Term
| Where is the center of gravity? |
|
Definition
anterior to SII, knee and ankle
posterior to hip joint |
|
|
Term
| Name the carpals? (clockwise starting at calcaneous) |
|
Definition
Calcaneous
Talus (most superior)
Navicular
Medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiforms
Cuboid |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 major hip muscle flexors that O in the lumbar vertebrae and I on the proximal end of the femur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three compartments of the thigh muscles and their fxns? |
|
Definition
medial compartment- adduct
anterior compartment- extend muscles of knee (except rectus)
posterior compartment- extend hip, flex knee |
|
|
Term
| What are the fxns of the sartorius muscle? |
|
Definition
| cross legs, flex, external rotation and abduction of hip |
|
|
Term
| What is the fxn of the quadratus femoris and obturator internus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the abductors of the hip? |
|
Definition
| gluteus medius and minimus |
|
|
Term
| What are the extensors of the hip? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the lateral leg muscles do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the anterior leg muscles do? posterior? |
|
Definition
-dorsi flex and extend digits
-plantar flex (walk on toes) and flex toes |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 major entry and exit points bw lower limb and abdomen pelvis and perineum? |
|
Definition
-gap bw inguinal ligament and pelvic bone
-greater sciatic foramen (superior and inferior portion around piriformis muscle)
-lesser sciatic foramen
-obturator canal |
|
|
Term
| What muscles passes under inguinal ligament? |
|
Definition
| psoas major, iliacus, pectineus |
|
|
Term
| What VANs pass under inguinal ligament? |
|
Definition
V: femoral vein
A: femoral artery
N: femoral nerve, femoral branch of genitofemoral nerves, and lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the greater sciatic foramen? |
|
Definition
-piriforms
-nerves: sciatic, superior and inferior gluteal and pudendal
-superior and inferior gluteal arteries and veins and inernal pudendal artery |
|
|
Term
| What does the inferior gluteal nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If baby cannot come through all the way, which nerve is blocked? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who goes out greater sciatic and then back through inferior sciatic to pelvis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What passes through the obturator foramen? |
|
Definition
| -obturator nerve and vessels |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the lesser sciatic foramen? |
|
Definition
-obturator internus muscle is most important
-pudendal nerve and internal pudendal vessels back ito perineum |
|
|
Term
| What are the dermatomes of the lower limb? p.523 |
|
Definition
L1 over inguinal ligament
L2 lateral side
L3 medial side
L4 great toe (lateral lower leg)
L5 lateral side digit 2-4
S1 little toe
S2 back of the thigh
S3 skin over gluteal fold
S4&S5 perineum |
|
|
Term
| What are the mytomes or the lower limb? |
|
Definition
Flexion of the hip is L1 and L2
Extension of the knee is L3 and L4
Knee flexion is L5-S2
Plantar flexion is S1 and S2 |
|
|
Term
| What does the obturator nerve innervate? femoral? gluteal and tibial? sciatic? |
|
Definition
-medial compartment of thigh
-ant. compartment of thigh
-post compartment of thigh
-post. compartment of thigh, leg and sole of foot |
|
|
Term
| What nerves does the patellar tendon reflex test? calcaneal tendon reflex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What large veins do NOT follow artery names? |
|
Definition
| saphenous veins- used for transplant |
|
|
Term
| Where is the inferior gluteal line? |
|
Definition
-superior to AIIS
-ends near posterior margin of acetabulum |
|
|
Term
| Where is anterior gluteal line? |
|
Definition
O: lateral margin of iliac crest
I: uppermargin of greater sciatic foramen |
|
|
Term
| Where is the posterior gluteal line? |
|
Definition
-O: iliac crest
-descends vertically
-I: PIIS |
|
|
Term
| What does the ischiopubic ramus provide attachment for? |
|
Definition
| Adductor longus, brevis, magnus, pectineus and gracilis |
|
|
Term
| What is the nonarticular part of the acetabulum? |
|
Definition
-acetabular fossa
-attachment for:
-ligament of head of femur muscles and nerves |
|
|
Term
| What is the articular surface of the acetabulum? |
|
Definition
-The lunate surface
-where most of the body's weight is transmitted though the pelvis to the femur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-when angle of inclination bw long axis of femoral neck and femoral shaft is increased. >135 degrees
-cause: slipped epiphysis of femoral head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the angle of inclination bw femoral neck and shaft is decreased |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of femoral fractures and how? |
|
Definition
@ Femoral neck
-disrupts vessels, possible surgery
@intertrochanteric
-repaired with a plate or a pin
@femoral shaft
-much force is needed |
|
|
Term
| In the hip joint, the femur head is covered by hyaline cartilage except for where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the acetabular labrum do? |
|
Definition
-raises rim of acetabulum
-bridges across acetabular notch
-converts the notch into a foramen |
|
|
Term
| What does the transverse acetabular ligament contain? |
|
Definition
| obturator artery-supplies head of femur. |
|
|
Term
| What is sometimes called the Y ligament and what is its fxn? |
|
Definition
iliofemoral ligament
-fxn: stabilizes hip, especially in extension and hyperextension |
|
|
Term
| What 3 ligaments stabilize the joint, and become taut when it is extended? |
|
Definition
Pubofemoral Anterior inferior
Ishiofemoral ligament Posterior |
|
|
Term
| What is the vascular supply of the hip? |
|
Definition
-obturator artery branches
-circumflex femoral arteries
-branch of deep artery of the thigh |
|
|
Term
| What is the innervation of the hip? |
|
Definition
femoral
obturator
superior gluteal nerves |
|
|
Term
| What separates the greater sciatic foramen into superior and inferior parts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the sciatic nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
-obturator internus
-quadratus femoris |
|
|
Term
| What nerves make up the femoral nerve and what do they innervate? |
|
Definition
L2-4
-MUSCLES of anterior compartment
-SKIN of ant. thigh, medial knee, leg and foot |
|
|
Term
| What nerves make up the obturator nerve and what do they innervate? |
|
Definition
L2-4
-MUSCCLES in medial compartment of thigh (except adductor magnus)
-SKIN in medial side of upper thigh |
|
|
Term
| What nerves make up the sciatic nerve, what does it divide into and what do they innervate? |
|
Definition
L4-S3
-divides into common fibular (posterior) and tibial (anterior)
-MUSCLES-all post compartment of thigh, adductor magnus, all leg and foot
-SKIN-lateral side of leg and foot |
|
|
Term
| What nerves make up the gluteal superior nerve and what do they innervate? |
|
Definition
L4-S1
-Gluteus medius, minimus and TFL (tensor fascia latae) |
|
|
Term
| What nerves make up the gluteal inferior nerve and what does it innervate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerves make up the ilio inguinal nerve and what do they innervate? |
|
Definition
L1-
SKIN-on medial side of upper thigh |
|
|
Term
| What nerves make up the genitofemoral nerve and what do they innervate? |
|
Definition
L1 and 2
SKIN on central part of anterior thigh |
|
|
Term
| What nerves make up the lateral nerve and what do they innervate? |
|
Definition
L2 and 3
SKIN on lateral side of thigh |
|
|
Term
| What nerves make up the posterior cutaneous nerve and what do they innervate? |
|
Definition
S1-3
SKIN from gluteal fold to posterior thigh |
|
|
Term
| What nerves make up the quadratus femoris nerve and what do they innervate? |
|
Definition
L4-S1
-gemellus inferior and quadratus femoris |
|
|
Term
| What nerves make up the obturator internus nerve and what do they innervate? |
|
Definition
L5-S2
superior gemellus and quadratus femoris |
|
|
Term
| What nerves make up the perforating cutaneous nerve and what do they innervate? |
|
Definition
S2-3
skin over medial aspect of gluteal fold |
|
|
Term
| What does the external iliac artery continue onto inferiorly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes you more likely to develop varicose veins? |
|
Definition
-GENETICS
-pregnant women
-people with excessive stress or weight |
|
|
Term
| What can DVT cause if the thrombus breaks off? |
|
Definition
pulmonary embolism
-occlusion of pulmonary artery
-cardiopulmonary arrest
-death |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of the femoral triangle? |
|
Definition
| -femoral VAN found here (artery especially) |
|
|
Term
| How can you find the femoral artery? |
|
Definition
| Find anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), go halfway down inguinal ligament to get femoral artery. |
|
|
Term
| What is the femoral artery used for clinically? |
|
Definition
-to place catheters around arch of aorta and coronary arteries
-to perform coronary angiography and angioplasty
-to place catheters in renal veins, gonadal veins-->right atrium |
|
|
Term
| What do muscles of gluteal region do, and where do they insert? |
|
Definition
-abduct, extend and externally rotate femur
-I: greater trochanter |
|
|
Term
| What are the deep group of small muscles that laterally rotate the femur? |
|
Definition
| Piriformis, obturator internus, gemelli, quadratus femoris |
|
|
Term
| What muscles prevent hip drop? |
|
Definition
| gluteus medius and minimus. |
|
|
Term
| What does the iliotibial band do? tensor fascia latae? |
|
Definition
stabilizes hip joint by holding head of femur in the acetabulum
stabilizes knee in extension-works with iliotibial to do above as well. |
|
|
Term
| What does the iliotibial band do? tensor fascia latae? |
|
Definition
stabilizes hip joint by holding head of femur in the acetabulum
stabilizes knee in extension-works with iliotibial to do above as well. |
|
|
Term
| DO NOT WANT TO GO THROUGH MID-GLUTEUS WHEN GIVING INJECTIONS why? where do you want to give them? |
|
Definition
may hit sciatic nerve, which can cause a gait problem
-upper lateral quadrant |
|
|
Term
| What compartment of the thigh is good to have stretched before childbirth during lamaz classes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What compartment of the thigh is good to have stretched before childbirth during lamaz classes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What compartment of the thigh is good to have stretched before childbirth during lamaz classes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the muscles of the quadriceps muscle? Is the only group to do what? |
|
Definition
-vastus lateralis
-vastus intermedius
-rectus femoris
-all come together to form patellar ligament
-straighten femur, flexes hip, and extends knee |
|
|
Term
| What terminated at the adductor tubercle? |
|
Definition
| medial and lateral supracondylar lines. |
|
|
Term
| What is in bw the condyles of the femur posteriorly? anteriorly? |
|
Definition
intercondylar fossa (has 2 facets for cruciate ligamnets)
patellar surface |
|
|
Term
| What is the patellar ligament? |
|
Definition
| attaches patella (at apex inferiorly) to the tibia |
|
|
Term
| What is the base of the patella for? |
|
Definition
| attachment of quadriceps femoris |
|
|
Term
| What does the posterior surface of the patella articulate with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What id PVD? (peripheral vascular disease) |
|
Definition
stenosis/ occlusions in lower aorta, iliac, femoral, tibial and fibular vessels
-if arterial, can have chronic leg ischemia
-can have cramps with walking (occlusion in aorta)
-can have pain in calf muscles (narrowed femoral artery) |
|
|
Term
| What 2 structures can be found in the synovial membrane of the knee? |
|
Definition
-infrapatellar fat pad
-bursa |
|
|
Term
| Where are tibial and fibular collateral ligaments located? |
|
Definition
Tibiial- medial to knee joints from femur epicondyle to tibial condyle
Fibular- lateral to knee joint from femur epicondyle to fibular head. |
|
|
Term
| What do the cruciate ligaments do? |
|
Definition
anterior (ACL)- prevents anterior displacement
posterior (PCL)- prevents posterior displacement |
|
|
Term
| What is the vascular supply of the knee? |
|
Definition
| -descending genicular branches of femoral, popliteal, lateral circumflex femoral arteries and circumflex fibular arteries |
|
|
Term
| What is the knee innervated by? |
|
Definition
| obturator, femoral, tibial and common fibular nerves. |
|
|
Term
| Is the tibiofibular joint synovial? |
|
Definition
| yes- but provides little movement |
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the popliteal fossa? |
|
Definition
tibial and common fibular nerves
popliteal artery and vein |
|
|
Term
| What does the anterior compartment of the leg do? |
|
Definition
-dorsiflex
-extend toes
-inversion |
|
|
Term
| What does the posterior compartment of the leg do? |
|
Definition
-plantar flex
-flex toes
-inversion (lateral compartment evert the foot) |
|
|
Term
| What is the best way to find the dorsalis pedis pulse? |
|
Definition
-extend big toe
-find dip there (where pulse can be found) |
|
|
Term
| What is the superior surface of the foot called? inferior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ankle bone that sits on articulates with the tibia and fibula? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the navicular bone have a prominent rounded tuberosity for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the cuboid articulate with? |
|
Definition
4th and 5th metatarsals
Does not articulate with the talus directly. |
|
|
Term
| What are some normal quirks of the metatarsals and phalanges? |
|
Definition
-2nd metatarsal is longest
-1st metatarsal only has 2 phalanges
30% of time, middle and distal phalanges are fused
-should have equal space bw metatarsals and should be straight |
|
|
Term
| What does tiny amounts of joint space bw MTP joint mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which side of the ankle joint is more stable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What usually breaks during a lateral break? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can check if pt has lateral ankle pain? |
|
Definition
subtalar area
-could be arthritic
-or have fluid in it |
|
|
Term
| What movements are the midtarsal joint primarily involved with? |
|
Definition
pronation (lateral roll, eversion)
supination (inversion) |
|
|
Term
| What is a flat foot deformity? is this a problem? |
|
Definition
-collapse of midtarsal area
-basically talus is plantar flexed
-not a problem |
|
|
Term
What is a bunion, and where does it typically occur?
what are the symptoms? causes? |
|
Definition
-hypertrophy or protuberace of the bone
-medial aspect of first metatarsophalangeal
-crowd free range of motion of other toes
-high heels, genetics, osteoperosis |
|
|
Term
| What is known as the "spring ligament", what does it do? |
|
Definition
-long plantar ligament
-keeps arch from falling down |
|
|
Term
| What is dorsalis pedis a continuation of? where is it located |
|
Definition
-tibial artery
-bw underlying tarsal bones and tendons of flexor halluciss longus and flexor digitorum longus |
|
|
