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| primary somatosensory. And immediately posterior to the central sulcus is the postcentral gyrus. And it's the location of the primary sensory cortex, where the dorsal column and spinal thalamic systems terminate. |
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| primary motor. immediately anterior to the central sulcus. And it's the location of the primary motor cortex, which is the origin of the corticospinal tract |
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| the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobe |
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| The lateral (Sylvian) fissure |
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| separates the temporal lobe from the other lobes. The lateral, or Sylvian fissure-- when we see fissure, that implies something that's deep, deeper than the sulcus. So a sulcus is a furrow, which is relatively shallow. And the Sylvian fissure is caused by an infolding of the brain during development, which causes a deep space, a fissure. |
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| The parieto-occipital sulcus |
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| is evident on the medial surface of the hemispheres. the boundary between the parietal and occipital lobes |
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| T/F The precentral gyrus, which lies anterior to the central sulcus, is in the frontal lobe and is the primary motor cortex. |
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primary visual cortex.
prominent horizontal opening, called the calcarine fissure. And it's actually quite deep, and we'll see it later in cross section. And the reason the calcarine fissure is important is that it's the location of the primary visual cortex. The calcarine fissure is the first and main site for termination of fibers that originate in the retina and are relayed through the thalamus to the cortex |
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| thalamus, midbrain, pons, and medulla |
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| marks the boundary between parietal lobe and occipital lobe |
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| brain stem superior to inferior, |
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| thalamus, the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla |
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| Which vessel supplies the lateral cerebral cortex? |
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Middle cerebral
, the middle cerebral artery is the main blood supply of the lateral cortex. And we'll see evidence of that a little further along in the course. So with respect to the branches of the internal carotid, the anterior cerebral supplies medial cortex, and the middle cerebral supplies lateral cortex. |
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[image]
OK, now the second question here, as I said, the third nerve, the oculomotor nerve, as I said, leaves the midbrain. The trigeminal nerve leaves from the pons. And then the sixth nerve leaves from the medial pontomedullary junction. The seventh and eighth nerves leave from the lateral pontomedullary junction. And the ninth-- that should be the 10th and 11th nerves-- leave from the medulla.
And as we'll see later, the olive is in the-- there's a structure in the medulla. And we can discriminate one nerve from the other from where they leave. And the details of that, we'll discuss when we discuss the brain in cross-section. |
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[image]
In the next image we see deep gray (nuclear) structures appearing, caudate and putamen. The corpus callosum is now clearly visible |
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| As we continue posteriorly, the section is through the optic chiasm. The third ventricle is in the midline with the hypothalamus just lateral. Another nucleus, the globus pallidus, appears |
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[image]
In the next image, just posterior to the previous image, the thalamus is superior to the hypothalamus. |
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[image]
The inferior-medial portion of the next slides includes several parts of the brainstem. In the more superior portion, the thalamus is evident |
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[image]
In the next slide, through the occipital lobe, we can see the visual (striate) cortex in the calcarine fissure. The black stripe is caused by the dense termination of myelinated fibers from the thalamus |
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[image]
The next slide is a somewhat asymmetric section through the superior part of the thalamus |
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[image]
In a more inferior section, the caudate, putamen, and thalamus are visible. The internal capsule is lateral to the caudate and thalamus and medial to the putamen
(and globus pallidus) |
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[image]
More inferiorly, the third ventricle and globus pallidus are seen |
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[image]
Continuing inferior, the hypothalamus |
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| components of the brainstem |
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• Thalamus
• Midbrain
• Pons
• Cerebellum
• Medulla |
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| six-layered,outer covering of the hemispheres |
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| set of relay nuclei between the brainstem and spinal cord |
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| deep gray matter of the hemispheres, comprised of putamen, globus pallidus, and caudate—involved in movement |
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| connects the hemispheres with the spinal cord and houses most of the cranial nerve nuclei (III–XII) |
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And just as a prelude here to thinking about things, we're going to be very interested in where things run in the brainstem. Because this happens to show here the location of a stroke caused by occlusion of this anterior spinal artery. And some things are intact, things which are still stained black.
And some things aren't, the white areas. So understanding the spatial organization of things as they go up and down the long tracts, as they go up and down through the brainstem, and where cranial nerve nuclei are located is going to be important, because strokes occur in specific regions, which disable some features but not others. So understanding which features are intact and where they're located is going to be an important part of your neurological sleuthing. |
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| Name four mechanoreceptors. Differentiate between superficial or deep and adaptation characteristics: fast vs. slow. |
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| All four are encapsulated, have Ab fibers (myelinated axons), transmit information fast, have low threshold for activation. |
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| Name four major sensory modalities. |
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| Tactile: touch, pressure, vibration; thermal: temperature—cold, warm; proprioceptive: mechanical displacement of muscles, tendons, joints—static, dynamic; nociceptive: pain—mechanical, thermal, chemical |
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