Term
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Definition
| The study of body structure |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ________ and _________ of the body are closely related. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structure _______ Function. |
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Term
Sensory input
Integration
Homeostasis
Mental Activity
Controls of Muscles and Glands |
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Definition
| Functions of the Nervous System. |
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Term
Brain
Spinal Cord
Nerves
Sensory Receptors |
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Definition
| What are the components of the Nervous System? |
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Term
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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Definition
What are the subdivisions of the Nervous System?
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Definition
| All nervous tissue outside the CNS. |
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Term
Central Nervous System (CNS)
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Definition
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Term
| Somatic Nervous System (SNS) |
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Definition
| Contains somatic and special sensory receptors and somatic sensory neurons (which are voluntary and within the skeletal muscle). |
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Term
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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Definition
| Contains autonomic sensory receptors and autonomic sensory neurons (which are involuntary); it is also divided into two sections the parasympathetic and the sympathetic (which can be found in the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands). |
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Term
| Enteric Nervous System (ENS) |
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Definition
| Contains enteric motor neurons, enteric sensory receptors, and enteric sensory neurons (which are involuntary and located in the GI tract and enteric plexuses; also known as the smooth muscle glands, and endocrine cells of the GI tract). |
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Term
Temperature
Pain
Touch
Pressure
Light
Sound
Odors |
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Definition
| What are the sensory receptors of the PNS? |
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Term
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Definition
A bundle of axons and their sheaths that connects CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands.
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Term
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Definition
| Originates from the brain; contains 12 pairs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Originates from the spinal cord; contains 31 pairs. |
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Term
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Definition
| small masses of nervous tissue, consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies, there are located outside of the brain and spinal cord. They are closely associated with cranial and spinal nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extensive networks of neurons located in the walls of organs of the gastrointestinal tract; the neurons of these plexuses help regulate the digestive system. |
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Term
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Definition
| transmits action potentials from receptors to CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| transmits action potentials from CNS to effectors (muscles, glands). |
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Term
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Definition
| from CNS to skeletal muslces; voluntary; single neuron system; also contains a synapse. |
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Term
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Definition
| junction of a nerve cell with another cell. |
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Term
| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
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Definition
| from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and certain glands; subconscious or involuntary control. |
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Term
First from CNS to ganglion
Second from ganglion to effector |
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Definition
| What is the two neuron system for the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)? |
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Term
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Definition
| prepares body for physical activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates resting or vegetative functions such as digesting food or emptying of the urinary bladder. |
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Term
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Definition
| plexuses within the wall of the digestive tract. |
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Term
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Definition
| support and protect neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that recieve stimuli and transmit action potentials. |
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Term
Cell Body or Soma
Dendrites (which are input)
Axons (which are output) |
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Definition
| The organization of the Neuron or Nerve Cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromatophilic Substance; Rough E.R. (which is the primary site of protein synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| short, often highly branched. |
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Term
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Definition
| little protuberance where axons synapse with dendrite. |
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Term
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Definition
| can branch to form collaterals. |
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Term
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Definition
| cone-shaped elecation that often joins to the cell body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Site where action potentials are generated. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the cytoplasm of an axon. |
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Term
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Definition
| plasma membrane that surrounds the axoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| the axon and its collaterals end by dividing into these many fine processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny membrai-enclosed sacs contained within synaptic end bulbs and varicosities. |
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Term
Sensory or Afferent
Motor or Efferent
Interneurons or Association Neurons |
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Definition
| What is the functional classification of Neurons? |
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Term
Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar |
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Definition
| What are the Structural classification of Neurons? |
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Term
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Definition
| action potentials toward CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| action potentials away from CNS. |
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Term
| Interneurons or Association Neurons |
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Definition
| within CNS form one neuron to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| most neurons in CNS; motor neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory in retina of the eye and nose. |
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Term
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Definition
| part that extends to the periphery has dendrite-like sensory receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Processes form feet that cover the surfaces of neurons and blood vessels and the pia mater; regulate extracellular brain fluid composition, ion nutrient and dissolved gas concentrations. They also recycle neurotransmitters and form scar tissue after injury. |
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Term
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Definition
| protects neurons from toxic substances and also allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products between neurons and blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that line the brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal. They assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| capillary plus ependymal cells equals ______. Some contains cillia. |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized macrophages that remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| form myelin sheaths if surround axon, and also myelinate CNS axons while providing structural framework. |
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Term
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Definition
| wrap around portion of only one axon to form myelin sheath (surround axons in PNS). They are responsible for myelination of perpheral axons and participate in repair process after injury. |
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Term
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Definition
| surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia, provide support and nutrients, and regulate O2, CO2, nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia. |
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Term
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Definition
| rest in invaginations of Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes. |
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Term
| Degeneration of myeline sheaths |
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Definition
| causes MS and some cases of diabetes mellitus. |
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Term
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Definition
| protects and insulates axons from one another; speeds transmission; functions in repair of axons. Contains Nodes of Ranvier; not continuous. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| unmyelinated axons that contain cell bodies, dendrites, and neuroglia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells produce _____ also known as electrical signals. |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of information from one part of body to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| things that result from ionic concentration differences across plasma membrane and permeability of membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| negatively charged, inside the cell, and not permeable. |
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Term
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Definition
| negatively charged, outside the cell, and these channels are always open. |
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Term
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Definition
| positively charged, inside the cell, and contains two channels: nongated and voltage gated. |
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Term
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Definition
| always open; establishes resting membrane potential. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| positively charged, outside the cell, voltage gated channels-depolarizes membrane. |
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Term
Ligand-gated
Voltage-gated
Mechanically gated
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Definition
| What are the three gated ion channels? |
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Term
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Definition
| open or close in response to stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials in the axons of all types of neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| opens or closes in response to mechanical stimulation in the form of vibration (such as sound waves), touch, pressure, or tissue stretching. |
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Term
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Definition
| unequal distribution of charge exists between the immediate inside and immediate outside of the plasma membrane: -70 to -90 mV. |
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Term
| Resting Membrane Potential |
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Definition
| the unequal distribution of charged molecules and ions inside and outside the cell. Also known as the time when concentraion of potassium is inside the cell rather than outside and when sodium is outside the cell rather than inside. |
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Term
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Definition
| magnitude varies from small to large depending on stimulus strength or frequency. |
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Term
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Definition
| potential that summate or add onto each other, spread over the plasma membrane in a decremental (not propagated) fashion, and can cause generation of action potentials. |
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Term
lingands binding to receptors
changing in charge across membrane
mechanical stimulation
temperature changes
spontaneous change in permeability |
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Definition
| Local Potentials result from? |
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Term
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Definition
| a local potential causes depolarization of membrane to threshold. |
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Term
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Definition
| When an action potential either occurs completely or it does not occur at all. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| more negative (may get after-hyperpolarization) |
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Term
| Resting membrane potential |
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Definition
| a voltage-gated Sodium channel and voltage-gated Potassium channel are closed (the activation gates are closed and the inactivation gates are open). |
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Term
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Definition
| Voltage-gated Sodium channels are open because the activation gates open; the voltage-gated Potassium chanels also start to open. This results because the inward diffusion of Sodium is much greater than the outward diffusion of Potassium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Voltage-gated Sodium channels are closed because the inactivation gates close; voltage-gated Potassium channels are now open. Sodium diffusion into the cell stops and Potassium diffuse out of the cell causing this to happen. |
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Term
| After-hyperpolarizing phase |
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Definition
| Voltage-gated Sodium channels are closed, and also voltage-gated Potassium channles remain open for a short time and then close. |
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Term
| Resting Membrane Potential |
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Definition
| the resting membrane potential is reestablished after the voltage-gated Potassium channels close. |
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Term
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Definition
| What are the two types of Refractory Periods? |
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Term
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Definition
| Complete insensitivity, from beginning of action potential until near end of repolarization. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stronger-than-threshold stimulus can initiate another action potential. |
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Term
| Action Potential Frequency |
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Definition
| Number of potentials produced per unit of time to a stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| causes a local potential that is great enough to initiate an acton potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| does not cause a local potential that is great enough to initiate an action potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| just strong enough to produce a maximum frequency of action potentials. |
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Term
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Definition
| all stimuli between threshold and the maximal stimulus strength. |
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Term
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Definition
| any stimulus stronger than a maximal stimulus. These stimuli cannot produce a greater frequency of action potentials than a maximal stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| faster in myelinated than in non-myelinated. |
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Term
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Definition
| In myelinated axons, lipids act as ______ forcing local currents to jump from node to node. |
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Term
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Definition
| In myelinated, speed is affected by thickness of myelin sheath. |
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Term
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Definition
| large-diameter conduct more rapidly than small-diameter. Large have greater surace area and more voltage-gated Sodium channels. |
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Term
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Definition
| increased temperature equals increased speed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Three types of Nerve Fiber Types. |
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Term
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Definition
| large-diameter, myelinated. Conduct at 15-120 m/s. Motor neurons supplying skeletal and most sensory neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| medium-diameter, lightly myelinated. Conduct at 3-15 m/s. Part of ANS. |
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Term
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Definition
| small-diameter, unmyelinated. Conduct at 2 m/s or less. Part of ANS. |
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Term
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Definition
| junction between two cells where action potentials in one cell cause action potentials in another cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two types of cells in synapse. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a nerve cell that carries a nerve impulse toward a synapse; cell that sends a signal. |
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Term
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Definition
| carries a nerve impulse away from a synapse or an effector cell that responds to the impulse at the synapse. |
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Term
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Definition
| gap junctions that allow local current to flow between adjacent cells; found in cardiac muscle and many types of smooth muscle. It is important where contractile activity among a group of cells important. |
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Term
Presynaptic terminal
Synaptic cleft
Postsynaptic membrane |
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Definition
| What are the components of Chemical Synapses? |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitters released by action potentials in presynaptic terminal. |
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Term
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Definition
| action potential causes Ca2+ to enter cell that causes neurotransmitter to be released from vesicles. |
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Term
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Definition
| when ACh binds to receptor, ligand-gated Sodium channels open. |
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Term
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Definition
| acetylcholinesterase splits ACh into acetic acid and choline. |
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Term
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Definition
| Norepinephrine recycled within presynaptic neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurotransmitter only "fits" in ___ receptor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Not all cells have _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitters are ______ in some cells and _______ in others. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter attach to the presynaptic terminal as well as postynaptic and then inhibit the release of more neurotransmitter. |
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Term
| Excitatory postynaptic potential (EPSP) |
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Definition
| Depolarization occurs an response stimulatory; depolarization might reach threhold producing an action potential and cell response. |
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Term
| Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP) |
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Definition
| Hyperpolarization and response inhibitory; decrease action potentials by moving membrane potential farther from threshold. |
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Term
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Definition
| axon of one neuron synapses with the presynaptic terminal (axon) of another. Many of the synapses of CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| reduction in amount of neurotransmitter released from presynaptic terminal. Endorphins can inhibit pain sensation. |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of neurotransmitter released from presynaptic terminal increases. Glutamate facilitating nitric oxide production. |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons process information when changes occur at the trigger zone through spatial and temporal summation of IPSPs and EPSPs. |
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Term
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Definition
| An average neuron recieves ______ synaptic inputs. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process accomplished by the post-synaptic neuron when it combines all excitatory and inhibitory inputs and responds accordingly. |
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Term
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Definition
| this process occurs over and over as interneurons are activated in higher parts of the brain (such as the thalamus and cerebral cortex). |
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Term
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Definition
| this may contain thousnads or even millions of neurons. |
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Term
Diverging
Converging
Reverberating
Parallel After-Discharge
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Definition
| Types of Neural Circuits. |
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Term
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Definition
| a small number of neurons in the brain stimulate a much larger number of neurons in the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| The opposite of a diverging circuit. |
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Term
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Definition
| impulses are sent back through the circuit time and time again-used in breathing, coordinated muscular activities, waking up, and short-term memory. |
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Term
| Parallel after-discharge circuit |
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Definition
| involve a single presynaptic cell that stimulates a group of neurons, which then synpase with a common postsynaptic cell-used in precise activities such as mathematical calculations. |
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Term
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
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Definition
| Three meninges of the Spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| bundle of neuronal axons that are all located in a specific area of the white column all traveling to the same place (higher or lower in the brain or cord). |
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Term
| Transection of the spinal cord |
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Definition
| the ascending and descending tracts are partially or completely severed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The _________ of the spinal cord can be at the base of skull which can result in death by asphyxiation, in the upper cervical area results in quadriplegia, and between the cord enlargements results in some form paraplegia. |
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Term
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Definition
| spinal nerves branch and their branches. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| formed by the anterior rami of C1-C5, serves the head, neck, and diaphragm. |
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Term
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Definition
| formed by the anterior rami of C5-C8 and T1. It is divided into roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
| formed by the anterior rami of L1-L4 to supply the anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitalia, and part of the lower limbs. |
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Term
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Definition
| formed by the anterior rami of L4-L5 and S1-S4. It supplies the buttocks, perineum, and part of the lower limbs. It gives rise to the largest nerve in the body, the sciatic nerve. |
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Term
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Definition
| formed by the anterior rami of S4-S5 and the coccygeal nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
| is an automatic, sudden, involuntary response to a stimulus; when integration takes place in the spinal cord, it can be called the spinal version of this. |
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Term
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Definition
| the pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex is a reflex arc. |
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Term
Sensory Receptor
Sensory Neuron
Integrating Center
Motor Neuron
Effector |
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Definition
| The components of a reflex arc. |
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