Term
| another word for microscopic anatomy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Standing: eyes forward, toes forward, palms forward, legs together
Lying: supine, eyes up, toes up arms crossed |
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Term
| vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body, divides right and left, intersects the midlines of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the body |
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Definition
| median plane (midline) (midsaggital) |
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Term
| ____ = lying face up. ___ = lying face down |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ planes are planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane. |
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Definition
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Term
| vertical planes passing through the body at a right angle to the median plane, divide anterior and posterior |
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Definition
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Term
| planes passing through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes, dividing the body into upper and lower |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| proximal = closer to the structure's origin, "elbow is distal to the shoulder" |
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Term
| two sides of hand and feet |
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Definition
Hands: palm, dorsum
Foot: sole, dorsum |
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Term
| Ipsilateral v. contralateral |
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Definition
ipsilateral: R hand, R foot
contralateral: R hand, L foot |
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Term
| # bones in axial skeleton? # bones in appendicular? |
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Definition
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Term
| # bones in axial skeleton? # bones in appendicular? |
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Definition
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Term
| # bones in axial skeleton? # bones in appendicular? |
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Definition
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Term
| Terms of movement: ___ decreases the angle, ___ increases the angle |
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Definition
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Term
| Terms of movement: ___ describes flexion at the ankle joint, as when walking up a hill. ____ describes flexion that turns the foot or toes toward the plantar surface (standing on toes) |
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Definition
| dorsiflexion, plantar flexion |
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Term
| Terms of movement: ___ describes circular motion of the lower limb at the hip joint |
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Definition
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Term
| Terms of movement: ___ describes sticking out the chin, ____ describes retraction of the chin |
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Definition
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Term
| Terms of movement: ___ describes shrugging the shoulders, ____ describes lowering the shoulders |
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Definition
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Term
| Terms of movement: ___ describes movement of the sole of the foot away from the midline. ___ is the opposite. |
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Definition
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Term
| Terms of movement: ___ is the movement by which the pad of the first digit is brough to another digit pad. ___ describes the movement of the 1st digit back to its original position |
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Definition
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Term
| Bone marking: rounded, knuckle-like articular area, usually occuring in pairs. ex? |
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Definition
| condyle - lateral femoral condyle |
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Term
| Bone marking: the ridge of a bone. ex? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bone marking: eminence superior to a condyle ex? |
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Definition
| epicondyle - lateral epicondyle of the humerus |
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Term
| Bone marking: smooth, flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articultes with another bone. ex? |
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Definition
| facet. the superior costal facet on the body of a vertebra for articulation with a rib |
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Term
| Bone marking: passage through a bone. ex? |
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Definition
| foramen - obturator foramen in hip |
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Term
| Bone marking: linear elevation. ex? |
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Definition
| line - soleal line of the tibia |
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Term
| Bone marking: rounded process. ex? |
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Definition
| malleolus - lateral malleolus of the fibula |
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Term
| Bone marking: projection of a bone. ex? |
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Definition
| protuberance - external occipital protuberance (the bump in the back of your head) |
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Term
| Bone marking: thorn-like process |
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Definition
| spine - spine of the scapula |
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Term
| Bone marking: large, blunt elevation |
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Definition
| trochanter, the greater trochanter of the femur |
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Term
| two layers of fascia in the back |
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Definition
| superficial (fatty, subcutaneous tissue) and deep (thoraco-lumbar fascia) |
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Term
| two layers of muscles in teh back and their functions |
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Definition
| superficial - positioning and movement of limbs, deep - moving and positioning the axial skeleton, maintaining posture |
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Term
| function of the deep fascia |
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Definition
| holds groups of muscles, makes sheath around nerves and muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| fascia, muscle, vertebral column, ribs, spinal cord & meninges, nerves/blood vessels |
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Term
| Trapezius: origin, insertion, innervation, main actions |
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Definition
Origin: Extemal occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae (C7-C12 (spinous processes)
Insertion:
Actions:
superior fibers: elevate pectoral girdle
middle: retracts the scapula
inferior: depress shoulders
superior & inferior: rotate scapula upward
innervation: accessory nerve (CN XI) and C3, C4 spinal nerves
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Term
| latissimus dorsi: origin, insertion, innervation, action |
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Definition
Origin: spinous process of inferior 6 thoracic vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, illiac crest, and inferior 3 or 4 ribs
INsertion: floor of intertubercular groove of humerus
Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve (C6, C7, C8)
Action: extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus |
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Term
| Levator scapulae - origin, insertion, action, innervation |
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Definition
Origin: transverse processes of C1-C5
Insertion: medial border of scapula
Innervation: dorsal scapular & cervical nerves
Action: Elevates and rotates scapula to depress glenoid cavity |
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Term
| Rhomboid major - origin, insertion, action, innervation |
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Definition
origin: spinous processes of T2-T5
Insertion: medial border of scapula from spine to inferior angle
INnervation: dorsal scapular nerve
Action: retract scapula and rotate to depress glenoid cavity, fix scapula to thoracic wall. |
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Term
| Rhomboid Minor - origin, insertion, action, innervation |
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Definition
origin: nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7 & T1
Insertion: smooth triangular area at medial end of scapular spine
INnervation: dorsal scapular nerve
Action: retract scapula and rotate to depress glenoid cavity, fix scapula to thoracic wall. |
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Term
| Serratus Posterior Superior lies deep to ____. Inferior lies deep to ____. |
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Definition
| rhomboids, latissimus dorsi |
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Term
| Serratus Posterior Superior: Origin, insertion, action, innervation |
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Definition
Origin: nuchal ligament and C7-T3
Insertion: 2nd through 5th ribs
Action: elevate ribs
INnervation: 2nd-5th intercostal nerves
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Term
| Serratus Posterior Inferior: Origin, insertion, action, innervation |
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Definition
Origin: T11-L2
Insertion: 9th-12th ribs
action: depress ribs
Innervation: Intercostal nerves T9-T12 |
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Term
| The triangle of auscultation is made up by what 3 muscles? |
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Definition
Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, medial border of scapula
- good place to examine posterior segments of the lungs with a stethoscope - hear lung sounds. |
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Term
| The lumbar triangle - importance and muscles that make it |
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Definition
| can be site of lumbar hernia. latissimus dorsi, ext. obliques, illiac crest |
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Term
| there are # vertebrae, # cervicle, #thoracic, # lumbar, # sacral, and # coccygeal. |
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Definition
| 33 - 7C - 12T - 5L - 5S - 4C |
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Term
| THe adult vertebral column is how long? |
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Definition
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Term
| the 25 cervicle, thoracic, lumbar and first sacral vertebrae articulate at ____ joints, which facilitate the vertebral column's ability to _____. |
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Definition
| zygapophysical joints -- flex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The typical vertebra consists of what 3 parts? |
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Definition
| body, vertebral arch, 7 processes (2 superior articular, 2 inferior articular, 2 transverse, and 1 spinous) |
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Term
| The succession of vertebral formina in the articulated vertebral column for the _____, which contains what? |
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Definition
| vertebral canal - spinal cord and the roots of the sminal nerves (plus fat, vessels, and meninges) |
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Term
| The ___ are found only in cervicle vertebra and are the spaces through which the vertebral artery, vertebral veins, and autonomic nerves pass |
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Definition
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Term
| Another name for C7 is? Why? |
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Definition
| Vertebra prominens - because the bifid spinous process is long and sticks out the most |
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Term
| The distinguishing feature of the axis is the ____, a blunt surface that projects superiorly from the body. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when the vertebrae of the cervical portion are dislocated so that their articular processes interlock |
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Term
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Definition
| incomplete dislocation (such as with slipped discs) |
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Term
| traumatic spondylolysis of C2 (hangman's fracture) |
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Definition
| When the chin is forced upward and the head hyperextends ONTO the neck (the neck itself does not hyperextend), resulting in a fracture of the pedicle and dens. If the transverse ligament breaks, the dens will put pressure on the spinal cord, causing paralysis and death. |
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Term
| Fracture of the dens may be caused by what? |
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Definition
| a horizontal blow to the head or osteopenia |
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Term
| What is a Jefferson (burst) fracture, and what might cause it? |
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Definition
| When a blunt force is delivered to the top of the head (such as from diving into a pool bottom), the anterior and posterior arches are crushed between the occipital condyles and the axis. If the transverse ligament is torn, the spinal cord is likely to be injured. |
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Term
| What is the distinguishing feature of the thoracic vertebrae? |
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Definition
| Costal facets for the ribs to attach |
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Term
| The arc created by the interacting articular processes of the thoracic vertebrae allows for ____ of the vertebral column |
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Definition
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Term
| Movement allowed/not allowed by the lumbar vertebrae. |
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Definition
| Allows for flexion, extension, lateral flexion. Guards against rotation |
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Term
| How do the thoracic vertebrae limit movement in the vertebral column? |
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Definition
| The attachment of the rib cabe combined with the verticle orientation of the articular facets and overlapping spinous processes limits flexion and extension as well as lateral flexion. See Table 4.2 |
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Term
| T_ - T_ are cervicle in nature, with longer spinous processes. T_-T_ are "typical" thoracic vertebrae, and T_-T_ are lumbar in nature. |
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Definition
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Term
| the largest vertebra, which carries the weight of the whole upper body |
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Definition
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Term
| accessory processes extend posteriorly from the ____ of the lumbar vertebrae. Their purpose is to? |
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Definition
| transverse processes, purpose to serve as an attachment for the medial intertransverse lumborum muscle |
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Term
| mammillary processes are found on the posterior surface of the ____, and serve what purpose? |
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Definition
| superior articular processes in lumbar vertebrae, serve as attachment for the multifidus and medial intertransverse muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| possessing a narrow vertebral canal caused by narrow foramen, usually a genetic anomoly. can put pressure on nerves. |
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Term
| the ___ is a continuation of the vertebral canal into the sacrum |
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Definition
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Term
| On the pelvic and posterior surfaces of the sacrum between its vertebral components are typically four pairs of ___ for the exit of the posterior and anterior rami of the spinal nerves. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ____ of the sacrum is formed by the superior surface of the S1 vertebra. |
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Definition
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Term
| the anterior projecting edge of the body of S1 is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___ is the central ridge of the sacrum and represents the fused spinous processes of the S1-S4 (S5 has no spinous process) |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___ results from the lack of lamina and spinous process of S5 and sometimes S4. What is the importance of it? |
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Definition
| sacral hiatus - used to measure pelvic length by OB |
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Term
| The anterior foramen of the sacrum contain __ nerves, and the posterior foramen contain ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| THe sacral canal contains? |
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Definition
| spinal nerve roots called cauda equina |
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Term
| The ___ represent the inferior articular processes of S5 and curve inward |
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Definition
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Term
| IN living persons, the sacral hiatus is closed by the ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| How is an epidural administered? |
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Definition
| the anesthetic is injected through the sacrococcygeal ligament and into the fatty tissue beneath that lies in the sacral hiatus. |
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Term
| Sacralization and Lumbarization |
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Definition
Sacralization: when L5 is incorporated into the sacrum
Lumbarization: when S1 is incorporated into the lumbar region |
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Term
| the ___ are the articular processes of Co 1, which interact with the sacral cornua |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| attachment for the gluteus maximus and coccygeal muscles and the anococcygeal ligament |
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Term
Anterior longitudinal Ligament:
Extends from ___ to ___, at which point it becomes ____.
interacts with the anterior part of the body of vertebrae.
Function? |
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Definition
Extends from the anterior surface of the sacrum to the anterior process of C1, at which point it extends to the occipital bone and becomes the anterior atlanto-occipital membrane.
function: limits hyperextension |
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Term
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament:
Located in front of ____ on the posterior surface of the body of vertebrae from ____ to ____.
Function? |
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Definition
Located in front of the spinal cord on the posterior surface of the body of vertebrae from the sacrum to C2.
Function - limit hyperflexion.
Also, contains lots of nerve endings - is what hurts when a disk slips
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Term
| ____ ligaments are thin, weak, membranous ligaments located between spinous processes |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___ ligament covers the tips of spinous processes up to ____, at which point it becomes ____. |
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Definition
| Supraspinous -- up to C7 -- becomes the Nuchal ligament after C7 |
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Term
| The ligament that holds 2 lamina togheter. Is thickest in the ____ area. Extends from ___ to ___, at which point it becomes _____. |
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Definition
Ligamentum Flava - thickest in lumbar area -- extends from sacrum to C1 at which point it becomes the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
Yellow ligament |
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Term
| All ligaments in the spine prevent hyperflexion except for _____, which prevents hyperextension. |
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Definition
| anterior longitudinal ligament |
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Term
| How does a lumbar puncture work? |
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Definition
| The person bends forward, creating more space between the vertebrae. A needle is inserted through the ligamentum flava in the lumbar region. |
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Term
| The _____ joint is formed between the condyles of the occipital bone and the anterior facet of the atlas. Function? |
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Definition
| Atlanto-occipital joint -- function: nodding ("yes" motion) |
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Term
| The 3 ____ joints are formed between the atlas and axis. There are 2 ___ and 1 ___. It is surrounded by the cruciate ligament (made up of ___, ___, and ___) and the alar ligament. Function? |
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Definition
Atlanto-axial joints. 2 lateral joints and 1 medial joints.
Cruciate ligament = superior longitudinal band, inferior longitudinal band, and the transverse ligament of the atlas.
Function - "no" movement |
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Term
| How does whiplash happen? |
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Definition
| Hyperflexion of the posterior longitudinal ligament and hyperextension of the anterior longitudinal ligament |
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Term
| In adults, the spinal cord is about __-__ centimeters in length. It typically ends at the level of the __/__ intervertebral disk |
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Definition
| 42-45 centimeters. ends at the L1/L2 intervertebral disk |
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Term
The spinal cord begins at the ____.
At birth, it ends at the __/__ intervertebral disk.
In adults, it ends at the __/__ intervertebral disk.
Why the difference? |
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Definition
Begins at foramen magnum.
Birth: L3/L4
Adults: L1/L2
The difference is because beginning in the 3rd trimester, the spinal cord doesn't grow as fast as the vertebral column |
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Term
| The spinal cord is covered by 3 meninges: |
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Definition
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater (internal and external)
The pia mater is remnants of the neural tube |
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Term
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Definition
| Tapering of the spinal cord at the L1/L2 I/V disk |
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Term
| a delicate strand of fibrous tissue, about 20 cm. in length, proceeding downward from the apex of the conus medullaris. It gives longitudinal support to the spinal cord. It is formed by the surrounding ____. |
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Definition
| Filum terminale - formed by pia mater |
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Term
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Definition
| "Horse Tail" - all spinal nerve roots extending down from the conus medullaris (below L2) and out the intervertebral foramen - nerve roots are in pairs (bilateral) |
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Term
| How do you name the spinal nerves? |
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Definition
| Cervical nerves are named for the inferior vertebra, all others are named for the superior vertebra |
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Term
| Explain how a lumbar puncture works |
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Definition
| A needle is inserted through the ligamentum flava between L3 & L4 (or L4&L5), into the lumbar cistern, where it collects CSF |
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Term
There are __ spinal segments, which means there are __ pairs of spinal nerves.
__ C
__ T
__ L
__ S
__ Co |
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Definition
31, 31 --
8C
12T
5L
5S
1Co |
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Term
| The ___ portion of the spinal cord is the longest. |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 enlargements of the spinal cord |
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Definition
Cervical (C4-T1) - innervates the upper limbs
Lumbar (Lumbosacral) (T11-S1) - innervate the lower limbs
Numbers given are for the spinal cord segments, not the actual level of the spinal cord (which ends at L1/L2) |
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Term
| The ___ horn of the spinal cord contains nerve bodies for sensory info, the ___ horn contains nerve bodies for motor info |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___ matter of the spinal cord contains axons surrounded by a myelin sheath. The ___ matter contains cell bodies |
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Definition
| white matter, gray matter |
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Term
| The _____ connects the dorsal and ventral horns of the spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
| Around the thoracic and lumbar regions, ____ appear, which contain visceral motor nerves. |
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Definition
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Term
| Posterior = Dorsal, Anterior = ventral |
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Definition
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Term
The ____ rami supply the back.
Muscles are supplied via ___ fibers
Skin is supplied via ____ fibers
Blood vessels supplied via ____ fibers |
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Definition
Dorsal rami
muscles supplied by somatic efferent fibers
skin via somatic afferent fibers
blood vessels via visceral efferent and afferent fibers
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Term
| The __ rami supplies structures in teh body wall of the thorax and abdomen, as well as the upper and lower limbs. Branching off these rami give rise to what? |
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Definition
| ventral -- branching gives rise to various nerve plexi |
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Term
| A given spinal nerve contains both ___ and ___ fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| The __ ligament limits rotation in the neck |
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Definition
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Term
| When the transverse ligament of teh atlas ruptures, the dens is set free, resulting in _____, or incomplete dislocation of the median atlantoaxial joint |
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Definition
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Term
| Movement of the vertebral column is limited by what 6 things? |
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Definition
1. Thickness, elasticity, and compressibility of the IV disks
2. Shape and orientaiton of the zygapophysial joints
3. Tension of the joint capsules of the zygapophysial joints
4. resistance of the back muscles and ligaments
5. attachment to the rib cage
6. bulk of surrounding tissue |
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Term
| The thoracic and sacral curvatures are known as ____ becaus they are concave anteriorly. The cervical and lumbar curvatures are known as ____ because they are concave posteriorly |
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Definition
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Term
| The thoracic and sacral curvatures are ____ that develop during the fetal period in relation to the fetal position. The cervical and lumbar curvatures are ___ that result from extension from the flexed fetal position |
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Definition
| primary curvatures, secondary curvatures |
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Term
| "Hunchback" is another term for excessive _____. "Swayback" is another term for excessive ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The spinal cord begins as a continuation of the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The anterior rami of the spinal nerves arising from the lumbosacral enlargment of the spinal cord make up what? |
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Definition
| the lumbar and sacral plexuses of nerves that innervate the lower libms |
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Term
| The portion of the spinal cord giving rise to the rootlets and roots that ultimately form one bilateral pair of spinal nerves is designated a _____. |
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Definition
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Term
The cervical plexus.
Spinal nerves __-__
Innvervates: |
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Definition
spinal nerves C1-C4
innervates the neck and upper trunk |
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Term
The Brachial Plexus
Spinal nerves?
Innervates? |
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Definition
Spinal nerves C5-T1
Innervates the upper limbs |
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Term
Lumbar plexus
spinal nerves?
innervates? |
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Definition
spinal nerves L1-L4
innervates the groin and parts of the lower limbs
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Term
Sacral Plexus
Spinal nerves?
Innervates? |
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Definition
Spinal nerves L4-S3
INnervates the buttocks and the rest of the lower limbs |
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Term
| What is the lumbosacral plexus? |
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Definition
| L4 is involved in both the lumbar and the sacral plexi, so they are often thought of as one lumbosacral plexus |
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Term
| A ___ is a patch of skin innervated by a given spinal nerve |
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Definition
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Term
| A ___ is a muscle group that is innervated by a given spinal nerve root |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is regional loss of sensory or motor function |
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Definition
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Term
| When the spinal cord ends, the pia mater continues as the ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is worse, viral or bacterial meningitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is a lack of or decrease in blood flow to the spinal cord, which compromises typical neurological functions of the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 possible ways to damaage the spinal cord |
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Definition
1. Fracture or dislocation of vertebrae causing laceration or compression of SC
2. penetrating injury (bullet)
3. overstretching of cord
4. vascular problem causing infarct |
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Term
| Complete v. incomplete spinal cord injury |
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Definition
Complete = complete loss of motor AND sensory function below the level of the traumatic lesion.
Incomplete = variable neurological finding with partial loss of sensory and/or motor function below the lesion |
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Term
Injury above the T1 level results in _____.
Injury below the T1 level results in _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Lumbar cistern? What does it contain? What is it's purpose? |
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Definition
Enlargement of subarachnoid space from the inferior end of the spinal cord (L2) to the inferior end of the subarachnoid space or dura mater (S2)
Contains cauda equina, the filum terminale, and CSF
Site for lumbar punture and spinal anaesthesia (L4-L5) |
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Term
The Artery of Adamkiewicz is AKA?
What supplies this artery?
What does this artery supply?
Where is it located?
Inadvertent occlusion of this artery during thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair commonly causes ______. |
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Definition
the great anterior segmental medullary artery
arises from an inferior intercostal or upper lumbar artery
supplies blood to 2/3 of the spinal cord, including the lumbar enlargement
located on the left side in 65% of people
inadvertent occlusion causes post surgical ischemia |
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Term
| Where is the epidural space located? What does it contain? |
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Definition
located between the periosteum and the dura mater.
contains fat, internal veterbrl venous plexuses, roots of spinal nerves (inferior to L2) |
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Term
| Where is the subarachnoid space? What does it contain? |
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Definition
located between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.
Contains CSF; radicular, segmental, medullary, and spinal arteries; veins; arachnoid trabbeculae |
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Term
| What are the confines of the epidural space? |
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Definition
Superior: foramen magnum
Laterally: intervertebral foramen
Inferiorly: Sacral hiatus |
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Term
| what is a subdural hemotoma? |
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Definition
| Bleeding that leaks into the dura-arachnoid junction (which is commonly referred to as the subdural space) |
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Term
| delicate fibers tha connect the arachnoid and pia mater through the subarachnoid space |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the denticulate ligaments? |
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Definition
| 20-22 sawtooth ligaments that run along the spinal cord to support it. located between anterior and posterior spinal nerve roots |
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Term
| What three longitudinal arteries supply the spinal cord? Where do these arteries begin and end? |
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Definition
one anterior spinal artery and two posterior spinal arteries (each have 3 associated spinal veins)
begin at medulla and end at medullary cone |
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Term
| The ____ arteries arise from the anterior spinal artery and enter the spinal cord through the anterior median fissure. These arteries supply about 2/3 of the cross-sectional area of the spinal cord. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ____ arteries are located chiefly in the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements and enter the SC through the IV foramina. |
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Definition
| anterior and posterior segmental medullary arteries |
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Term
| The anterior and posterior roots of the spinal nerves are supplied by what arteries? |
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Definition
| anterior and posterior radicular arteries |
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