Term
| name 3 types of muscle tissue |
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Definition
| skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
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Term
| which muscle tissue is under voluntary control? |
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Definition
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Term
| the dense connective tissue surrounding skeletal muscle is |
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Definition
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Term
| deep fascia supplies _____ and _____ to muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 layers of fascia and what they surround |
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Definition
epimysium surrounds entire muscle, perimysium surrounds bundles called fasicles
endomysium seperates individual fibers |
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Term
| a tendon is connective tissue that attaches ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| aponeurosis are sheats of connective tissue that connect to |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| cytoplasm of muscle fibers is called the |
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Definition
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Term
| the plasma membrane of muscle fibers is the |
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Definition
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Term
| the contractile elements w/in muscle fibers are called |
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Definition
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Term
| myofibrils are composed of two types of filaments |
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Definition
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Term
| thin filament is composed mostly of the protein ________, but also contain the proteins _________ and ___________. |
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Definition
| actin, troponin and tropomyosin |
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Term
| thick filaments are composed of the protein ________, and have __________.with binding sites for ___________ and ___________ |
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Definition
| myosin, heads, actin and atp |
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Term
| a sarcomere is ___________ the light i bands are ___________ the dark a bands are _____________ |
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Definition
one section of microfibril from one z line to next
actin filaments attached to z disc
overlapping myosin and actin filaments |
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Term
| the sarcoplasmic reticulum is ___________. It contains high concentrations of _____________ |
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Definition
membranous channels that surround myofibrils
high Ca ++ (calcium) |
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Term
| a motor neuron fiber meets a muscle fiber at a _____. the gap between them is the _________ |
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Definition
narrow muscular junction
synaptic cleft |
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Term
| the area of the muscle fiber in the neuromuscular junction is the ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| synaptic vesicle in the nerve ending contain __________ specifically in motor neurons they contain ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| motor unit is ________________ |
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Definition
| motor neuron and the fibers it controls |
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Term
| at rest, _____________ blocks myosin binding sites on the actin in the thin filaments |
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Definition
| tropomyosin/tropomin complex |
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Term
| a nerve impulse stimulates a motor neuron to release ___________ at the neuromuscular junction. This substance contacts ____________ stimulating _____________ |
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Definition
acetylcholene
sarcolemma receptors
muscle impulse |
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Term
| muscle impulse causes the ___________ to release its stored _____________ into the sarcoplasm |
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Definition
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Ca ++ (calcium) |
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Term
| Ca++ binds to ________ causing it to change shape and expose the __________ on actin; ___________ blank then forms linkage w/actin on thin filament |
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Definition
troponin
binding sites
myosin |
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Term
| the ____________ bends, causing the thin filament to _________ |
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Definition
myosin head
slide inwards towards the sarcomere |
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Term
| _____________ supplies the energy so that the myosin head of the ________ can release from the thin filament and to "cock" the _____________ |
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Definition
ATP
cross bridge
myosin head |
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Term
| the sliding filament theory states ________________ |
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Definition
| entire sarcomere shortens as filaments slide past each other |
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Term
| when the nerve impulse stops, ___________ is broken down and ___________ is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
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Term
| a recording of tension during muscle contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| the latent period is ________ |
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Definition
| time between stimulus and contraction |
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Term
| the refractory period is _________ |
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Definition
| after tension muscle cant respond to new stimulus |
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Term
| during of the period of contraction __________ are active |
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Definition
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Term
| what is happening during the period of relaxation? |
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Definition
| reentry of Ca++ into sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid series of stimuli causes a twitch to be stronger than previous twitch |
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Term
| fused, or complete, tetanus is |
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Definition
| smooth sustained contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple motor unit summation |
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Term
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Definition
| first observable contraction occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| strongest stimulus produces increased contractile force |
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Term
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Definition
| continuous state of partial contraction |
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Term
| 2 major types of contractions |
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Definition
isotonic -muscle changes, moves a load
isometric=- muscle doesnt change; load is greater than force of muscle |
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Term
| 2 types of isotonic contraction |
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Definition
concentric- muscle shortens
eccentric- muscle lengthens as it contracts |
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Term
| which molecule directly supplies energy for muscle contraction ?? |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ REGENERATES ATP QUICKLY BY DIRECT TRANSFER OF A PHOSPHATE GROUP |
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Definition
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Term
| glycolysis is ____________. its product is _____________ |
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Definition
anarobic production of ATP from glucose
lactic acid |
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Term
| which method of atp production produces the most atp per molecule of glucose |
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Definition
| aerobic cellular respiration, requires O2, slow |
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Term
| ______________ molecule of glucose storage in muscle cells |
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Definition
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Term
| muscles use glucose from ________ or blank |
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Definition
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Term
| myoglobin is _____________ |
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Definition
| red pigment, stores O2 in muscles |
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Term
muscle fatigue is
what causes it? |
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Definition
physiological inability to contract
atp use > atp production lactic acid contributes |
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Term
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Definition
1. extra o2 needed to restore levels in muscles
2. myoglobin restores atp and creatine phosphate reserves
3. reconvert lactic acid to glucose |
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Term
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Definition
red dark
long periods
ATP PRODUCTION = ATP USE |
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Term
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Definition
| white, short periods, lesser ability for atp production |
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Term
| smooth muscles, actin and myosin filaments are arranged in |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| multi unit smooth muscle fibers are found in, and are arranged? |
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Definition
| iris, large airways, large arteries and erector pili muscles NOT ORGANIZED |
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Term
| visceral, single unit, smooth muscle is found in, arranged? in some organisms the can produce a wave like motion called |
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Definition
walls of hollow organs, sheets of spindle shaped cells
peristalsys |
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Term
| smooth muscle contraction is activated when __________ the neurotransmitters are ___________ |
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Definition
ca++ molucules bind with calmodulin
acetylcholene and norepinehpron |
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Term
smooth muscle contractions are affected by ___________ and
__________ |
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Definition
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Term
| bones and muscles function together as |
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Definition
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Term
| parts of the lever in the body |
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Definition
joint-fulcrum
bones are the lever
contraction is the effort
body tissue is the load |
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Term
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Definition
| load close to fulcrum/effort far |
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Term
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Definition
| load FAR from fulcrum/effort close |
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Term
| 3 types of levers w/examples |
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Definition
1. 1st class load-fulcrum-effort see-saw, lifting head
2. 2nd class fulcrum-load-effort wheel barrow and tiptoes UNCOMMON IN BODY
3. 3rd class load-effort-fulcrum forceps lifting weights |
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Term
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Definition
| maintaining posture, movent, stabilizing joints, generating heat |
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