Term
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Definition
-of the axial skeleton
-extends from skull to apex of coccyx
-Protects spinal cord & supports body weight portion above the pelvis |
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Term
| vertebral regions and number of vertebrae in each |
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Definition
I- 7 cervical
II- 12 thoracic
III- 5 lumbar
IV- 5 sacral
V- 4 coccygeal |
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Term
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Definition
| at the junction of lumbar & sacral regions |
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Term
| how the number of vertebrae differs from the number of spinal nerves |
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Definition
31pairs
8Cervical
12Thoracic
5Lumbar
5Sacral
1Coccygeal |
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Term
| normal curvatures of the vertebral column |
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Definition
-cervical, convex anteriorly
-thoracic, concave anterior
-lumbar, convex anterior
-sacral, concave anterior |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the vertebral foramina, encloses the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormally constricted, from birth or due to degenerative changes |
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Term
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Definition
| thin cartilaginous covering on superior and inferior surfaces of vertebral bodies |
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Term
| ligaments binding vertebrae on anterior and posterior sides |
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Definition
anterior longitudinal ligaments
posterior longitudinal ligament |
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Term
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Definition
-2 pedicles above & below vertebral notches
-2 laminae that join the midline posteriorly
-2 transverse processes
-1 spinous process
-2 superior articular processes
-2 inferior articular processes |
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Term
| inferior and superior articular processes connect to make up the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
between inferior and superior vertebral notches, where the spinal nerve exits
-a common place for nerve compression e.g. disc herniations |
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Term
| regional characteristics of cervical vertebrae |
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Definition
-small size
-short spinous process, often bifid
-transverse foramina
-uncinate processes (cv3-6) |
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Term
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Definition
| extend superiorly from the bodies of Cv3-6, forming uncovertebral joints. Bone spurs/osteophytes may form at the joint, causing neck pain/limited mobility |
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Term
| atypical cervical vertebrae |
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Definition
C1 - atlas
C2 - axis
C7 - vertebral prominens |
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Term
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Definition
C1,
-anterior arch has anterior tubercle for muscle attachments and posterior facet for articulation with dens
-posterior arch with a posterior tubercle |
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Term
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Definition
-Superior articular facets for articulation with the occipital condyles
-inferior articular processes for articulation with the axis
-a tubercle medially on each lateral condyle for the transverse ligament of the atlas
-transverse foramina |
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Term
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Definition
Cv2
-dens/odontoid process (near the anterior/over the body)
-articulates with the atlas at the atlantoaxial joint |
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Term
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Definition
Cv7
long spinous process
small or absent transverse foramina |
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Term
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Definition
Cv1-2
-1 median joint, dens pivots between anterior arch of atlas & transverse ligament
-2 Two lateral atlantoaxial joints (zygapophysial joints) between articular processes
-permit side-to-side movement "no" |
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Term
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Definition
Between the lateral masses of Cv 1 (atlas) and occipital condyles .
-permit nodding/ extension-flexion
- |
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Term
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Definition
-long spinous process directed downward
-costal facets at the junction of the body & vertebral arch
-a facet on each transverse process for articulation with tubercle of rib |
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Term
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Definition
-larger bodies than Cv & Tv
-thick, hatchet shaped spinous processes
-mammillary process on the back of each superior articular process |
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Term
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Definition
5 fused vertebrae
-concave anterior surface with sacral promontory and anterior sacral foramina for anterior rami of sacral spinal nerves |
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Term
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Definition
anterior/posterior sacral foramina
-inferiorly, midline, sacral canal exits from sacral hiatus
-auricular facets for articulation at sacroiliac joints |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
between vertebrae c2-S1
-form 20-25% of length of vertebral column
-absorb shock |
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Term
| intervertebral disc, structural components |
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Definition
1- Annulus fibrosis: outer fibro -cartilaginous portion . It is thinner posteriorly, which predisposes to herniation in that direction
2- Nucleus pulposus: inner (central) jelly-like portion, mostly water; it loses water during the day and with age |
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Term
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Definition
aka prolapse
-rupture of annulus fibrosus, resulting in protrusion of nucleus pulposus posteriolaterally, causing spinal nerve compression
-common in lumbar region, L4-5 or L5-S1 (sciatica) & cervical regions |
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Term
herniated disc
exiting root vs transversing root |
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Definition
| exiting root - exits the intervertebral foramen at level of herniation, and is thus spared. The traversing root at the level of herniation is affected, so the following exiting root is effected |
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Term
| direct posterior herniation of intervertebral disc |
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Definition
puches the posterior longitudinal ligament into the spinal cord or cauda equina.
may cause paraplegia or quadraplegia |
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Term
| supporting ligaments of the vertebral column |
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Definition
1. Anterior longitudinal ligament: limits extension
2. Posterior longitudinal ligament: limits flexion
3. Ligamenta flava: connect lamina of adjacent vertebrae, aid in return to erect from flex
4. Supraspinous ligament: connect tips of spinous processes from c7 to sacrum
5. Nuchal ligament: extension of supraspinous ligament, providing muscle attahcments
6. interspinous ligaments
7. intertransverse ligaments |
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Term
| movement of the cervical region |
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Definition
-atlanto-occipital joints: mainly flexion & extension
-atlantoaxial joints: mainly rotation
-all movements in the remainder |
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Term
| movement of the thoracic region |
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Definition
| very limited movement but favoring lateral flexion |
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Term
| movement of the lumbar region |
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Definition
| mainly flexion, extension, lateral flexion, & rotation |
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Term
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Definition
curved back
-abnormal lateral curvature of thoracolumbar region, rotation of vertebrae
-Can be structural or functional |
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Term
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Definition
e.g. due to hemivertebra
-curvature is accompanied by rotation toward the side of convexity, producing rib HUMP when patient bends forward |
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Term
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Definition
| e.g. leg length discrepancy, neuromuscular disorder, or poor posture |
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Term
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Definition
increased anterior concavity of thoracic spine
-elderly: postmenopausal women due to osteoporosis (Dowanger's hump) & mem as well
-adolescents: Scheuermann's disease |
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Term
Lordosis
what is it?
who's commonly affected? |
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Definition
-increased anterior convexity of lumbar spine
-occurs late in pregnancy, obesity, or pathology(muscular dystrophy) |
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Term
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Definition
forward slippage of one vertebra on the vertebra below it.
-most common: L5 slips on S5 due to fracture(spondylolysis) |
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Term
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Definition
| fracture of the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch. This is a common cause of spondylolisthesis |
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Term
| Spinal meninges - 3 layers |
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Definition
1.Dura mater
2. Arachnoid mater
3. Pia Mater |
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Term
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Definition
- outer tough membrane of the spinal cord
- separated from the vertebral canal walls by epidural space |
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Term
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Definition
-between the dura mater and vertebral canal walls
-contains fat and the internal vertebral venous plexus |
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Term
| internal vertebral venous plexus |
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Definition
found within the epidural space, surrounding the spinal cord and dura mater.
-connects to to Thoracic, abdominal, & pelvic veins providing pathway for metastasis of cancer cells to vertebral column, spinal cord, and brain |
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Term
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Definition
| delicate translucent membrane pressed against internal surface of dura. between the dura and pia mater, superficial to the subarachnoid space. |
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Term
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Definition
lies between the arachnoid mater and pia mater,
-contains CSF that protects the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
anlarging of the subarachnoid space beolw the conus medullaris.
-used to obtain CSF samples |
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Term
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Definition
deep to the dura and arachnoid mater on the spinal cord,
-vascular, ultrathin, inseparable from the spinal cord, roots, and blood vessels.
-lateral extensions(denticulate ligaments) attach to the dura to help horizontal stability of spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| inferior continuation of the pia mater from the conus medullaris to the tip of the coccyx |
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Term
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Definition
| extend from the pia mater to the dura mater, help stabilize |
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Term
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Definition
continuation of the medulla oblongata, ending at the conus medullaris, at about intervertebral disc L1-L2
-innervates the entire body except the head |
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Term
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Definition
31 spinal segments
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar,
5 sacral
1 coccygeal |
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Term
cervical and lumbar enlargements of spinal cord
-location
-why? |
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Definition
-c4-T1, L1-S3
-origins of brachial & lumbrosacralnerve plexuses for upper and lower extremities, respectively |
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Term
| reason for the formation of the cauda equina & filum terminale |
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Definition
| after 3rd month of fetal life, vertebral column grows faster than the relatively shorter spinal cord |
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Term
| Nomenclature of spinal nerves |
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Definition
-C1-C7 exit from above corresponding numbered Cervical vertebrae.
-C8 exits from above Tv1
-T1-Co1 exit from below the corresponding numbered vertebrae |
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Term
posterior rami of spinal nerves
what does it innervate? |
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Definition
| innervate intrinsic back muscles |
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Term
anterior rami
what does it innervate? |
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Definition
| innervate all non-intrinsic trunk muscles & all extremities muscles |
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Term
| all major nerve plexuses are formed of... |
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Definition
| anterior rami of different spinal nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| and lumbosacral plexus supplies |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-located in anterior median fissure
-supplies anterior 2/3 of spinal cord |
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Term
| posterior spinal arteries |
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Definition
-2 of them
-supply posterior 1/3 of the cord |
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Term
| arterial blood supply to the spinal cord |
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Definition
-anterior spinal artery
-posterior spinal artery
-spinal branches of vertebral , posterior intercostal and lumbar arteries |
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Term
| Spinal arteries receive blood from |
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Definition
segmental medullary arteries
great anterior segmental medullary artery (of Adamkiewicz) |
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Term
| Occlusion of what artery may result in paraplegia |
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Definition
| greater anterior segmental medullary artery (Adamkiewicz) |
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