Term
| What does ectoderm turn into? |
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Definition
| epidermis, hair follicles, nails, glands in the integument, lining of the mouth, salivary glands, nasal passageways, anus, brain and spinalchord, pituitary gland, suprarenal glands, portions of the skull, pharyngeal arches, teeth |
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Term
| What does mesoderm turn into? |
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Definition
| Dermisl, lining of body cavities, muscular/skeletal/cardiovascular/lymphoid systems, kidneys and part of the urinary tract, gonads and most of the reproductive tract, connective tissues supporting all organ systems, portions of the endocrine system (suprarenal glands and encocrine tissues of the reproductive tract) |
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Term
| What does endoderm turn into? |
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Definition
| most of the digestive system, epithelium (except mouth and anus), exocrine glands (except salivary glands), liver, pancreas, most of the respiratory system, epithelium (except nasal passageways) and mucous glands, portions of urinary and reproductive systems (ducts and the stem cells that produce gametes), portions of the endocrine system (thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas) |
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Term
| What does the neural crest turn into? |
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Definition
| the jaw and other facial parts |
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Term
| What are the three units of structure in the skull as it forms? |
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Definition
| splancho cranium, chondrocranium, dermatocranium |
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Term
| What is the splancho cranium? |
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Definition
| includes the pharyngeal arches, pieces of cartilage associated with 3 sensory areas (otic, orbital, nose). Gill arches become part of the middle ear in mammals and some reptiles. Also hyoid bone. Forms some of the jaw areas in fish. |
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Term
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Definition
| forms as endochondrobone. First as cartilage and then turns into true bone. Example - occipatal bone |
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Term
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Definition
| bone forms directly in soft tissue. Not precedes by any cartilage. Most of the skull in mammals. Includes 6 parts/series of the skull. |
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Term
| What parts of the skull are formed as dermatocranium? |
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Definition
| facial series of dermal bones (maxilla and nasal bones), orbital series (lacrimal), temporal series, vault series (parietals, frontals), palatal series (vomer, palatine, teragoids), mandibular series (lower jaw) |
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Term
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Definition
| When early bone begins to harden as calcium hydroxide is deposited in it |
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Term
| What are the steps to ossification? |
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Definition
| 1. cartilage enlarges - chondrocytes increase in size. Chondrocytes die and leave cavities. 2. blood vessels grow around the edges and the cells f the perichondrium turn into osteoblasts. Shaft becomes covered in a superficial layer of bone. 3. Blood vessels penetrate and invade te central region. Fibroblasts migrate w vessels turn into osteoblasts and begin producing spongy bone at the primary center of ossification. Spreads along the shaft towards both ends. 4. As growth continues, a medullary cavity forms. The bone shaft thickens and the catilage near each end is replaced by shafts of bone. 5. Capillaries and oseoblasts migrate into the epiphyses, creating secondary ossification centers. 6. Epiphyses are filled with spongy bone. Articular cartilage remains exposed to the joint cavity and will eventually become a thin superficial layer. |
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Term
| What is the foramen magnum? |
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Definition
| Where the spinal chord enters the skull |
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Term
| What is the jugular foramen? |
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Definition
| occipatal/temporal. Bottom of the skull. 9th and 10th Nerve. Also jugular vein. |
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Term
| What is the supraorbital foramen? |
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Definition
| Frontal bone. Little holes above the eyes. supra-orbital nerve, sensory branch of ophthalmic nerve, innervating the eyebrow, eyelid, and frontal sinus. Also supra-orbital artery. |
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Term
| What is the carotid canal? |
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Definition
| Temporal bone. First of the two small symetrical holes on the bottom of the skull. Internal carotid artery supplies blood to brain. |
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Term
| What is the external auditory meatus? |
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Definition
| Temporal bone. Air in meatus conducts sound to the eardrum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sphenoid. Larger hole in the back of the eye socket. Optic nerve brings info from eye to brain. |
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Term
| What is the superior orbital fissure? |
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Definition
| Sphenoid. Back of eye socket. Large crack. Oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, ophthalmic nerve, other eye nerves. Ophthalmic vein. |
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Term
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Definition
| hunchback. Caused by osteoperosis with compression fractures, chronic contractions in muscles that insert on the vertebrae or abnormal vertebral growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extreme curvature of the lower back. May be caused by obesity during pregnancy or weakness in abs. |
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Term
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Definition
| crooked back. improper growth of one or more vertebrae. |
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Term
| Which part of the ribs articulates with the axis of the body? |
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Definition
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