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| What are the different types of Fibrous Joints and describe them |
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Definition
Fibrous joints include sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses:
-sutures occur only in the skull where adjacent bones are linked by a thin layer of connective tissue termed a sutural ligament;
-gomphoses occur only between the teeth and adjacent bone-in these joints, short collagen tissue fibers in the periodontal ligament run between the root of the tooth and the bony socket;
-syndesmoses are joints in which two adjacent bones are linked by a ligament, for example, the ligamentum flavum, which connects adjacent vertebral laminae, or by an interosseous membrane, which links, for example, the radius and ulna in the forearm. |
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Term
| What are the different types of Cartilaginous Joints and describe them |
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Definition
Cartilaginous joints include synchondroses and symphyses:
-synchondroses occur where two ossification centers in a developing bone remain separated by a layer of cartilage, for example the growth plate that occurs between the head and shaft of developing long bones-these joints allow bone growth and eventually become completely ossified;
-symphyses occur where two separate bones are interconnected by cartilage-most of these types of joints occur in the midline and include the pubic symphysis between the two pelvic bones, and intervertebral discs between adjacent vertebrae. |
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Term
What are the joints between the Vertebra of the Back?
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Definition
The two major types of joints between vertebrae are: - symphyses between vertebral bodies;
- synovial joints between articular processes
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Term
How many joints are found between vetebrae of the Back?
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Definition
Six - four synovial joints (two above and two below)
- two symphyses (one above and one below)
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Term
Describe the Symphyses between vertebral bodies (IV discs)
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Definition
The symphysis between adjacent vertebral bodies is formed by a layer of hyaline cartilage on each vertebral body and an intervertebral disc, which lies between the layers |
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Term
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Definition
- Form the secondary cartilaginous joints between the bodies of two vertebrae from the axis to the sacrum (there is no disk between the atlas and axis).
- Consist of a central mucoid substance (nucleus pulposus) with a surrounding fibrocartilaginous lamina (annulus fibrosus).
- Comprise one fourth (25%) of the length of the vertebral column.
- Allow movements between the vertebrae and serve as a shock absorber.
- Are avascular except for their peripheries, which are supplied from adjacent blood vessels.
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Consists of concentric layers of fibrous tissue and fibrocartilage.
- Binds the vertebral column together, retains the nucleus pulposus, and permits a limited amount of movement.
- Acts as a shock absorber.
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Term
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Definition
- These are the synovial joints between superior and inferior articular processes on adjacent vertebrae.
- A thin articular capsule attached to the margins of the articular facets encloses each joint.
- In cervical regions, the zygapophysial joints slope inferiorly from anterior to posterior. This orientation facilitates flexion and extension. In thoracic regions, the joints are oriented vertically and limit flexion and extension, but facilitate rotation.
- In lumbar regions, the joint surfaces are curved and adjacent processes interlock, thereby limiting range of movement, though flexion and extension are still major movements in the lumbar region.
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Term
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Definition
The lateral margins of the upper surfaces of typical cervical vertebrae are elevated into crests or lips termed uncinate processes. These may articulate with the body of the vertebra above to form small "uncovertebral" synovial joints |
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Term
| Anterior longitudinal ligament |
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Definition
- Runs from the skull (occipital bone) to the sacrum on the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral disks.
- Is narrowest at the upper end but widens as it descends, maintaining the stability of the joints.
- Along its length it is attached to the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs.
- Limits extension of the vertebral column, supports the annulus fibrosus anteriorly, and resists gravitational pull.
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Term
| Posterior longitudinal ligament |
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Definition
Interconnects the vertebral bodies and intervertebral disks posteriorly and narrows as it descends. Supports the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies and the annulus fibrosus, but it runs anterior to the spinal cord within the vertebral canal. Along its length it is attached to the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs. Limits flexion of the vertebral column and resists gravitational pull.
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Term
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Definition
- Found on each side, pass between the laminae of adjacent vertebrae.
- Thin, broad ligaments consist predominantly of elastic
- tissue and form part of the posterior surface of the vertebral canal.
- Each ligamentum flavum runs between the posterior surface of the lamina on the vertebra below to the anterior surface of the lamina of the vertebra above.
- The ligamenta flava resist separation of the laminae in flexion and assist in extension back to the anatomic position.
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Term
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Definition
Connects and passes along the tips of the vertebral spinous processes from vertebra CVII to the sacrum |
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Term
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Definition
The ligamentum nuchae is a triangular, sheetlike structure in the median sagittal plane:
- the base of the triangle is attached to the skull, from the external occipital protuberance to the foramen magnum;
- the apex is attached to the tip of the spinous process of vertebra CVII;
- the deep side of the triangle is attached to the posterior tubercle of vertebra CI and the spinous processes of the other cervical vertebrae.
Ligamentum nuchae supports the head. It resists flexion and facilitates returning the head to the anatomic position. The broad lateral surfaces and the posterior edge of the ligament provide attachment for adjacent muscles | |
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Term
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Definition
- Pass between adjacent vertebral spinous processes.
- They attach from the base to the apex of each spinous process and blend with the supraspinous ligament posteriorly and the ligamenta flava anteriorly on each side
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Term
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Definition
Muscles of the back are organized into: - superficial
- intermediate
- deep groups
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Term
| Origins of Back Musculature |
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Definition
Superficial and intermediate groups are extrinsic muscles because they originate embryologically from locations other than the back. They are innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves: - the superficial group consists of muscles related to and involved in movements of the upper limb;
- the intermediate group consists of muscles attached to the ribs and may serve a respiratory function.
Muscles of the deep group are intrinsic muscles because they develop in the back. They are innervated by posterior rami of spinal nerves and are directly related to movements of the vertebral column and head.
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Term
| Superficial Muscles of the Back |
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Definition
- Immediately deep to the skin and superficial fascia
- Attach the superior part of the appendicular skeleton (clavicle, scapula, and humerus) to the axial skeleton (skull, ribs, and vertebral column).
- Sometimes referred to as the appendicular group.
- Include trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, and levator scapulae.
- Rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, and levator scapulae are located deep to trapezius in the superior part of the back.
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Term
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Definition
ORIGIN:Spinous processes of TII to TV INSERTION:Medial border of scapula between spine and inferior angle ACTION:Retracts (adducts) and elevates scapula NERVE:Dorsal scapular nerve (C4,C5) |
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Term
Intermediate group of back muscles |
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Definition
- Consist of two thin muscular sheets in the superior and inferior regions of the back, immediately deep to the muscles in the superficial group.
- Fibers from these two serratus posterior muscles (serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior) pass obliquely outward from the vertebral column to attach to the ribs. This positioning suggests a respiratory function, and at times, these muscles have been referred to as the respiratory group
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Term
| Serratus posterior superior |
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Definition
ORIGIN:Lower portion of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TIII and supraspinous ligaments INSERTION:Upper border of ribs II to V just lateral to their angles NERVE:Anterior rami of upper thoracic nerves (T2 to T5) ACTION:Elevates ribs II to V |
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Term
| Serratus posterior inferior |
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Definition
ORIGIN:Spinous processes of TXI to LIII and supraspinous ligaments INSERTION:Lower border of ribs IX to XII just lateral to their angles NERVE:Anterior rami of lower thoracic nerves (T9 to T12) ACTION:Depresses ribs IX to XII and may prevent lower ribs from being elevated when the diaphragm contracts |
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Term
| Deep group of back muscles |
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Definition
The deep or intrinsic muscles of the back extend from the pelvis to the skull and are innervated by segmental branches of the posterior rami of spinal nerves. They include: - the extensors and rotators of the head and neck-the splenius capitis and cervicis (spinotransversales muscles);
- the extensors and rotators of the vertebral column-the erector spinae and transversospinales;
- the short segmental muscles-the interspinales and intertransversarii.
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Term
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Definition
Covers the deep muscles of the back and trunk. This fascial layer is critical to the overall organization and integrity of the region: - superiorly, it passes anteriorly to the serratus posterior superior muscle and is continuous with the superficial lamina of the investing layer of cervical fascia in the neck;
- in the thoracic region, it covers the deep muscles and separates them from the muscles in the superficial and intermediate groups;
- medially, it attaches to the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae and, laterally, to the angles of the ribs
The medial attachments of the latissimus dorsi and serratus posterior inferior muscles blend into the thoracolumbar fascia |
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Term
| Lumbar layers of the thoracolumbar fascia |
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Definition
Consists of three layers: - the posterior layer is thick and is attached to the spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, and the supraspinous ligament-from these attachments, it extends laterally to cover the erector spinae;
- the middle layer is attached medially to the tips of the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae and intertransverse ligaments-inferiorly, it is attached to the iliac crest and, superiorly, to the lower border of rib XII;
- the anterior layer covers the anterior surface of the quadratus lumborum muscle (a muscle of the posterior abdominal wall) and is attached medially to the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae- inferiorly, it is attached to the iliac crest and, superiorly, it forms the lateral arcuate ligament for attachment of the diaphragm.
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Term
| Spinotransversales muscles |
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Definition
- Consist of the splenius capitis and the splenius cervicis.
- Originate from the spinous processes and insert into the transverse processes (splenius cervicis) and on the mastoid process and the superior nuchal line (splenius capitis).
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Term
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Definition
ORIGIN:Lower half of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TIV INSERTION:Mastoid process, skull below lateral one-third of superior nuchal line NERVE:Posterior rami middle cervical nerves ACTIONS:Together-draw head backwards extending neck; individually-draw and rotate head to one side (turn face to same side) |
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Term
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Definition
ORIGIN:Spinous processes of TIII to TVI INERTION:Transverse processes of CI to CIII NERVE:Posterior rami lower cervical nerves ACTION:Together-extend neck; individually-draw and rotate head to one side (turn face to same side) |
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