Term
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Definition
Cranial Skeleton
-Chondrocranium: cartilaginous braincase and sensory capsules
-Splanchnocranium: visceral skeleton, cartilage/bone supporting the pharynx, jaw, and gills
-Dermatocranium: membrane bone of skull
Postcranial Skeleton
-Axial: vertebral column and notochord, sternum and ribs, median fins
-Appendicular: pectoral girdle and forelimbs, pelvic girdle and hindlimbs
-Heterotropic: incidental bones that develop at the foci of stress |
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Term
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Definition
-protect and support brain
-cools the brain
-sensory receptors
-nasal cavity
-supports voice box
-resonation for sound
-support for food capture/processing |
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Term
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Definition
| makes are turbulent, moisten and warms air as it enters the nasal cavity, directs air toward olfactory sensation area |
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Term
| development of the chondrocranium |
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Definition
The chondrocranium develops from rods of cartilage along the notochord
-parachrodal cartilages: under hind and midbrain, forms basal plate, structural support for brain development
-prechordal: anterior to notochord and under forebrain, forms ethmoid plate
-sense capsules: olfactory and optic |
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Term
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Definition
in shark
-branchial arches for gill support
-upper and lower jaw
in bony fish
-ossifies to form mandible
-temporal region of jaw
-gill support
in terrestrial tetrapods
-hyoid apparatus
-laryngeal cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
-arose from modifications of the first and second gill arches
-allows for predation on large, active forms of food, as well as manipulation of food
-arches and associated muscles grew longer and are now hinged
-increased mobility |
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Term
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Definition
-Ostraderms: bony plates
Membranous bone: make up part of neurocranium (dermal roof and occipital condyles)
-upper and lower jaw, palate
-operculum in bony fish
-cranial kinesis: movement of upper jaw/both jaws can move (sharks and snakes) |
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Term
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Definition
-chondrocranium forms a roof over brain, extends forward to form rostrum, lacks dermal bone
-splanchnocranium makes up upper and lower jaw and gill arches |
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Term
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Definition
-ossified neurocranium
-largest number of bones in the dermal roof
-opercular bone sits over gill slits
-dentition for food capture
-Splanchnocranium: includes jaw formation and gill support |
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Term
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Definition
-feeding: food capture, presence of teeth, chewing
-gas exchange: can cause changes in skull
-sensory systems (aquatic vs terrestrial) |
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Term
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Definition
-chondrocranium skull is broad and flat
-allows for skeets of muscle to attach to floor of mouth; important for breathing and feeding
-columella extends from otic capsule to the tympanic membrane--helps transfer sound vibrations
-frogs don't have ribs: they just have lung that draw in air by expanding/contracting pharynx and oral cavity |
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Term
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Definition
reptiles and mammals
-amniotic eggs: allow for faster development of embryos
-thicker waterproof skin, keratinized for land
-rib ventilation of lungs
-high pressure cardiovascular systems with increased metabolic demand
-expanded brain and sensory organs
-stronger jaws with greater musculature |
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Term
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Definition
temporal fenestra: cavernous openings bounded by one or more bony arches in the temporal region in the skull, provide attachement of powerful adductor muscles
-anapsids: no fenestra (turtle), swallowing pray whole or capture
-diapsids: 2 fenestra (crocs, lizards), swallowing pray whole or capture
-synapsid: one fenestra with zygomatic arch (mammals), lots of muscles for feeding, capture and chewing |
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Term
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Definition
anapsid (turtles)
-temporal roof lacking fenestra
-specializedL short snout with horny sheaths (no teeth)
-quadratic bone has large notch for tympanic membrane--better sound detection
diapsid (snakes, lizards, crocs)
-2 temporal fenestra
-large muscles for food capture
-snakes: kinetic skulls allow for wide mouth to inject venom |
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Term
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Definition
the mechanism for the relative motion between two parts of the skull: braincase and muzzle (behind quadrate)
-found in sharks, bony fish, reptiles and birds |
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Term
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Definition
-modified diapsid: one fenestra with a narrow arch
-modified for flight (light weight), feeding (enlarged maxilla for beak attachment), enlarged palate, and larger brain |
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Term
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Definition
located behind tympanic membrane
-malleus
-incus
-stapes |
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Term
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Definition
-synapsids
-single expanded dentary bone: lower jaw
-increased size for muscle attachment and food processing
-lower jaw articulates with the squamosal, allows for chewing
-temporal bone is larger with tympanic bulla with auditory ossicles
-enlarged cranium for increased brain size
-number of membrane bones is reduced
-cranial sinuses dampen vibrations from sound
-nasal cavity for gas exchange and olfaction |
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Term
| evolution of mammal skull |
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Definition
| changes increased feeding efficiency and hearing capacity, allows for more variation in feeding (biting, tearing, and grinding), allows for a higher metabolic rade |
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Term
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Definition
functions
-support the wall of the pharynx (from back of nose, through oral cavity, into larynx and esophagus)
-serves as attachment for muscles of the pharynx, lower jaw, and tongue
-muscles involved in: gas exchange, food capture, chewing, swallowing, vocalization |
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Term
| differences in male and female skulls |
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Definition
-nuchal crest: M more protruding
-mandible: M larger, broader, squarer
-forehead: F more vertical, M more sloped
-supraorbital margin/brow: F thinner and pointy
-teeth: M flatter, F rounded with thinner alveolar margin |
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Term
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Definition
-protection of organs
-provide body shape and support
-form system of levers for support, locomotion, feeding, and respiration
-storage of calcium and phosphate salts and other minerals
-production of blood cells in bone marrow |
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Term
| bone classifications by shape |
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Definition
-long (radius, ulna)
-short (ankle, wrist, patella)
-flat (dermatocranium, scapula)
-irregular (facial bones, vertebrae) |
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Term
| anatomy of long and flat bones |
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Definition
long bones
-epiphysis: ends of bones, made of spongy material (in fetal life, this starts as cartilage)
-articular cartilage: cap of cartilage on ends of long bones
-pariosteum: dense membrane around bones, anchors ligaments and tendons, blood vessels and nerves
-endosteum: membrane inside bone
flat bones
-compact bone
-spongy bone: contains blood vessels and bone marrow between layers of compact bone
-trabeculae: tiny holes/shelves in spongy bone |
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Term
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Definition
-osteons: grow around blood vessels, which bring nutrients to bone forming cells
-osteoblast: bone growing cell
-osteoclast: cells that break down bone
-osteocytesL developed bone cells, live in lacuna |
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Term
| parts of human compact bone |
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Definition
-lamellae: plate-like structures of bone
-osteon
-osteocytes: breakdown bone cells
-Haversian canal system: canals surrounding lamellae |
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Term
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Definition
temporal fenestra: cavernous openings bounded by one or more bony arches in the temporal region in the skull, provide attachement of powerful adductor muscles
-anapsids: no fenestra (turtle), swallowing pray whole or capture
-diapsids: 2 fenestra (crocs, lizards), swallowing pray whole or capture
-synapsid: one fenestra with zygomatic arch (mammals), lots of muscles for feeding, capture and chewing |
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Term
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Definition
anapsid (turtles)
-temporal roof lacking fenestra
-specializedL short snout with horny sheaths (no teeth)
-quadratic bone has large notch for tympanic membrane--better sound detection
diapsid (snakes, lizards, crocs)
-2 temporal fenestra
-large muscles for food capture
-snakes: kinetic skulls allow for wide mouth to inject venom |
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Term
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Definition
the mechanism for the relative motion between two parts of the skull: braincase and muzzle (behind quadrate)
-found in sharks, bony fish, reptiles and birds |
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Term
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Definition
-modified diapsid: one fenestra with a narrow arch
-modified for flight (light weight), feeding (enlarged maxilla for beak attachment), enlarged palate, and larger brain |
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Term
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Definition
located behind tympanic membrane
-malleus
-incus
-stapes |
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Term
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Definition
-synapsids
-single expanded dentary bone: lower jaw
-increased size for muscle attachment and food processing
-lower jaw articulates with the squamosal, allows for chewing
-temporal bone is larger with tympanic bulla with auditory ossicles
-enlarged cranium for increased brain size
-number of membrane bones is reduced
-cranial sinuses dampen vibrations from sound
-nasal cavity for gas exchange and olfaction |
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Term
| evolution of mammal skull |
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Definition
| changes increased feeding efficiency and hearing capacity, allows for more variation in feeding (biting, tearing, and grinding), allows for a higher metabolic rade |
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Term
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Definition
-osteons: grow around blood vessels, which bring nutrients to bone forming cells
-osteoblast: bone growing cell
-osteoclast: cells that break down bone
-osteocytesL developed bone cells, live in lacuna |
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Term
| parts of human compact bone |
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Definition
-lamellae: plate-like structures of bone
-osteon
-osteocytes: breakdown bone cells
-Haversian canal system: canals surrounding lamellae |
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Term
| composition of human bone matrix |
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Definition
-organic compounds: 33% (osteoid: made of ground substance and collagen for increased flexibility)
inorganic compounds
-calcium: 39%
-phosphate: 17%
-Carbonate: 9.8%
-Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium: <1% |
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Term
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Definition
-gravity and mass
-reaction forces (from movement)
-tension forces exerted by tendons, muscles, and ligaments
-strain: stresses caused by deformation of material
bones are always changing and remodeling throughout lifetime |
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Term
| types of stressors on bone |
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Definition
-compression: parallel forces moving toward each other
-tension: parallel forces moving away from each other
-torsion: rotational forces applied in opposite directions
-shear: two parallel forces moving toward each other but not opposite one another |
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Term
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Definition
-modification of bone: reshaping bone to withstand stresses and load, changes in bone density
-adaptions for growth
-renewal of aged bone
-important for calcium homeostasis
Wolff's Law: bone will respond to stressors being put on it
-osteoblasts will become more active and lay down more layers
-osteoperosis: disease in which osteoclasts outdo osteoblasts |
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Term
| Intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
1. connective tissue laid down, cluster of cells in tissue become osteoblasts and make bone
2. bone matrix is secreted
3. bone forms
4. periosteum (layer of tendon) surrounds bone, red marrow appears and bone collar forms |
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Term
| endochondrial ossification |
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Definition
-endochondria: cells of cartilage
-osteoblasts lay down bone around cartilage
-as bone forms, cartilage dies and nutrient foramen (holes in bone) form and blood vessels/osteoclast move into it
-osteoclast break down cartilage from the inside
-blood vessels move into either end of the bone, osteoclasts break down ends of cartilage and osteoblasts build epipheses (plates on either end of bones that promote longitudinal growth through development)
-hyaline cartilage: smooth layer on outside of bones |
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Term
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Definition
-epiphyseal plate is cartilage
-chondrocytes given hormonal cues undergo mitosis (multiply and grow)
-as chondrocytes age, they calcify and die out
-osteoblasts invade the area and build bone
-bone hormones are important in stimulating bone growth |
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Term
| appositional growth of bones |
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Definition
long bones grow wider as they grow longer
-growth promoted by invasion of blood vessels in bone
-blood vessels stimulate osteoblasts
-bone gets wider, central canal also gets bigger over time so that bones don't get too heavy |
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Term
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Definition
-chondrocytes are cells of cartilage
-extracellular matrix: firm matrix of collagen fivers, keratin, and water (60-80%)
-nearly as strong as bone in resisting compression, but more flexible and elastic
-strengthened by deposition of calcium on exterior of cartilage
-cartilage (unlike bones) don't have blood vessels entering it |
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Term
| physical demands on the body |
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Definition
in water
-orientation
-drag
-torsion: the way the body moves in the water, the way the water interacts with the surface of the body
on land
-gravity
-weight support: center of gravity and nodal point
-torsion
-stability of posture: needed for ability to survey environment while moving
-stability during locomotion: layers of muscle help stabilize
-different shape and size of bones for different support, movement, flexibility, and stabilization needs |
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Term
| basic components of the vertebrae |
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Definition
-dorsal arch (neural arch)
-centrum or body
-notochord
-spinal cord
-ventral arch (hemal arch)
-processes: transverse, spinous, facets (for stabilization and musculature)
-pleurapophyses: processes that lock together cat vertebrae, makes column stronger
-ribs: support muscles, important for respiration (attach at superior and inferior articulating facets) |
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Term
| divisions of vertebral column |
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Definition
Trunk
-cervical: independent movement of the head
-thoracic: rib attachment for respiration
-lumbar: weight bearing
-sacrum: articulates with pelvic girdle
Caudal
-Centrum with hemal arch
-Tail (for social behavior, locomotion, balance) |
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Term
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Definition
-notochord is present throughout the length of adult shark
-dorsal plates form the neural arch with spinal cord
-perforated to allow spinal nerves and blood vessels in/out
-hemal arch: dorsal aorta and postcardinal veins
-dorsal ribs: fibroelastic sheet ligaments connect all ribs down the length of the shark |
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Term
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Definition
-centrum with notochord, spinal cord, neural arch, and hemal arch with vasculature
-no cervical vertebrae
-ends in caudal fin
-intervertebral ligaments
-lateral flexion for swimming motion
-neural ribs for lateral stability (resist torsion during swim motion)
-need many muscles and ligaments for support and stability |
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Term
| amphibian vertebral column |
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Definition
-short cervical vertebrae
-few trunk vertebrae
-single sacrum with ribs to transfer weight to pelvis
-urostyle: fused caudal vertebrae, stabilizes pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
atlas
-ring-like, lacking centrum
-articulates with occipital condyles
axis
-centrum has become odontoid process
-in mammals: transverse atlantal ligament allows for rotation of heat
flexible neck advantages
-defense: increased view of horizon
-food gathering |
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Term
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Definition
-many cervical
-stronger sacrum
-centrum is divided into two with soft connective tissue in between
-regeneration of tail (if pulled off) is automatic
-large spinous processes support muscles and ligaments
-lot of lateral flexibility, little dorsal/ventral flexibility
snakes
-200+ vertebrae
-added intervertebral joints for stability
-ribs
Turtles
-flexible cervical neck
-Trunk: only 10 vertebrae fused with carapace
alligator
-gastralia: belly plate |
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Term
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Definition
Cervical (7)
-including atlas and axis
-transverse foramen
-small body
-spinous processes
thoracic (12)
-long pointed spinous processes
-larger body
-facets for rib attachment
lumbar (5)
-massive body
-broad processes
sacrum (5)
Coccyx (3-5) |
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Term
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Definition
stout processes to bear forces exerted on pelvic girdle during locomotion
birds
-synsacrum: last thoracic, all lumbar, both sacral
mammals
-expansion of sacrum because of ability to move pelvis more
humans
-sacral vertebrae takes stress off of vertebral column, allows for expansion of birth canal |
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Term
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Definition
-maintains integrity of pleural cavity
-protects heart and lungs
-strong ventilation
-weight support (in tetrapods wight is shifted forward)
-locomotion (muscle attachment for pectoral girdle)
-stabilization during locomotion
humans/amniotes
-ribs support pleural cavity and functionally expand our lungs
endotherms
-need a lot of oxygen to engage in social/feeding behaviors and locomotion--have large ribs for better respiration |
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Term
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Definition
found only in amniotes (except turtles and snakes)
-site of rib attachment, defines rib cage
-stabilizes pectoral girdle
reptiles
-gastralia in alligators
-strong in climbing lizards
birds
-carina for flight muscle attachment
mammals
-thin, segmented bone
-humans: long and flat for support of pectoral muscles |
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Term
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Definition
-long cervical for flexibility (for preening and feeding)
-fused trunk vertebrae: synsacrum (for stability of body during flight)
-caudal vertebrae are free
-pygostyle: last caudal vertebrae (for tail maneuvering)
-sternum: enlarged carina for muscle attachment and stabilization of pectoral girdle
-ribs: uncinate processes to strengthen rib cage and lever arms for respiratory muscle attachment
-furculum: supports muscles used for respiration
-fusion of carpels, metacarpels, and phalanges to better direct wings |
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Term
| dorsal and caudal fins of fish |
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Definition
dorsal
-help stabilize fish during swimming (like a keel on a boat)
-bony fin rays support the fins: they develop in the skin, may attach to neural spines by deep cartilage supports
caudal
-attach to vertebral elements, provide propulsion for swimming
-shape differs according to method of swimming and buoyancy (1 side larger, 2 sides same, or come to a point) |
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Term
| parts of the appendicular skeleton |
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Definition
-pectoral girdle
-forelimbs
-manus
-pelvic girdle
-hindlimbs
-pes |
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Term
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Definition
-articulates with anterior limbs
-receives forces from limbs and transmits them to trunk, diminishing impact
tetrapods
-scapula: bears glenoid fossa for articulation with humerus
-clavicle: braces scapula to sternum (for walking with arms braced); large in animals that dig, fly, or climb; small in cats so they can land lightly and muscles absorb shock
-coracoid: assist clavicle in bracing scapula to sternum, lost in humans except for the coracoid process of scapula
no clavicle in ungulates (deer and cows) for grazing |
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Term
| shark and fish pectoral girdles |
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Definition
shark
-scapulocoracoid cartilage
-narrow fin base to allow fins to be used for turning, braking, and stabilizing
-3 pterygiophores of the fin extend from the coracoid bar
telecost (fish)
-cliethrum: major bone that helps to support the pectoral girdle
-scapula and coracoid receive forces transmitted to trunk from fins diminishing impact, coracoid supports a lot of muscles for respiration and feeding |
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Term
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Definition
-mammals walk with their limbs close to and rotated under body
-limb position provides better support and allows the limbs to swing in a long arc increasing efficiency of running
-pectoral girdle is independent of the skull reducing forces conveyed to the skull
-large muscles for stabilization and efficient movement
cat
-pectoral girdle is tilted back, so cat can use forelimbs to run |
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Term
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Definition
the 2 clavicles are joined through the interclavicle to form the furculum
-play role in attachment of flight muscles and stabilizing shoulder |
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Term
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Definition
fish
-simple ischiopubic plates joined by a pelvic symphysis
tetrapods
-pubis, ilium, ischium
-acetabulum for junction with head of femur
-ventral pelvic symphysis (except in birds)
-forces from gravity and locomotion are distributed to the vertebral column though the sacrum and from the pelvic symphysis to the pubis and ischium
-shape, relative position, and size correlate with locomotion |
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Term
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Definition
-ilia is long and slender
-iliosacral joint is flexible for pushing off and helps dissipate the force of landing |
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Term
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Definition
-pubis is away from the ischium, forming a triradiate pelvis
-ilium is braced against several vertebrae
-extra bones: epipubic and hypoischial are seen in some |
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Term
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Definition
-exceptionally strong pelvis
-all bones are fused and ilium is fused to the synsacrum
-large pelvic canal to push organs caudally, moves center of gravity over legs
-large pelvic canal for passage of eggs
-long and strong hind legs
-legs directly beneath body
-first toe turned caudally for stability |
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Term
| impact of pectoral/pelvic girdles on terrestrial tetrapods |
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Definition
-muscles of the pectoral girdle support the anterior part of the tetrapod body in a muscular sling
-the forelimb's impact with the ground is softened
-sudden forces aren't transmitted to the skull
-the pelvic girdle is attached directly to the vertebral column via the sacrum
-the hip is firmly attached to the sacrum
-the powerful hindlimbs transmit propulsive forces directly to the axial skeleton
-attachment with ligaments and tendons, padded with muscles
-many attachment points for musculature |
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Term
| adaptions of the forelimb and manus for flight |
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Definition
forelimb
-bones are lightweight but strong
-internal struts and ridges along stress lines provide strength
-head of humerus has a large foramen: pneumatic foramen
-no rotation at elbow, the radius and ulna are parallel
manus
-rigid, tapering
-only two carpels are present to allow some rotation
-all other carpals and metacarpals are fused: carpometacarpus
-only three fingers: the first is independent/movable, the second is called the alula
-secondary feathers: attached to radius and ulna, provide lift
-primary feathers: attached to carpometacarpals and phalanges, provide thrust
different shapes for speed versus soaring |
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Term
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Definition
-mammals lack an intertarsal joint, but have a large hinge joint where the tibia and fibula meet ankle
-the weight bearing bone is the Talus
-fibulare is elongated backwards in plantigrade (whole foot on ground when walking) mammals, and upwards in digitigrade (walk only on metatarsals and tarsals) and unguligrade (walk only on phalanges/hooves) mammals |
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Term
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Definition
-unguligrade mammals walk on 1-4 digits
-metacarpals and metatarsals are reduced in number and elongated
-hoofs bear the weight of the body
-designed for sustained running
-artiodactyl: weight on even number of digits
-perissodactyl: weight on uneven number of digits |
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Term
| adaptions in leg bones of large animals |
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Definition
-bones are aligned in a columnar fashion to decrease shearing forces (joints are aligned with column)
-scapula and ilium are broad and vertically oriented
-proximal limbs are long, distal limb parts (tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges) are short
-the radius and ulna are large and free
-feet are broad with 5 digits of equal length, with a cushioning pad, for distribution of weight
-modifications in musculature and ligaments favor FORCE over speed
large animal uses less energy per unit of mass than a small animal (which is why they are slow)
-slow stride gives more time for bodily support
-relationship between rate of energy use and time the foot applies a force to the ground |
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Term
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Definition
-pandas have 6 digits
-the thumb was added to body to cope with stressors (to process bamboo)
-the thumb is a radial sesamoid bone, with muscles that move it toward the other fingers (fingers 2-6 are similar in length and orientation, the thumb is lower and shorter) |
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Term
| adaption of manus (functional) |
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Definition
adaptions for flight
-fusion of bones
-tapering of digits
-moveable first digit for maneuvering
adaptions for marine life
-paddle-like
-pentadactyl
adaptions for speed
-less number of digits
-contact of digits on ground reduced
adaptions for grasping
-flexion at wrist and fingers
-thumb
adaption for burrowing
-shovel like manus with palm turned outward |
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Term
|
Definition
functions
-forward/backward thrust
-stabilizers
-lift
-movement maneuvering
-braking
types of fins
-paired: pectoral and pelvic (lobed, fin fold, and ray)
-median: one or two dorsal, one anal
-caudal/tail: heterocercal, homocercal |
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Term
|
Definition
-weight of thorax is placed over center of gravity
-broadening and shortening of pelvic girdle to accommodate alterations in muscles from hip to femur
-sacrum shifted further back for larger birth canal
-lumbar curve in spine
3 changes: 30 degree shift
-backwards slant in pelvis
-pelvis rotated the vertebral column back
-increased curvature of the lumbar vertebrae
-the vertebral column projects above the hips and is stabilized by ligaments and muscles
-by shortening and widening the pelvis, the weight of the body is placed on the head of the femur
-the distance between the head of the femur and the sacrum is shorter in humans, bringing the base of the vertebral column closer to its support point: the head of the femur |
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Term
| classification of articulations |
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Definition
Structural classifications
-fibrous
-cartilaginous
-synovial
functional classifications (reflect amount of movement)
-synarthrotic: immovable joints
-amphiarthrotic: slightly movable joints
-diarthrotic: freely movable joints |
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Term
|
Definition
suture
-synarthrotic (immovable)
-fibrous connective tissue of the periosteum of adjacent bones of the cranium
gomphoses
-synarthrotic (immovable)
-teeth held together by peridondal ligaments
syndesmoses
-amphiarthrotic (move slightly)
-two bones bound by ligaments
-ex: distal radius and ulna, and distal tibia and fibula |
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Term
|
Definition
synchondroses
-amphiarthrotic (move slightly)
-hyaline cartilage between bones
-costal cartilages
symphyses
-amphiarthrotic (move slightly)
-fibrocartilage
-ex: intervertebral discs, pubis symphysis |
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Term
| intervertebral discs/vertebral ligaments |
|
Definition
intervertebral disc
-fibrocartilage around vertebrae, collagen fibers attach disc to the body
-flexible gelatinous core is resilient and absorbs shock
support ligaments
-anterior and posterior longitudinal bands
-ligamentum flavum
-interspinous and supraspinous ligaments
herniated disc: when a disc moves out of position and wears out, can compress a spinal nerve |
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Term
|
Definition
-joint capsule (articular capsule) made out of fibrous connective tissue
-synovial membrane: made of epithelial cells, makes synovial fluid
-joint cavity filled with synovial fluid: fluid reduces friction of movement, is made of water with ions and nutrients and proteins, and nourishes articular cartilage
-articular cartilage (hyaline) caps the bones
-endochondrial ossification: when cartilage develops into bone, and is left with just cartilaginous caps on ends
some synovial joints have added features
-meniscus: made of fibrocartilage, adds stability to joint
-ligaments add to stability of joint
-bursa: fibrous sacs of fluid which will cushion areas and reduce friction
-fat padsL cushion and reduce friction |
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Term
|
Definition
plane joint (gliding joint)
-flat surfaces glide across each other
-amphiarthrotic, monaxial (limited movement)
-ex: between facets of vertebrae, individual carpals and tarsals, sternum and clavicle, sacrum and iliac
condyloid joint
-oval convex surface of one bone fits into a depression on the other bone
-diarthrotic, biaxial (flexible)
-ex: between radius and carpel bones, metacarpels and phalanges
pivot joint
-round projection of one bone fits into the ringlike ligament of another
-diarthrotic, monaxial (flexible)
-ex: between the atlas and axis, radius and ulna
ball and socket
-diarthrotic, multiaxial
-ex: shoulder and hip joints
hinge joint
-concave and convex surfaces
-diarthrotic, monaxial (flexible)
-ex: knee, elbow, between phalanges
saddle joint
-only found between metacarpal 1 and trapezium: allows for flexibility and greater rotation
-diarthrotic, biaxial (flexible)
-ex: primate opposable thumb |
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Term
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Definition
-the articulation of the femur, tibia, fibula, and patella
-articular capsule
-bursa
-ligaments: anterior/posterior cruciate, lateral/medial collateral, patellar ligaments
-menisci: lateral/medial
-tendons of the quadriceps femoris and gastrocnemius muscles |
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Term
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Definition
-femoral ligaments wrap the joint
-ligamentum teres attach head of femur to acetabulum
-acetabular labrum: fibrocartilage rim around acetabulum
all of these features give the joint strength and stability |
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Term
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Definition
-articular capsule
-the articulation of the scapula, humerus, acromion, coracoid process, clavicle, and head of the humerus
-ligaments: coracohumeral, coracoacromial, glenohumeral, transverse humeral, clavicular ligaments
-bursa and tendon sheaths: subacromial and subscapular bursa, tendon sheath around tendon of bicep
-glenoid cavity and glenoid labrum
-muscles and tendons of the rotator cuff: subscapularis and infraspinatus, teres minor and supraspinatus |
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Term
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Definition
-articular capsule
-articulation of the ulna, humerus, coranoid process and fossa, olecranon, epicondyle
-olecranon bursa
-annular ligament
-collateral ligaments
-tendons of triceps and biceps |
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Term
| stability/range of motion of joints |
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Definition
Factors affecting stability and range of motion of joint
-bony surfaces
-tautness of ligaments
-tendons of muscle and muscle strength
-joint capsule
-menisci
-labrum
-adipose and fat tissue |
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