The body's largest organ: in adults covers 1.5-2.0 m^2, and accounts for 15% body weight.

Consists of layers: epidermis, dermis, and the hypodermis

Top layer of skin

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

2nd layer of skin (below epidermis)

Fibrous connective tissue layer

Lots of blood vessels and nerve endings

Sweat glands and hair follicles originate here and in hypodermis

3rd layer of skin

Another layer of connective tissue

Areolar or adipose tissue between skin and muscle

A tough protein pack in epidermal cells

(connects to desmosomes)

patch thatlinks two cells together

helps resist mechanical stress

synthesize keratin

found in the stratum basale

synthesize the brown/black pigment melanin

located in stratum basale

study of struture of body

observation of surface or dissection

tapping body and listening for abnormal sounds

(such as air or fluid pockets)

observation

hypothesis

experiment

collect data

conclusion

possible explanation

"hypothesis method"

substance that does not effect body

used for control groups

sometimes called "sugar pill"

statement of what is known based on data

"directions" for others to further study area/claim

Reference man

Reference woman

healthy

22 years old

temperature 20 degrees celcius

light physical activity

man: 70kg/154lbs

2800kcals

woman: 58kg/128lbs

2000kcals

producing positive change/normal process

ex: labor/woman giving birth

postive or negative loops that the body undergos during change

eventually reverse

organs reversed between right and left

(organs from right on left, vice versa)

ectoderm

"outer" + "skin"

outer layer of primary germ layers

makes epidermis and nervous system

"middle" + "skin"

middle of primary germ layers

cells are loosely organized

turns into mesenchyme

"inner" + "skin"

inner of primary germ layers

makes mucous membranes of digestive and respiratory tracks and digestive glands

resembles connective tissue

makes muscle, bone, and blood

longtudinal section

(l.s)

cross section (c.s x.s)

or 

transverse section (t.s)

layers of closely spaced cells

tall, narrow

(like a column)

"fake" +"stratified"

not all cells touch free surface, but touch basement membrane

wineglass-shaped

secrete mucus

layer between epithelial tissue and connective tissue

anchors epithelial to connective

surface that faces away from basement membrane

"top"

where you look to identify types of tissues

covered w/ layer of dead squamous cells packed w/ keratin (waterproofs)

prevents penetration of disease

and also reduces water loss

(top layers get no nutrients)

surface that is abrasion resistant but wet/slippery

more matrix than cell volume

support, bind, protect

"fiber" +"producing"

large, flat, slender, wispy branches

produce fibers and ground substance that form matrix

"big" + "eaters"

move around in connective tissue

destroy bacteria, foreign patricles, dead cells

activate immune system

Leukocytes

(White blood cells)

serach and react against

bacteria, toxins, and foreign agents

synthesize antibodies

rarely seen in body 

create herapin for blood clots

create histamine to

increase blood flow by dialation of blood vessles

fat cells

large, round

filled w/ triglycride

appear in clusters

form spongelike frame for organs

such as spleen/lymph nodes

gel-rubbery texture

protects delicate cells from injury

bind all tissue together

create pathways for embroyonic cells to destination

dense-connective tissue

receptors for touch

basal layer

located in statum spinosum and stratum granulosum

macrophanges that originate in bone marrow and then migrate to the epidermis and epithelia of oral cavity, esophagus and vagina

guard against toxins, microbes, and other pathogens that penetrate skin

boundary between epidermis and dermis

"upward waves"

the downward waves are extensions of the dermis

thin areolar tissue near/in dermal papillae

allows defense against organisms

deeper and thick

made up of dense irregular connective tissue

contains collagen

hypodermis made up of mostly fat cells

energy reservoir and thermal insulator

yellow pigment

acquired from egg yoks and yellow/orange veggies

redness of skin

occurs from sunburn,  hot weather, anger, etc.

pale or ashen color of skin

occurs when there is little blood flow through skin 

golden-brown skin

due to addison's disease

JFK had it

"guard hairs"

similarly fine, unpigmented hair

present at birth

longer, coarsers, pigemented hair

cells in cartilage

secrete matrix

trapped in lacunae

nerve cells

detect stimuli

respond quickly

transmit coded info to other cells

elongated cells that contract when stimulated

job: exert physical force

type of muscle

long, cylindrical cells

attach to bones

multiple nuclei adj. to plasma membrane

striated

overlapping pattern of cytoplasmic protein filaments that cause contractions

make alternating light/dark bands

in the heart

striated

short cells, called myocytes

1 nucleus in center

join cardiac myocytes together

keep myocytes from pulling apart during contraction

involuntary

no striations

thickc in middle, tapered at ends

short

1 central nucleus

small amount of smooth muscle in iris of eye and in skin

form layers in walls

connection between cells

enables cells to resist stress communicated

encircles epithelial cell and joins to neighboring cells

don't allow things between cells

formed by connexon

passes nutrients from cell to cell

found in intercalated discs

maintain contact w/ surface by duct

releases secretion to surface

lose contact with surface

no ducts

lots of blood capillaries

secrete into blood---->hormones

cells that perform synthesis and secretion

usually simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium

secrete mucin

absorbs water and forms sticky mucus

release whole eggs

(testes or ovaries)

*sperm and egg

acumm. product

disintegrate---->secrete mixture

skin

largest membrane in body

dry, resists dehydration

doesn't allow harmful growth

watery, from blood

produced by serous membrane

composed of simple squamous epithelium on thin layer of areolar tissue

line body cavity

line joints of skeletal system

made of connective tissue

tissue growth through cell multiplication

(infants and children)

development of tumor

abnormal

nonfunctional

changing types of tissues

develop specialized functions

undifferentiated cells

no special function

potential to differentiate

limited

can only produce 1 cell type

shrinking of tissue due to loss in cell size/number

normal aging

not using organ

smooth muscle cells

activate by cold, fear, etc.

makes hair stand up

vibrissae

(guard hairs)

chemical that influences behavior of others

(scent)