Term
| What are the boundaries of the perineum? |
|
Definition
| Pubic symphysis, ischiopubic rami, ischial tuberosities, sacrotuberous ligaments, tip of coccyx |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the roof of the perineum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What divides the perineum into an anterior urogenital triangle and a posterior anal triangle? |
|
Definition
| An invisible line connecting the two ischial tuberosities |
|
|
Term
| The superficial perineal space lies between what structures? |
|
Definition
| Inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm (perineal membrane) and membranous layer of the superficial perineal fascia (Colles's fascia) |
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the superficial perineal space? |
|
Definition
| Superficial transverse perineal muscle, ischiocavernosus muscles, crus of the penis/clitoris, bulbospongiosus muscles, bulb of the penis or vestibular bulbs, central tendon of the perineum, greater vestibular bulbs (in females), branches of the internal pudendal vessels, perineal nerve and its branches |
|
|
Term
| The deep membranous layer of the superficial perineal fascia that forms the inferior boundary of the superficial perineal pouch is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Colles's fascia is continuous with what? |
|
Definition
| Dartos fascia, superficial fascia of the penis, and Scarpa's fascia |
|
|
Term
| Extravasated urine may result from a rupture of the bulbous portion of the spongy urethra and may pass into where? |
|
Definition
| Superficial perineal space and inferiorly into scrotum |
|
|
Term
| The inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm that divides the superficial and deep perineal pouch is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms the crus of the penis or clitoris? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle inserts into the corpus cavernosum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What role does the ischiocavernosus play during penile erection? |
|
Definition
| Compresses the crus and the deep dorsal vein of the penis |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the ischiocavernosus muscle? |
|
Definition
| Perineal branch of the pudendal nerve (S2-4) |
|
|
Term
| What muscle inserts into the corpus spongiosum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the bulbospongiosus muscle? |
|
Definition
| Perineal branch of the pudendal nerve (S2-4) |
|
|
Term
| What muscle stabilizes the central tendon/perineal body by inserting into it? |
|
Definition
| Superficial transverse perineal muscle |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the superficial transverse perineal muscle? |
|
Definition
| Perineal branch of the pudendal nerve (S2-4) |
|
|
Term
| What fibromuscular mass lies in the center of the perineum between the anal canal and the vagina/bulb of the penis? |
|
Definition
| Perineal body/central tendon of the perineum |
|
|
Term
| The perineal body/central tendon of the perineum serves as an attachment site for what structures? |
|
Definition
| Superficial and deep transverse perineal muscles, bulbospongiosus, levator ani, and external anal sphincter muscles |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the greater vestibular (Barotholin's) glands? |
|
Definition
| Lubricates vagina during coitus |
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the deep perineal space? |
|
Definition
| Deep transverse perineal muscle, urethral sphincters, membranous part of the urethra, bulbourethro (Cowper's) glands in males, branches of the internal pudendal vessels/nerve |
|
|
Term
| Which urethral sphincter is composed of smooth muscle and is involuntary? |
|
Definition
| Internal urethral sphincter |
|
|
Term
| Which urethral sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle and is voluntary? |
|
Definition
| External urethral sphincter |
|
|
Term
| What forms the urogenital diaphragm? |
|
Definition
| Deep transverse perineal muscle and urethral sphincters |
|
|
Term
| Ducts from the bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands in the deep perineal space open at what point? |
|
Definition
| Bulbous portion of the spongy penile urethra |
|
|
Term
| The potential space on either side of the anorectum separated from the pelvis by the levator ani is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the ischiorectal fossa? |
|
Definition
| Ischioanal fat, inferior rectal nerves/vessels, perineal branches of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, pudendal canal on its lateral wall |
|
|
Term
| What are the muscles of the anal triangle? |
|
Definition
| Obturator internus, external anal sphincter, levator ani, coccygeus |
|
|
Term
| What muscles directly support and raise the pelvic floor? |
|
Definition
| Levator ani and coccygeus |
|
|
Term
| The fascia of the penis that is a continuation of the deep perineal is known as what? |
|
Definition
| Buck's fascia (deep fascia of the penis) |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the dense fibrous layer that envelopes both the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What serous sac of the peritoneum covers the front and sides of the testis and epididymis as well as forming the innermost layer of the scrotum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure forms the canal of Nuck and is related to both indirect inguinal hernias and hydrocele? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fetal cord connects the fetal testis to the floor of the developing scrotum and helps testis descend during development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the gubernaculum become in females? |
|
Definition
| Ovarian ligament, round ligament of the uterus |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the scrotum? |
|
Definition
| Thin skin and underlying dartos? |
|
|
Term
| What retracts the scrotum? |
|
Definition
Wrinkling is by the dartos, cremaster elevates the testis
*insert Seinfeld reference here* |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the scrotum? |
|
Definition
| Scrotal branch of the ilioinguinal, genital branch of genitofemoral, posterior scrotal branch of the perineal branch of the pudendal, perineal branch of the posterior femoral cutaneous |
|
|
Term
| An accumulation of fluid in the tunica vaginalis is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemorrhage into the cavity of the tunica vaginalis due to injury to the spermatic vessels is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An enlargement of the pampiniform venous plexus of the spermatic cord is known as what? |
|
Definition
| Varicocele ("bag of worms") |
|
|
Term
| What composes the root of the penis? |
|
Definition
| Two crura and the bulb of the penis |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the body of the penis? |
|
Definition
| Single corpus spongiosum and paired corpora cavernosa |
|
|
Term
| What forms the glans penis? |
|
Definition
| Terminal part of the corpus spongiosum |
|
|
Term
| What forms the mons pubis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms the prepuce of the clitoris? |
|
Definition
| Upper part of the labia minora |
|
|
Term
| What forms the frenulum of the clitoris? |
|
Definition
| Lower part of labia minora |
|
|
Term
| The space or cleft between the labia minora is known as what? |
|
Definition
| Vestibule of the vagina (urogenital sinus) |
|
|
Term
| What tissue forms the glans clitoris? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What covers the bulbs of the vestibule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the pudendal nerve (S2-4) leave the pelvis? |
|
Definition
| Greater sciatic foramen between the piriformis and coccygeus muscles |
|
|
Term
| What does the pudendal (S2-4) nerve cross as it enters the perineum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerves does the pudendal nerve give off and where does it terminate? |
|
Definition
| Inferior rectal and perineal nerve, terminates as the dorsal nerve of the penis/clitoris |
|
|
Term
| How is a pudendal nerve block performed? |
|
Definition
| Inserting a needle through the posterolateral vaginal wall toward the ischial spine or subcutaneously through the buttock on the medial side of the ischial tuberosity |
|
|
Term
| What does the inferior rectal nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
| External anal sphincter, skin around the anus |
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the perineal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Superficial branch (scrotum and labia majora) and deep branch (perineal muscles) |
|
|
Term
| The internal pudendal artery arises from what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the internal pudendal artery leave the pelvis? |
|
Definition
| Greater sciatic foramen between the piriformis and coccygeus muscles |
|
|
Term
| How does the internal pudendal artery enter the perineum? |
|
Definition
| Via lesser sciatic foramen over the ischial spine |
|
|
Term
| What arteries are given off by the internal pudendal artery? |
|
Definition
| Inferior rectal, perineal, artery of the bulb, urethral artery, deep arteries of the penis/clitoris, dorsal artery of the penis/clitoris |
|
|
Term
| Deep arteries of the penis/clitoris run through what structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gives off the external pudendal artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the external pudendal artery enter the pelvis? |
|
Definition
| Through the saphenous ring, passes medially over the spermatic cord or round ligament of the uterus |
|
|
Term
| What does the external pudendal artery supply? |
|
Definition
| Skin above the pubis, penis, scrotum, or labium majus |
|
|
Term
| What does the deep dorsal vein of the penis drain to? |
|
Definition
| Prostatic and pelvic venous plexuses |
|
|
Term
| What does the superficial dorsal vein of the penis drain to? |
|
Definition
| Terminates in superficial pudendal veins which drain into the greater saphenous |
|
|
Term
| What drains lymph from most of the perineum? |
|
Definition
| Superficial inguinal lymph nodes to external iliac nodes |
|
|
Term
| What drains lymph from the glans penis/clitoris? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drains lymph from the uppermost part of the rectum? |
|
Definition
| Inferior mesenteric nodes to the aortic nodes |
|
|
Term
| What drains lymph from the testis/ovaries and epididymis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the broad ligament of the uterus? |
|
Definition
| Uterine tube, uterine vessels, round ligament of the uterus, ovarian ligament, lower part of ureter, uterovaginal nerve plexus, lymph vessels |
|
|
Term
| The mesovarium connects what structures? |
|
Definition
| Anterior surface of ovary with the posterior layer of the broad ligament |
|
|
Term
| What part of the broad ligament suspends the uterine tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major part of the broad ligament found below the mesoalpinx and mesovarium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The round ligament can be distinguished as it enters what structure? |
|
Definition
| Inguinal canal at the deep inguinal ring |
|
|
Term
| What fibromuscular cord extends from the ovary to the uterus below the uterine tube and runs within the broad ligament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What band of peritoneum extends upward from the ovary to the pelvic wall and transmits ovarian vessels, nerves, and lymphatics? |
|
Definition
| Suspensory ligament of the ovary |
|
|
Term
| What fibromuscular condensation of pelvic fascia extends laterally below the base of the broad ligament, providing support to the uterus? |
|
Definition
| Transverse cervical ligament (Cardinal ligament) of the uterus |
|
|
Term
| What ligaments extend from the posterior surface of the pubis to the cervix of the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ligament extends from the neck of the bladder or the prostate gland in males to pelvic bone? |
|
Definition
| Pubovesical (female) or puboprostatic (male) ligaments |
|
|
Term
| What sac or recess formed by a fold of peritoneum dips down between the rectum and the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the peritoneal recess between the bladder and rectum in males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pertioneal sac between the bladder and uterus in females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is clinically significant about the rectouterine pouch? |
|
Definition
| Lowest point of the peritoneal cavity, can accumulate fluid |
|
|
Term
| What are the three possible constriction points of the ureter? |
|
Definition
| Renal pelvis, pelvic brim, junction with the bladder |
|
|
Term
| What has an elevated chance of being injuring during a hysterectomy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are found at the corners of the trigone in the bladder? |
|
Definition
| Ureters enter the bladder the corners, internal urethral orifice bound by the internal sphincter is the exit |
|
|
Term
| The smooth muscle fibers of the urinary bladder are called what? |
|
Definition
| Detrusor muscle of the bladder |
|
|
Term
| What drains blood from the bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What supplies blood to the bladder? |
|
Definition
| Superior vesical artery, inferior vesical (vaginal artery in females) artery |
|
|
Term
| What provides parasympathetic innervation to the bladder and what are its effects? |
|
Definition
| Pelvic splanchnic nerve (S2-4_ for detrusor muscle contraction, relaxation of the internal urethra sphincter |
|
|
Term
| What effect does sympathetic innervation have on the bladder? |
|
Definition
| Relaxes detrusor muscles and constricts the internal urethra sphincter |
|
|
Term
| What initiates the need to urinate? |
|
Definition
| Stretch receptors in the detrusor muscle of the bladder wall |
|
|
Term
| What structure functions in the maturation and storage of spermatozoa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A vasectomy is a surgical excision of what duct that transmits spermatozoa from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct? |
|
Definition
| Ductus defernes/vas deferens |
|
|
Term
| What forms the ejaculatory duct? |
|
Definition
| Union of the ductus deferens with the ducts of the seminal vesicles |
|
|
Term
| Where does the ejaculatory duct open into the prostatic urethra? |
|
Definition
| Seminal colliculus lateral to the prostatic utricle |
|
|
Term
| Where does spermatozoa develop? |
|
Definition
| Seminiferous tubules of the testicle |
|
|
Term
| What produces the fructose and choline rich seminal fluid that is added to semen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the seminal vesicle join the ejaculatory duct? |
|
Definition
| Ampullae of the ductus deferens |
|
|
Term
| What are the different lobes of the prostate gland? |
|
Definition
| Anterior, middle, posterior, right and left lateral lobes |
|
|
Term
| What part of the prostate gland is prone to benign hypetrophy that may obstruct the internal urethral orifice? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the prostate gland is prone to cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the prostate gland forms the main mass of the gland? |
|
Definition
| Left and right lateral lobes |
|
|
Term
| What is the composition of the fluid the prostate contributes to semen? |
|
Definition
| Prostate-specific antigens, prostaglandins, citric acid, acid phosphatase, proteolytic enzymes |
|
|
Term
| Prostate gland ducts open into what structure? Where does it receive? |
|
Definition
| Prostatic sinus, receives ejaculatory duct which then opens intot he urethra on the seminal colliculus |
|
|
Term
| Erection depends on stimulation from what nerves? |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic innervation from pelvic splanhnic nerves |
|
|
Term
| What type of innervation is required for ejaculation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drains blood from the ovary/testicles? |
|
Definition
| Testicular/ovarian veins, right goes to inferior vena cava, left goes to left renal vein |
|
|
Term
| Where does fertilization most often take place? |
|
Definition
| Ampulla of the uterine tube |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal position of the uterus? |
|
Definition
| Anteverted and anteflexed |
|
|
Term
| What are the three segments of the uterus ? |
|
Definition
| Internal os, cervical canal, external os |
|
|
Term
| What increases the chance of uterine prolapse? |
|
Definition
| Weakness of the muscles, ligaments, and fasciae of the pelvic floor, age, menopause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Benign disorder of the uterus where a mass of endometrial tissue occurs aberrantly in various locations, may form endometrial cancer |
|
|
Term
| What forms the recess between the cervix and the wall of the vagina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drains lymph from the vagina? |
|
Definition
| Upper 3/4 to the internal iliac nodes, lower 1/3 to the perineum and the superficial inguinal nodes |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the vagina? |
|
Definition
| Uterovaginal plexus for upper 3/4, deep perineal branch of the pudendal nerve for lower 1/4 |
|
|
Term
| What is incised in a median epiostomy? Why would this be performed? |
|
Definition
| Posterior vaginal wall and central tendon in order to expand the birth canal |
|
|
Term
| What circular muscle layer in the rectum forms three transverse folds which support fecal mass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What supplies blood to the rectum? |
|
Definition
| Superior, middle, inferior rectal arteries, middle sacral artery |
|
|
Term
| What drains blood from the rectum? |
|
Definition
| Superior rectal vein to the portal system, middle and inferior rectal veins to the inferior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| What provides parasympathetic innervation to the rectum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are anal columns found? |
|
Definition
| Upper half of the anal canal |
|
|
Term
| Which anal sphincter is composed of smooth muscle? Which is composed of skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
| Internal and external anal sphincters respectively |
|
|
Term
| What line separates the visceral and somatic portions of the anal canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drains lymph from the anal canal? |
|
Definition
| Internal iliac nodes above the pectinate line, superficial inguinal nodes below |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the anal canal below the pectinate line? |
|
Definition
| Inferior rectal nerve branch of the pudendal nerve |
|
|
Term
| What ventral rami form the saral plexus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the continuation of the aortic plexus below the aortic bifurcation known as? |
|
Definition
| Superior hypogastric plexus |
|
|
Term
| What forms the inferior hypogastric plexus? |
|
Definition
| Hypogastric, pelvic splancnic, and sacral splanchnic nerves |
|
|
Term
| The sacral splanchnic nerves primarily consists of what types of fibers? |
|
Definition
| preganglionic sympathetic fibers |
|
|
Term
| What type of nerve fibers are carried by the pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-4)? |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic fibers (all other splanchnic nerves are sympathetic) |
|
|
Term
| The mesonepheric duct is the developmental origin of what structures? |
|
Definition
| Uteric bud which forms the ureter, renal pelvis, manjor and minor calyces, and collecting tubules, also the epididymal duct, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and seminal vesicles |
|
|
Term
| Which kidney lies lower in the abdomen and why? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of coverings of the kidney from superficial to deep? |
|
Definition
| Pararenal fat, renal fascia, perirenal fat, renal capsule |
|
|
Term
| Where does the ureter and renal vessels enter or leave the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The kidneys lie on the vertebral wall at what vertebral levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the renal fascia fail to cover the kidney in fibrous connective tissue? What does this make kidneys susceptible to? |
|
Definition
| Inferior border of kidney, vulnerable to infection, dropped kidney (nephroptosis) |
|
|
Term
| What is the orientation of the contents of the hilum from anterior to posterior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The medulla is made up an aggregation of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pale outer layer surrounding renal pyramids is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The striations extending from the base of the renal pyramids into the cortex are referred to as what? |
|
Definition
| Cortical labyrinths and medullary rays |
|
|
Term
| What extension of the cortex into the medulla lies in between renal pyramids as they extend into the medulla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the subdivisions of the renal pelvis |
|
Definition
| Renal papilla form minor calyces which form major calyces which form the renal pelvis |
|
|
Term
| Apical projections of a renal pyramid that join to form a minor calyx is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What constitutes a kidney lobe? |
|
Definition
| A renal pyramid and surrounding cortical tissue, including renal columns |
|
|
Term
| What constitutes a kidney lobule? |
|
Definition
| Section of cortical and medulla tissue with a medullary ray in the middle |
|
|
Term
| What is the functional unit of the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts that make up a uriniferous tubule? |
|
Definition
| Collecting tubule and its associated nephrons |
|
|
Term
| What functional parts are found within the renal cortex? |
|
Definition
| Cortical labyrinth (renal corpuscles, proximal and distal convoluted tubules), medullary rays (collecting tubules) |
|
|
Term
| What are the functional parts of the renal medulla? |
|
Definition
| Renal pyramids (loops of Henle, lower collecting tubules, Bellini ducts), renal papilla |
|
|
Term
| What is the path of circulation to the kidneys starting from the abdominal aorta to efferent glomerular arterioles? |
|
Definition
| Abdominal aorta -> renal artery -> segmental artery -> interlobar artery -> arcuate arteries -> interlobular artries -> afferent glomerular arterioles -> glomeruli -> efferent glomerular arterioles |
|
|
Term
| What are the capillaries supplied by efferent glomerular arterioles that supply the cortex and both nephrons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the capillaries supplied by efferent glomerular arterioles that supply the medulla, loop of Henle, and most of the juxtamedullary nephron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What receives venous blood from peritubular capillaries and vasa recta? |
|
Definition
| Stellate veins and venulae recta respectively |
|
|
Term
| What is the route of venous return from the kidneys? |
|
Definition
| Interlobular veins -> arcuate veins -> interlobar veins -> renal vein -> inferior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| Renal cell carcinomas grow outward of kidney into fat and fascia and can also travel elsewhere in the body by spreading to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What supplies and drains blood from the upper end of the ureter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What supplies and drains blood form the middle portion of the ureter? |
|
Definition
| Testicular or ovarian artery, abdominal aorta, common iliac artery/gonadal vein |
|
|
Term
| What supplies and drains blood form the distal third of the ureter? |
|
Definition
| Branches of internal iliac artery and vein |
|
|
Term
| Where does lymph from the kidneys drain to? |
|
Definition
| Lateral aortic or lumbar nodes |
|
|
Term
| The right suprarenal gland lies behind what structures? |
|
Definition
| Inferior vena cava, right lobe of liver |
|
|
Term
| The left suprarenal gland lies behind what structures? |
|
Definition
| Pancrease, lesser sac of stomach |
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers, external to internal, of the cortex of the suprarenal glands? |
|
Definition
| Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, Zona reticularis |
|
|
Term
| Adrenal insufficiency is characteristic of what disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excessive cortisol production is characteristic of what disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tumors of the adrenal medulla are known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the arteries that supply blood to the suprarenal glands superiorly to inferiorly? |
|
Definition
| Inferior phrenic artery, abdominal aorta, renal artery |
|
|
Term
| What drains blood from the right suprarenal gland? |
|
Definition
| Right suprarenal vein to inferior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| What drains blood from the left suprarenal gland? |
|
Definition
| Left suprarenal vein to left renal vein |
|
|
Term
| Where do preganglionic sympathetic fibers that innervate the adrenal medulla for the secretion of catecholamines originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the developmental origin of the kidneys and ureters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The bulge formed by the intermediate mesoderm during folding of the embryo that forms most of the urogenital system is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the three overlapping kidneys that develop in cranial-caudal succession during gestation? |
|
Definition
| Pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros |
|
|
Term
| The pronepheros forms what? |
|
Definition
| Vestigial excretory tubules and the pronephric duct which becomes the mesonephric duct |
|
|
Term
| When does the pronepheros appear and disappear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the mesonephros appear and disappear? |
|
Definition
| Late in 4th week of gestation, disappears by 8th week |
|
|
Term
| When does the mesonephric duct form? |
|
Definition
| Late in 4th week of gestation, disappears by 8th week |
|
|
Term
| What does the mesonephric duct form? |
|
Definition
| Majority of bladder and ductus deferens (males only) |
|
|
Term
| When does the metanephros appear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the metanephros able to function in order to produce urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What parts of intermediate mesodermal origin does the metanephros develop from? |
|
Definition
| Metanephric diverticulum (uretic bud) and metanephric mesoderm (metanephrogenic blastema) |
|
|
Term
| How does the metanephric diverticulum develop? |
|
Definition
| From mesonephric duct which becomes the metanephric blastema before becoming the collecting system of the kidney |
|
|
Term
| What develops from the metanephric mesoderm? |
|
Definition
| Nephrons w/Bowman's capsules, convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, and an opening into a collecting tubule |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take to form roughly 1 million nephrons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ascent of the kidneys stops once they come in contact with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary remover of nitrogenous wastes from the fetus prior to birth when that function is resumed by the kidneys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absence of proper kidney development occurs as a result of what? |
|
Definition
| Metanephric diverticulum fails to develop or degenerates |
|
|
Term
| Individuals lack of kidneys at birth (fatal) exhibits flattening face, hypoplastic lungs, limb deformities, etc., which are symptoms collectively labeled as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A fused kidney is known as what? |
|
Definition
| Discoid or pancake kidney |
|
|
Term
| A fused kidney that continues to rise on one side, bringing the other along with it, is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A duplication of the urinary tract results from what? |
|
Definition
| Division of the metanephric diverticulum |
|
|
Term
| Fusion of the poles of kidneys during development results in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Horseshoe kidneys are most frequent in what demographic? |
|
Definition
| Women with Turner syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Multiple cysts of varying size resulting in severe renal insufficiency is symptomatic of what disease? |
|
Definition
| Polycystic kidney disease |
|
|
Term
| The piriformis exits the pelvis at what point to insert where? |
|
Definition
| Great sciatic foramen, greater trochanter of the femur |
|
|
Term
| What is the action performed by the piriformis muscle? |
|
Definition
| Lateral rotation of hip and abduction of the thigh |
|
|
Term
| Where does the obturator internus leave the pelvis and where does it insert? |
|
Definition
| Lesser sciatic foramen, greater trochanter of the femur |
|
|
Term
| What action is performed by the obturator internus muscle? |
|
Definition
| Lateral rotation of the thigh |
|
|
Term
| What is the origin of the levator ani muscles? |
|
Definition
| Posterior aspect of the body of the pubis, tendinous arch, and ischial spine |
|
|
Term
| What forms the tendinous arch in the pelvic wall? |
|
Definition
| Thickening of the pelvic fascia covering the obturator internus muscle |
|
|
Term
| The tendinous arch is incomplete anteriorly to allow passage for what? |
|
Definition
| Urethra, vagina in females |
|
|
Term
| What muscles form the levator ani muscles? |
|
Definition
| Iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, puborectalis, levator prostate/sphincter vaginae |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the levator ani muscles and what are its nerve roots? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which U-shaped sling muscle that makes up part of the levator ani muscles is responsible for the anorectal flexure and plays a major role in maintaining fecal continence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pelvic ligaments are unique to females? |
|
Definition
| Pubocervical, uterosacral, transverse cervical ligament (cardinal ligament) |
|
|
Term
| What pelvic ligament is unique to males? |
|
Definition
| Puboprostatic ligament supporting the urinary bladder |
|
|
Term
| The uterine artery anastomoses with what other arteries? |
|
Definition
| Vaginal and ovarian arteries |
|
|
Term
| What internal iliac artery branch is absent in females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sacral and coccygeal nerve plexuses are located where? |
|
Definition
| On anterior surface of the piriformis |
|
|
Term
| Where does the sacral and coccygeal nerve plexuses leave the pelvis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic ganglia connect to sacral spinal nerves by what? |
|
Definition
| Gray rami communicantes carrying postganglionic sympathetic fibers |
|
|
Term
| What plexuses are included in the inferior hypogastric plexus (pelvic plexuses) |
|
Definition
| Rectal, vesical, uterovaginal, prostatic plexuses |
|
|
Term
| What connects superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses |
|
Definition
| Right and left hypogastric nerves |
|
|
Term
| The terminal branches of the inferior hypogastric plexus penetrate the pelvic floor to innervate what? |
|
Definition
| The erectile tissues of the penis and the clitoris in the perineum (cavernous nerves) |
|
|
Term
| What divides the pelvis into a greater (false) pelvis and a lesser (true) pelvis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up the linea terminalis? |
|
Definition
| Iliopectineal line and the sacral promotory |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the pelvic inlet/brim? |
|
Definition
| Pubic crest (anteriorly), iliopectineal line (laterally), sacral alae and sacral promontory (posteriorly) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the psoas major insert? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates psoas major? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the origin of iliacus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does iliacus insert? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the origin of quadratus lumborum? |
|
Definition
| Iliolumbar ligament, iliac crest |
|
|
Term
| Where does quadratus lumborum insert? |
|
Definition
| 12th rib and transverse process of lumbar vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| What innervates quadratus lumborum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the actions of quadratus lumborum? |
|
Definition
| Depression and stabilization of 12th rib, lateral bending of trunk, extension of trunk |
|
|
Term
| Where does the diaphragm insert? |
|
Definition
| Trifoliate central tendon |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
| Phrenic nerve, lower 6 thoracic nerves |
|
|
Term
| What are the roots of the phrenic nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the larger diaphragmatic apertures? |
|
Definition
| Aortic, oesophageal, and venacaval |
|
|
Term
| What vertebral level is the venacaval aperture located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the vertebral layer of the oesophageal aperture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the vertebral level of the aortic aperture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which diaphragmatic aperture tendinous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which diaphragmatic aperture is muscular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which diaphragmatic aperture is osseo-aponeurotic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What passes through the venacaval aperture? |
|
Definition
| Inferior vena cava, right phrenic nerve, and pericardiophrenic vessels |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the oesophageal aperture? |
|
Definition
| Oesophagus, gastric nerves, branches of the left gastric vessels and lymphatics |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the aortic aperture (hiatus)? |
|
Definition
| Aorta, thoracic duct, lumbar azygos vein |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the smaller diaphragmatic aperture at sternal and costal origins? |
|
Definition
| Superior epigastric vessels |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the smaller diaphragmatic aperture deep to the lateral arcuate ligament? |
|
Definition
| Subcostal nerve and vessels |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the smaller diaphragmatic aperture piercing the crus of the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
| Greater and lesser splanchnic nerve |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the smaller diaphragmatic aperture piercing the left dome of the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
| Left phrenic nerve and percardiphrenic vein |
|
|
Term
| What veins drain from the superior surface of the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
| Pericardiphrenic, musculophrenic, and superior phrenic |
|
|
Term
| What veins drain from the inferior surface of the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
| Right and left inferior phrenic veins |
|
|
Term
| The thoracic surface of the diaphragm drains lymphatics to where? |
|
Definition
| Anterior and posterior diaphragmatic lymph nodes and then to parasternal and posterior medistatinal lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| The abdominal surface of the diaphragm drains lymphatics to where? |
|
Definition
| Anterior diaphragmatic phrenic and superior lumbar lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| What is the developmental precursor to the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
| Septum transversum, muscular in growth from body wall, dorsal mesentary oesophagus, and pleuro-peritoneal membrane membrane folds |
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the lumbar plexus? |
|
Definition
| Ilio hypogastric, ilio inguinal, genito femoral, lateral cutaneous, femoral, obturator, muscular |
|
|
Term
| What is the only abdominal wall artery that is not a branch of the abdominal aorta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A collective of all the vertebral foramina form what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms the vertebral arch? |
|
Definition
| Two pedicles and two laminae |
|
|
Term
| Intervertebral foramen are formed between what structures? |
|
Definition
| Inferior and superior vertebral notches of adjacent vertebra |
|
|
Term
| Where do spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the the process projections from each vertebral arch? |
|
Definition
| Transverse and spinous processes |
|
|
Term
| The laminal between the superior and inferior articular processes from adjacent vertebra form what? |
|
Definition
| Pars interacticularis (interarticular part), creates zygapophysial joints |
|
|
Term
| Zygapophysial joints are particularly susceptible to what disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a distinguishing characteristic of typical cervical vertebra (C3-6)? |
|
Definition
| Short, often bifid spinous process, may have uncinate process extending superiorly from the edge of its body on each side |
|
|
Term
| What joint is formed between uncinate processes and the body of vertebra above in cervical vertebra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the atypical cervical vertebra? |
|
Definition
| Atlas (C1), axis (C2), vertebra prominens (C7) |
|
|
Term
| The articulation between the atlas and the skull creates what joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What joint is formed between the atlas and the axis? |
|
Definition
| One median and two lateral atlantoaxial joints |
|
|
Term
| The transverse ligament of the atlas at the median atlantoaxial joint may be absent in individuals with what disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is unique to C7 among cervical vertebra? |
|
Definition
| Small or absent transverse foramina lacking a verterbal artery, long spinous process |
|
|
Term
| An enlarged costal process know as a cervical rib may form on C7 which may potentially compress what? |
|
Definition
| Subclavian and/or lower part of the brachial plexus (thoracic outlet syndrome) |
|
|
Term
| Typical thoracic vertebra have what defining features? |
|
Definition
| Costal facets on each side of the body for articulation with the heads of ribs, long and slender spinous process directed inferiorly |
|
|
Term
| Lumbar vertebra typically have what defining characteristics? |
|
Definition
| Large body, hatchet shaped spinous process, mammilary processes on the posterior surface of each superior articular process |
|
|
Term
| What attaches to the mammilary processes on lumbar vertebra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A "scottie dog sign" is the appearance of a dog head in an oblique x-ray of the lumbar spine and aids in the diagnosis of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the sacrum is used in caudal epidural anesthesia during surgery or childbirth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sacral hiatus is located by palpation of what landmarks on either side? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lateral joint formed between the sacrum and the hip bone and the point where weight is transferred from the axial skeleton to the lower extremity is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the primary curvatures of the spine that are concave anteriorly and face the same direction as the original fetal curvature? |
|
Definition
| Thoracic and sacral regions |
|
|
Term
| Abnormal increase in the thoracic curvature is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An increase in lumbar curvature is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would make a case of scoliosis structural and irreversible? |
|
Definition
| Hemivertebra between vertebra |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common form of scoliosis? |
|
Definition
| Idiopathic structural scoliosis |
|
|
Term
| Lateral curvature of structural scoliosis is accompanied by rotation of the vertebra towards what side? What visible sign does this produce? |
|
Definition
| Side of convexity, rib hump |
|
|
Term
| The partial forward dislocation of a vertebra over the vertebra below it is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of spondylolisthesis? |
|
Definition
| Spondylolysis causing L5 to slip on S1 |
|
|
Term
| Bilateral fractures of the pars interarticularis of the vertebral laminae is know as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only ligament that helps to limit extension of the vertebral column? |
|
Definition
| Anterior longitudinal ligament |
|
|
Term
| Where is the anterior longitudinal ligament located? |
|
Definition
| Along the anterior aspect of the vertebral bodies |
|
|
Term
| Where is the posterior longitudinal ligament located? |
|
Definition
| Along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What joints the laminae of adjacent vertebra and helps limit flexion while assisting with extension of the flexed column? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the ligaments between adjacent spinous processes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What connects the tips of spinous processes of C7 to the sacrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The expansion of the supraspinous ligament in the cervical region is called what? |
|
Definition
| Nuchal ligament (ligamentum nuchae) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the nuchal ligament? |
|
Definition
| Muscle attachment in place of longer spinous processes in the cervical region |
|
|
Term
| What lies between bodies of adjacent vertebra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components that makes up intervertebral discs? |
|
Definition
| Central gelatinous nucleus pulposus enclosed by fibrocartilaginous anulus fibrosus which is thinner posteriorly |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of intervertebral discs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do intevertebral discs most commonly herniate? What do they most commonly compress during herniation? |
|
Definition
| L4/5 or L5/S1, compresses the nerve root traversing to exit at the intervertebral foramen below |
|
|
Term
| Where do intervertebral disc herniations most commonly occur in cervical vertebra and what is in danger of compression in such cases? |
|
Definition
| C5-6 and C6-7, may compress the nerve root exiting at that same level |
|
|
Term
| Though posterior intervertebral disc herniation is very rare, what may be the outcome in such instances? |
|
Definition
| Paralysis at that below that verterbal level due to compression of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the vertebral canal? |
|
Definition
| Meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, spinal cord, spinal nerve roots, internal vertebral venous plexus, and epidural fat |
|
|
Term
| What anchors the dura matter at S2? |
|
Definition
| Filum terminale externum (coccygeal ligament) |
|
|
Term
| What specialization of the pia mater that helps anchor the spinal chord continues inferiorly from the conus medullaris and is enclosed by the coccygeal ligament below S2? |
|
Definition
| Filum terminale/filum terminale internum |
|
|
Term
| What specialization of the pia mater that helps anchor the spinal chord is shaped as lateral bands with tooth-like processes that attach to the dura mater for fixation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What connects arachnoid mater and pia mater within the subarachnoid space? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The subarachnoid space is enlarged caudal to the lower end of the spinal cord to form what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is contained within the lumbar cistern? |
|
Definition
| Cauda equina and filum terminale |
|
|
Term
| Why is the lumbar cistern an important landmark? |
|
Definition
| Used for lumbar spinal punctures to withdraw cerebrospinal fluid or for spinal blocks |
|
|
Term
| What is the distribution of the 31 spinal nerves? |
|
Definition
| 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal |
|
|
Term
| The tapered inferior end of the spinal cord is referred to as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The collection of obliquely descending anterior and posterior nerve roots below the inferior end of the spinal cord is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The filum terminale represents the tract of regression of the spinal cord and helps anchor the spinal cord after what month of fetal development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nerve roots from C1-7 are named according to what? |
|
Definition
| Vertebra below of the same number |
|
|
Term
| Where is nerve C8 located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nerve roots T1 to Co1 are names according to what? |
|
Definition
| Vertebra above of the same number |
|
|
Term
| What supplies blood to the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| Single anterior and two posterior spinal arteries |
|
|
Term
| The anterior and posterior spinal arteries receive supplemental blood supply from what? |
|
Definition
| Segmental medullary arteries |
|
|
Term
| What artery is especially important for the blood supply of the lower 2/3 of the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| Great anterior segmental medullary artery |
|
|
Term
| What does the great anterior segmental medullary artery arise from? |
|
Definition
| Lower intercostal or upper lumbar artery |
|
|
Term
| How is blood drained from the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| Internal vertebral venous plexus which communicates with the external venous plexus |
|
|
Term
| Why is the communication between the vertebral venous plexuses and the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic veins clinically important? |
|
Definition
| Potential pathway for the metastasis of cancer cells to the vertebral column, spinal cord, and brain |
|
|
Term
| Why are intervertebral discs most likely to herniate posteriolaterally? |
|
Definition
| Annulus fibrosus is thinner posteriorly but the posterior longitudinal ligament reinforces the spinal cord immediately posterior, forcing herniation to be posterior and lateral. |
|
|
Term
| What constitutes the superficial perineal fascia of the urogenital triangle? |
|
Definition
| A fatty layer continuous with Camper's fascia and a membranous layer known as Colle's fascia that is continuous with Darto's fascia of the male genitals, Scarpa's fascia, and attaches to fascia lata distal tot he inguinal ligament |
|
|
Term
| The expanded head of the corpus spongiosum over the distal ends of the corpora cavernosa is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What artery is found within each corpus cavernosum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary structure found within the corpus spongiosum is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The deep fascia of the body of the penis is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vein is found in the superficial fascia of the body of the penis? |
|
Definition
| Superficial dorsal vein of the penis |
|
|
Term
| What artery, vein, and nerve is found deep to the deep fascia of the penis? |
|
Definition
| Deep dorsal vein, dorsal artery, dorsal nerve of the penis |
|
|
Term
| What muscle covers the crura of the penis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle covers the bulb of the penis and the proximal corpus spongiosum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms a sling around the digestive tube that pulls it forward at the anorectal junction? |
|
Definition
| Puborectalis portion of the levator ani muscle |
|
|
Term
| Enlarged submucosal rectal veins with potential for rectal bleeding are known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the consequences of prolapse of a hemorrhoid through the the anal aperture? |
|
Definition
| Strangulation and ulceration via anal sphincters |
|
|
Term
| Though hemorrhoids may result from pregnancy, constipation, or straining at the stool, it may also be a sign of what circulatory dysfunction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A pudendal block provides anesthesia over what parts of the body? |
|
Definition
| S2-4 dermatomes, lower 1/4 of vagina |
|
|
Term
| Pelvic sympathetic innervation contracts what muscle to prevent emptying of the urinary bladder and reflex of semen into the bladder during ejaculation? |
|
Definition
| Internal urethral sphincter |
|
|
Term
| What prevents reflux of urine into the ureter |
|
Definition
| Pressure from a filling bladder due to oblique entry of ureter into bladder and detrusor muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| Passage of a kidney stone produces pain in what regions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What autonomic fibers carry innervation for the ureters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The superior vesical artery is a branch off of what artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In males, the vesical venous plexus is continuous with what other plexus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the roots for the sympathetic fibers that innervate the bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the roots for the parasympathetic fibers that innervate the bladder? |
|
Definition
| S2-4 via inferior hypogastric plexus |
|
|
Term
| What fibromuscular band attaches to the caudal pole of the testes and guides their descent to the future scrotum during development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What suspends the testes in the scrotum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is hydrocoele within the cavity of the tunica vaginalis detectable? |
|
Definition
| Reddish glow upon transillumination |
|
|
Term
| A sperm filled cyst near the head of the epididymis is known as what/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is prostatic fluid alkaline? |
|
Definition
| Helps neutralize the acidity of the vagina |
|
|
Term
| Lymphatic drainage of the prostate is mainly via what nodes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a potential risk in undergoing a prostatectomy? |
|
Definition
| Damage to the parasympathetic prostatic nerve plexus may cause impotency |
|
|
Term
| What defines the "environment" for a developing embryo/fetus? |
|
Definition
| Everything outside his/her own skin including the mother's body |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of teratology? |
|
Definition
| The study of the causes, mechanisms, and manifestations of developmental defects of a structural and/or functional nature |
|
|
Term
| An abnormal number of chromosomes other than an exact multiple of the haploid number is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An abnormal number of chromosomes that is an exact multiple of the haploid number is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common trisomies of autosomes? |
|
Definition
| Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), Trisomy 18, Trisomy 13 |
|
|
Term
| Turner syndrome (45,X) is an example of what type of numerical chromosomal abnormality? |
|
Definition
| Monosomy of sex chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| Why does the incidence of down syndrome increase dramatically with maternal age? |
|
Definition
| Increased incidence of meiotic nondisjunction |
|
|
Term
| What is the karotype of Klinefelter syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Tall stature, broad hips, testicular atrophy with hyalinized seminiferous tubules, gynecomastia, possible mental retardation |
|
|
Term
| 40% of Klinefelter syndrome patients have gynecomastia, giving them an increased chance at developing what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of polyploidy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of part of a chromosome |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of translocation |
|
Definition
| Transfer of a piece of one chromosome to an nonhomologous chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Incorporation into a chromosome of a duplicated segment |
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Term
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Definition
| The reversal of a segment of chromosome, usually following a double break |
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Term
| What is the definition of isochrosomes? |
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Definition
| The transverse trather than longitudinal division of the centromere joining two chromatids |
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Term
| What causes cri du chat syndrome? |
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Definition
| Partial deletion from chromosome 5 |
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Term
| When is it possible for translocation to not be detrimental to development? |
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Definition
| If exchange is reciprocal and breaks do not occur |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of duplications? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mitotic nondisjunction of chromosomes |
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Term
| What are some drugs that cause developmental defects? |
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Definition
| Thalidomide (sleeping pill), alcohol, aminopterin, retinoic acid (vit A), phenytoin |
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Term
| What kind of defects are caused by aminopterin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes fetal hydantoin syndrome? |
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Definition
| The anticonvulsant, phenytoin |
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Term
| What causes fetal Minamata disease? |
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Definition
| The environmental chemical methylmercury |
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Term
| What kinds of infectious agents can cause developmental anomalies? |
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Definition
| Toxoplasma gondii (intracellular parasite), Rubella virus (German measles), cytomegalovirus |
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Term
| What can cause a Toxoplasma gondii infection? |
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Definition
| Eating raw or poorly cooked pork or lamb, close contact with infected cats, may result in hydrocephalus |
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Term
| What kind of infection can cause cataracts and possibly glaucoma? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytomegalovirus may cause what kind of defect of infection is later in gestation? |
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Definition
| Microphthalmia (eye that is too small) |
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Term
| Vulnerability to teratogenesis depends on what? |
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Definition
| Developmental stage at the time of exposure |
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Term
| What position of the uterus is more prone to prolapse? |
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Definition
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Term
| The angle between the body of the uterus to the cervix is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The angle between the axes of the cervix and the vagina is known as what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What structure provides dynamic support for the uterus? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What structures provide passive support to the uterus? |
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Definition
| Transverse cardinal ligament, uterosacral ligament, perineal body, relationship with bladder |
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Term
| Where does endometriosis usually occur? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is used to definitively diagnose endometriosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| A papanicolaou exam (pap smear) involves what kinds of cervical cell samples for evaluation? |
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Definition
| Ectocervical, endocervical |
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Term
| Inflammation of the uterine tube is known as what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How are ectopic pregnancies diagnosed? |
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Definition
| Beta-HCG levels, ultrasound |
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Term
| Obstetrical trauma to the vagina may result in what fistulas? |
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Definition
| Urethrovaginal or vesicovaginal fistula |
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Term
| Why is the relationship between the posterior fornix of the vagina and the rectouterine pouch so important? |
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Definition
| Fluid can be aspirated from the rectouterine pouch (culdocentesis) |
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Term
| What are the different portions of the central tendon of the diaphragm? |
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Definition
| Sternal (xiphoid process), costal, lumbar |
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Term
| What are the divisions of the lumbar portion of the central tendon? |
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Definition
| Median arcuate, medial arcuate, lateral arcuate |
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Term
| Which arcuate ligament unites the left and right crura? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which arcuate ligament acts as a thickening of thoracolumbar fascia over quadratus lumborum? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| True or false: The aortic hiatus pierces the diaphragm |
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Definition
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Term
| At what vertebral level is the esophageal hiatus located as a muscular part of the diaphragm? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what vertebral level is the vena caval foramen located? |
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Definition
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Term
| The right and left inferior phrenic veins drain blood from the diaphragm to what? |
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Definition
| Inferior vena cava and left suprarenal vein respectively |
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Term
| True or false: Superior and inferior lymphatics of the diaphragm communicate freely |
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Definition
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Term
| While the phrenic nerve provides sensory perception to the central part of the diaphragm, what allows for sensation of the diaphragms peripheral portions? |
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Definition
| Lower six intercostal and subcostal nerves (T5-12) |
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Term
| Congenital diaphragmatic hernias result due to what developmental abnormality? |
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Definition
| Failure of pleuroperitoneal membranes to close |
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Term
| Which form of congenital diaphragmatic hernia is posterolateral, left sided, and through the pleuroperitoneal canal (foramen of Bochdalek) |
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Definition
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Term
| Which form of congenital diaphragmatic hernia is anterior, right sided, and through the sternocostal hiatus? |
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Definition
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Term
| A congenital diaphragmatic hernia through the esophageal hiatus is known as what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the action of the quadratus lumborum? |
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Definition
| Fixes/depresses 12th ribs during respiration, flexes trunk laterally |
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Term
| What supplies innervation to the iliacus? |
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Definition
| Femoral nerve from lumbar plexus |
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Term
| Where does the abdominal aorta begin and where does it terminate? |
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Definition
| T12 at aortic hiatus, terminates at L4 as it divides into left and right common iliac |
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Term
| What are the roots of the lumbar plexus? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the roots of the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerve? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the roots of the genitofemoral nerve? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the roots of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the roots of the femoral and obturator nerves? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the parasympathetic nerves within the abdomen? |
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Definition
| Vagus (CNX) and pelvic splanchnics (S2-4) |
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