Term
| Simple Squamous Epithelium (D) |
|
Definition
| (D) single layer of flat cells; centrally located nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| Simple Cubodial Epithelium(D) |
|
Definition
| (D) single layer of cube shaped cells; centrally located nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| Non-Cilliated Simple Columnar Epithelium (D) |
|
Definition
| (D) Single layer of non cilliated column like cells with nuclei at the base of the cell; nucleus centrally located. |
|
|
Term
| Cilliated Simple Columnar Epithelium(D) |
|
Definition
| Single layer of cilliated column like cells with nuclei at the base; contains goblet cells in some locations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modified columnar cells that secrete mucus, a slightly sticky fluid at their apical surfaces. |
|
|
Term
| Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium(D) |
|
Definition
| (D) Not truly stratified tissue. Nuclei of cells at different levels; all cells are attached to basement membrane but not all reach the apical surface. |
|
|
Term
| Stratified Columnar Epithelium(D) |
|
Definition
| (D) Several layers of cells; cubodial to columnar shape in deep layers; squamous cells form the apical layer and several layers deep to it. cells form the basal layer replace surface cells as they are lost. |
|
|
Term
| Mesenchyme (Connective)(D&F) |
|
Definition
| (D) Irregularly shaped mesenchymal cells embedded in a semifluid ground substance that contains reticular fibers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(D) consists of fibers (collagen, elastic, and reticular)and several kinds of cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, adipocytes, and mast cells). embeded in a semifluid ground substance.
(F) strength, elasticity, and support. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(D) consists of adipocytes, cells specialized to store triglycerides (fats) as a large centrally located droplet; nucleaus and cytoplas, are peripherally located.
(F) Reduces heat loss through skin, serves as an energy reserve, supports, and protects. In newborns, brown adipose tissue generates considerable heat that helps maintain proper body temperature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(D) extracellular matrix looks shiny white; consists mainly of collagen fibers regular arranged in bundles; fibroblasts present in rows between bundles.
(F) provides strong attachment between various structures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(D)consists of bluish-white. shiny, ground substance with thin, fine collagen fibers and many chondrocytes; most abundant type of cartilage.
(F) provides smooth surfaces for movement at joing, as well as flexibility and support. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (D) consist of osteons that contain lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, canaliculi, and central canals. By contrast, spongy bone tissue, consists of thin columns called trabeculae: spaces between trabecilar are filled with red bone marrow. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (D) Consists of blood plasma and formed elements: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. |
|
|
Term
| Skeletal Muscular Tissue (D&F) |
|
Definition
(D) Long, cylindrical, striated fibers with many peripherally located nuclei; voluntary control
(F) motion, posture, heat production, and protection |
|
|
Term
| Cardiac Muscle Tissue (D&F) |
|
Definition
(D) Branched striated fibers with one or two centrally located nuclei; contains intercalated discs; involuntary control.
(F) pumps blood to all parts of the body. |
|
|
Term
| Smooth Muscle Tissue (D&F) |
|
Definition
(D) spindle-shaped nonstriated fibers with one centrally located nucleus; involuntary control.
(F) motion (constriction of blood vessels and airways, propulsion of foods through gastrointestinal tract, & contraction of urinary bladder / gallbladder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(D) consists of neurons and neuroglia. Neurons consist of a cell body and processes extending from the cell body (multiple dendrites and a single axon). Neurolglia do not generate or conduct nerve impulses but have other important supporting functions.
(F) Exhibits sensitivity to various types of stimuli, converts stimuli into nerve impulses (action potentials), and conducts nerve impulses to other neurons, muscles fibers, or glands.
(L) Nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forms the cell's flexible outer surface, separating the cell's internal environment from the external environment. It's selectively permable, flexible yet sturdy, composed of a lipid bilayer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two back to back layers made up of phospholipids, cholesterol,o and glycolipids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules that have both polar and non-polar parts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extend through the lipid bilayer among the fatty acid tails and are firmly embedded in it. Amphipathic (hydrophillic regions protrude into either the watery extracellular fluid or the cytosol, and their hydrophobic regions extend among the fatty acid tails |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins that are not as firmly embedded in the bilayer. Associate more loosely with the polar heads of membrane lipids or with integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extensive sugary coat on the portions of carbohydrates of glycolipids and glycoproteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows a specific ion to move through a water-filled pore. Most plasma membranes include specific channels for several common ions. |
|
|
Term
| Carrier Proteins (integral) |
|
Definition
| transports specific substances across membrane by changing shape. For example, amino acids needed to synthesize new proteins, enter body cells via carriers. Carrier proteins are also known as transporters. |
|
|
Term
| Receptor Protens (integral) |
|
Definition
| Recognizes specidic ligand and alters cells function in some way. For example, antidiuretic hormone binds to receptors in the kidneys and changes the water permeability of certain plasma membranes. |
|
|
Term
| Enzyme (integral and peripheral) |
|
Definition
| anchors filaments inside and outside the plasma membrane, prociding structural stability and shape for the cell. may also participate in movement of the cell or link two cells togather |
|
|
Term
| Cell Identity Marker (glycoprotein) |
|
Definition
| Distinguises your cells from anyone elses. An important class of such markers are histocompatibility proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a specific molecule that binds to a receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the difference in concentration of a chemical from one place to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difference in electrical charges between two regions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a substance moves down its concentration or electrical gradient. No energy required. (exp. Simple Diffusion,Facilitated Diffusion, Osmosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a passive process in which substances move freely through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membranes of cell with no help from membrane transport proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Solutes that are too polar or highly charged to move through the lipid bilayer by simple diffusion can cross the membrane by this passive process. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the type of diffusion in which there is a net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane. Passive Process. High Water Concentration -> Low Water Concentration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| integral membrane proteins that function as water channels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pressure exerted by a lipid. (moves water from right "U" arm to left "U" arm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proportional to the concentration of the solute particles that cannot cross the membrane- the higher the solute concentration, the higher the solutions osmotic pressure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any solution where a cell maintains its normal shape and volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when red blood cells rupture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rupture of cells due to the placement in a hypotonic solution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| solution with a higher concentration of solutes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When polar or charged solutes move against their concentration gradient (upward) Energy is required. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy changes the shape of a carrier proteins, which "pumps" a substance across a plasma membrane against its concentration gradient. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moves Na+ ions from cells and brings K+ ions in. Active Transport. |
|
|
Term
| Secondary-Active Transport |
|
Definition
| Indirectly uses energy - the energy stored in Na+ or H+ concentration gradient is used to drive other substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secondary Active Transport->move two substances in the same direction across the membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secondary Active Transport-> move two substances in different directions across the plasma membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a small, sperical sac. used for transport. |
|
|
Term
| receptor mediated endocytosis |
|
Definition
| a highly selective type of endocytosis by which cells take up specific ligands(molecules that respond to specific receptors). A vesicle forms after a receptor protein in the plasma membrane recognizes and binds to a particular particle in the extracellular fluid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solid particles, such as work out cells, whole bacteria, and viruses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body cells that carry out phagocytosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| projections of the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of endocytosis where tiny droplets of extracellular fluid are taken into the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| releases materials from a cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vesicles undergo endocytosis on one side of the cell, move across the cell, and then undergo exocytosis on the opposite side. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fluid portion of the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytosol. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton. composed of protein and are most prevalent around the edge of the cell. They generate movement and provide mechanical support. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonmotile, microscopic fingerlike projections of the plasma membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long, unbranched hollow tube composed of protein. help determine cell shape. function in movement of organelles sucha as secretory vesicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located near the nucleus, consists of two components: a pair of centrioles and pericentriolar material. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cylindrical structures, each composed of nine clusters of three microtubules arranged in a circular pattern. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains hundreds of ring-shaped complexes composed of protein. Organizing center sfor frowth of spindles that play a role in cell division. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| numerous, short, hairlike projections that extend from the surface of the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| much longer than cillia, similar in structure. usually move an entire cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sites of protein synthesis. High content of RNA |
|
|
Term
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
|
Definition
| a network of membranes in the form of flattened sacs. extends from the nuclear envelope to which it is connected throughout the cytoplasm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| same as ER but studded with ribosomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of cisternae->small, flattened membranous sacs with bulging edges. packages proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bud from the edges of cisternae(golgi complex) and moves specific enzymes back toward the entry face and move some partially modified proteins toward the exit face. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deliver their contents to the plasma membrane for incorperation into the membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane enclosed secretory vesicles.contain many digestive enzymes. can engulf and digest another organelle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which organelles are digested by lysosomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the membrane vesicle created by the ER that encloses the organelle that is to be digested by a lysosome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can oxidize (remove hydrogen atoms from) various organic substances. Can oxidize alcohol (very abundent in liver to detoxify alcohol). Contain an enzyme "catalase", which decomposes H2O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell. consists of an outer-chondrial and an inner-condrial membrane. Also contains a series of folds called cristae. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any cell other than a germ cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gamete (sperm cell or oocyte) or any precursor cell destined to become a gamete. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells undergo mitosis and a cytoplasmic division called cytokenesis. Produces two identical cells with the same number and kinds of chromosomes. Replaces dead or injured cells and creates new ones during tissue growth. contain two sets of chromosomes & are called diploid cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cell replicates its DNA and produces additional organelles in anticipation of cell division. Cell does most of its growing. Consists of phases: G1, S, & G2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interval between the mitotic phase and S phase. cell is metabolically active; it replicates most of its organelles and cytosolic componants but NOT its DNA. can be very long. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interval between G1 and G2 phases. DNA replication occurs -> as a result, the two cells formed by cell division will have the same genetic material. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interval between Sphase and the mitotic phase. cell growth continues, enzymes and other proteins are synthesized in prep. for cell division and replictaion of centrosomes is completed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of nuclear division (mitosis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokenesis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromatin fibers condense into paired chromatids; nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappea; each centrosome moves to an opposite pole of the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromatid pairs line up at center of cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| centromeres split; identical sets of chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear; chromosomes resume chromatin form; mitotic spindle disappears. |
|
|
