deep: minor deep

origin: transverse process of c1

insertion: occipital bone

extends head

lateral flexion towards contraction

obliquus capitis inferior

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action

suboccipital triangle

minor deep

origin: spinous process of C2

insertion: transverse process of C1

rotation of head towards contraction

rectus capitis posterior major

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action

suboccipital triangle

deep minor

origin: spinus process of C2

insertion; lateral inferior nauchal line

extension of head and lateral rotation towards contraction

rectus capitis posterior minor

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action

suboccipital triangle

deep minor

origin: posterior tubercle C1

insertion: medial inferior nuchal line

extends head

levator costraum

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action, innervation

between transverse processes and ribs

deep minor

origin: tips of transverse processes of C7-T11

insertion: rib between tubercle and angle

elevates ribs

lateral flexion of vertebral column

innervation: dorsal rami of C8-T11

intertransversii

general area, layer, action, innervation

between transverse processes

deep minor

lateral flexion of vertebral column

innervated by dorsal rami

erector spinae

action, innervation

central length of back

deep intermediate

three kinds: iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

bilateral contraction of vertebral column

unilateral contraction

lateral flexion of spine to contracting muscles

contraction of spine in flexion against gravity

innervated by the dorsal rami

iliocostalis

general area, layer, divisions

erector spinae muscle

deep intermediate

lumborum, thoracis, cervicis

longissimus

general area, divisions, layer

erector spinae muscle

deep intermediate

thoracis, cervicis, capitis

spinalis

general area, divisions, layer

rector spinae muscle

deep intermediate

thoracis, cervicis, capitis

interspinales

general area, layer, action, innervation

between spinus processes

extend vertebral column

deep minor deep

innervated by dorsal rami

transverseospinalis

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action, innervation, divisions

deep intermediate

origin and insertion: fibers run in a superior to medial direction from the transverse to spinus processes

bilateral contraction of vertebral column

unilateral contraction

lateral flexion of vertebral column towards contracting side

rotation of vertebral column to opposite side of contraction

stabilize vertebral column

innervated by the dorsal rami

divisions: semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores

semispinalis

general area, layer, divisions

deep intermediate

part of transversospinalis

thoracis, cervicis, capitis

6 vertebre span

multifidus

general area, layer

deep intermediate

part of transversospinalis

largest in the lumbar

3-5 vertebre span

rotatores

general area, layer

deep intermediate

part of transversospinalis

largest in thorasic

1-2 vertebre span

splenius capitus

splenius cervicis

erector spinae (illiocostalis, longissimus, spinalis)

transversospinalis (semispinalis, multififus, rotatores)

interspinales

intertransversii

levators costarum

 suboccipital triangle (obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior, rectus capitus major, rectus capitus minor)

trapezius

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action, innervation

shoulder

superficial

origin: medial nuchal line, external ocipital produberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of C7-T12

insertion: clavicle, acromion spine of scapula

elevation and depression of the scapula

innervation: cranial nerve XI and ventral rami of C3 and C4

latissimus dorsi

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action, innervation

lower and central back

superficial

origin: T7-T12, lumbar, and saccral vertebre, posterior illiac crest, lower 3-4 ribs

insertion: intertubercular groove of the humerus

extends, adducts, and medialy rotates the humerus

innervation: thoracodorsal nerve

serratus posterior superior

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action, innervation

upper back

intermediate

origin: ligamentum nuchae C7-T3/T4

insertion; ribs 2-5

elevates ribs

innervation: 2-5 intercostal nerves

rhomboid minor

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action, innervation

upper back

superficial

origin: lower ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of C7 and T1

stabilizes, retracts, and inferiorly rotates the scapula

innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve

rhomboid major

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action, innervation

upper back

superficial

origin: T2-T5

insertion: medial border of scaplua

stabilizes, retracts, and inferiorly rotates the scapula

innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve

levator scapulae

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action, innervation

shoulder

superficial

origin: transverse process of C1-C4

insertion: medial border of scapula

stabilizes, elevates, and inferiorly rotates the scaplua

innervation: ventral rami of C3-C4, dorsal scapular nerve

serratus posterior inferior

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action, innervation

lower back

intermediate

origin: T11-L2/L3

insertion: lower 4 ribs

depresses ribs

innervation: 9-11 intercostal nerves, subcostal nerves

trapezius

latissimus dorsi

rhomboid minor

rhomboid major

levator scapulae

serratus posterior superior

serratus posterior inferior

supports scull, percotal girdle, upper limbs, thorasic cage

transmits body weight to lower limbs

protects spinal nerves, roots, and meninges

33 total

7 cervical

12 thorasic

5 lumbar

5 saccral fused into one

1 coccyx (4 vertebre with the lower 3 fused)

covers hayline cartlidge on articular facets

the ones between vertebral arches are freely movable synovial joints

continous, weak, narrow

attached to posterior discs

1/4 of length of column

thickest in cervical and lumbar where more movement is needed

shock absorption

elasticity allows vertebre to move on eachother

resiliance is lost with age

peripherial part of an interveterbal disc

fibrocartlidgein concentric sheets

aka nucleus pulposus

inner part of an intervetebral disc

permit vertebra rocking

gelatenous in kids and adolescents with lots of water.

as you age water turns into fibrocartlidge.

5 rudimentary vertebre fused

concave anteriorlly

upper border articulates L5

lateral border articulates illiac crest forming the sacroiliac joints

first sacral bulge

upper margin anterior direction

4 vertebre fused

articulates with sacrum

1st vertebre is usually not fused though

C1

no spine or body

forms alanto-axial joint on inferior surface

forms alanto-occipital joints

two joints formed between the interior surface of the atlas and dens of the axis

synovial joint

formed by the superior articular facets of the atlas with the occipital condyle

synovial joint

allows head to nod

C2

bifid spine

body

odontoid process (dens) was once the vertebral body of the atlas that fused with the axis body

makes alanto axial joints with atlas

C7

small foramen transversum that only transmits the vertebral vein

small and broad body

long non bifid spine

bifid spine

body

superior articular facets

transverse processes

posterior/anterior tubericle

foramen transversum (transmits vertebral artery)

small circular vertebral foramen

medium body

spinous process points down

super articular processes point backwards and lateral

transverse costal facets (except T11 and T12) articulate with tubercles of the ribs

inferior articular processes face forward and medial (exept T12 their lateral)

large vertebral body

long slender transverse processes

superior articulating process medial facing

thick lamina

strong pedicle

short flat projected backwards spinous process

triangular vertebral foramen

inferior process articulation surface faces laterally

posterior

lever that attaches muscles and ligaments

articulate with superior vertebre below making a synovial joint

articular surface has hayline cartlidge

forms intervetebral foramen with superior notch from vertebre below

transmits spinal nerves and blood vessels

where dorsal and ventral nerve roots of a spinal nerve unite

hole in the bottom of the scull

where spinal cord begins

continous with the medulla oblongota

C3-T2 (says google)

gives rise to the brachial plexus

innervates upper limbs

aka lumbar enlargement

L1-S3

gives rise to lumbar and sacral plexuses

innervates lower limbs

termination of the spinal cord in a cone shape

around L1/L2 in an adult

aka filum terminale

derived from the pia mater

connective tissue filament

connects conus medullaris to coccyx

upper portion is in the dural sac

week 8: cord and vertebre are the same length

month 3: vertebral column begins to grow faster than the cord leaving the end of the cord higher in the canal and elongating nerve roots

month 6: the end of the cord is around S1

at birth: the end of the cord is around L3

adult: the end of the cord is around L1/L2

central tube of the vertebre

remnemt of the lumen of the neural tube

communicates with the 4th ventricle of the brain

lined by ependymal cells like all ventricles

notch in the posterior vertebre between the posterolaterall sulcus and posterior median sulcus

is only present in the cervical and upper thorasic vertebre

aka dorsal root

carries information to the spinal cord

afferent sensory fibers

contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

aka posteior root ganglion

carries info away from the spinal cord

efferent motor fibers

outside layer of the vertebre

has ascending and descending fibers or tracts

contains anterior spinal vessels

deep groove almost to central canal

gray matter

sensory functions

influenced by information sent via posterior root

many neurons have axons extending into the white matter

grey matter

interomedial lateral nucleus

only in T1-L2

preganglionic sympathetic neuron location

gray matter

interneurons for segmental and intersegmental integration

grey matter

voluntary movements

neuron axons leave through anterior roots to supply skeletal muscle (somatic motor neurons)

horn is large in the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements where neurons for limbs are

formed by ventral and dorsal roots

mixed nerve

after exiting the vertebral column it splits into the posterior and anterior ramus

31 pairs

has both sensory and motor fibers

ex: spinal nerves

division of a spinal nerve after the vertebral canal

smaller

innervates skin and deep back muscles

division of a spinal nerve after the vertebral canal

larger

innervates skin and muscles of the limbs, and anterolateral trunk, and superficial back muscles

31 total

8 cervical

12 thorasic

5 lumbar

5 sacral

1 coccygeal

cutaneous sensory neuron that innervates areas of the skin that can be traced back to a specific spinal nerve

cutaneous nerves usually have sensory fibers from more than one spinal nerve

the limbs have a strange distribution pattern due to their development

helps map sensory deficit to a spinal nerve issue

coverings of the spinal cord

connective tissue

epidural space

dura mater

subdural space

arachnoid

subarachnoid space

pia mater

outermost, strong, fibrous, forms loose sac

terminates at S2

continous with brain dura

is picked up by filum terminale as it leaves sac

forms a sleeve around spinal nerves under they leave the intervetebral foramen then it fuses with the epinerum

connective tissue covering of a nerve

fuses with dura mater at interveterbal foramen

middle layer

continous with the cranial arachnoid

extends length of the dural sac

lines dural sleeves

filled with CSF

continous with the subarachnoid space around the brain

extends to S2 and nerve root sleeves

area for spinal tap

aka lumbar puncture

usually done in the lumbar cistern

done in the subarachnoid space at L3/4 or L4/5

space in the dural sac where the conus medullaris ends and the cauda equina begins

area where a lumbar puncture in the subarachonid space occurs

continous with pia mater of the medulla oblongata

derives the filum terminale

contains denticulate ligament

in the pia mater

extension of pia mater in the coronal plane

stabilizes the spinal cord

at lateral edge of the cord between anterior and posterior roots

extends across subarachnoid space attaching to the dura mater by 20-21 denticulation projections

clavicle

freely moveable

visceral pleura- around lungs

pleural cavity- between the two

parietal pleura- against back of thoracic cage

simple squamous epithelium

watery

posterior: thorasic vertebre

anterior: sternum

lateral: ribs and intercostal spaces

intercostal spaces 1-2: posterior intercostal artery > superior intercostal artery > subclavian artery costocervical trunk

intercostal spaces 2-10: posterior intercostal artery > descenting aorta

intercostal space 1-6: anterior intercostal artery > internal thorasic artery > subclavian artery

intercostal spaces 6-10: anterior intercostal artery > musculophernic artery > internal thoracic artery

aka sternal angle

aka angle of lewis

between T4 and T5

upper part of the sternum

articulates with the clavicle, 1st and 2nd costal cartilage

opposite the body of T9

articulation between sternum and xyphoid process

connected to sternum by xiphisternal joint

cartilage that becomes ossified at the proximal end with age

ribs 1-7

attach directly to the sternum via their own costal cartilage

ribs 8-9 and sometimes 10

cartilage is connected to the cartilage of the rib above it

indirect sternum attachment

ribs sometimes 10 and 11-12

no sternum attachment

end at posterior abdominal musculature

has two facets for T1 and T2

has the tuberosity for the serratus anterior origin that is rough

rib 10 only has one articulation other wise its normal

ribs 11 and 2 are short and have no neck or tubercle, end in muslce

the hole in the top of the thorasic cage

posterior boundry: T1

lateral: 1 par of ribs and cartilage

anterior: superior border of manubrium

trachea, esophagus, nerves, vessels for limbs, head and neck

hole in bottom of the thorasic cage

posterior: T12

posteriolateral: 11th and 12th ribs

anterolateral: joined cartilage of ribs 7-10

anterior: xyphisternal joint

esophagus, large vessels, nerves

contraction of diaphgram > elevation of upper ribs > incrases thoracic cage dimensions > air goes in

diaphgram relaxation > decompression of abdominal organs > diaphragm pushed up > reduces dimensions > air goes out

modified sewat glands

men have smaller and fewer

glandular and fibrous connective tissue embedded in fat, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

lobes seperated by the suspensory ligament

15-20 lobes radiating from the nipple

aka of cooper

seperates lobes of glands in the breast

medially

laterally

follow posterior intercostals and drain into intercostal nodes

some communicate with vessels of opposite breast

some communicate with vessels of anterior abdominal wall

deepest layer

corresponds with transversus abdominis of abdominal wall

incomplete muscle layer, croses more than one intercostal space

can be divided into the subcostal muscle and transversus thoracis

lined by endothoracic fascia which is lined by parietal pleura

intecostal vessels and nerves run between these and the internal intercostals

most superficial

fibers directed down and forward from the inferior border of the rib above to the superior border of the rib below

extends forward to the costal cartilage where it is replaced by the external intercostal membrane

intermediate layer

fibers directed downward and backwards from the subcostal groove of the rib above to the upper border of the rib below

it extends backwards from the sternum in front to the angles of the ribs behind where the muscle is replaced by the internal intercostal membrane

an inntermost intercostal

at the interior surface of the lower ribs and their angles

an internal intercostal

posteror to the sternum

pull ribs together

if first rib is fixed by neck contractions like by scaleni muscles: intercostals raise ribs 2-12 up towards 1

if the 12th rib is fixed by the quadratus lumborum: ribs 1-11 are pulled down to the 12th (like expiration)

posterior wall of the trachea

membranous wall

anterior: thymus, aortich arch, brachiocephalic trunk (artery), left bracheocephalic vein

posterior: esophagus

right: arch of ayzgos vein, right vagus nerve, right pleura and lung

left: arch of aorta, left common carotid arteries, left subclavian arteries

thin and sharp where it seperates the base and costal surface

rounded where it seperates the base and mediastinal surface

oblique: between upper and lower lobe

horizontal: upper and middle lobe

do not recieve all bronchial artery blood, some comes back through the pulmonary veins

drain into azygos vein on the right and hemizygos on the left

right: anterior to the principal bronchi

left: superior to the princial bronchi

anterior and posterior pulmonary plexus

parasympathetic

sympathetic

nerves innervating the lungs

sensory and motor autonomic nerve fibers

come from

vegus nerve or come from thorasic sympathetic trunk

has sensory fibers from bronchial mucous membrane and aveoli

serous membrane

simple squamous epithelium